人骨形态发生蛋白-7基因转染对原代培养兔髓核细胞生物学活性的影响

为探讨骨形态发生蛋白-7（BMP-7）基因疗法治疗椎间盘退变（IDD）的可行性，我们在体外将整合有人BMP-7基因的重组腺病毒载体（Ad—hBMP7）导入原代培养的兔髓核细胞内，观察BMP-7基因在髓核细胞内的表达以及对髓核细胞增殖和细胞外基质（ECM）合成的影响。[第一段]     

人骨形态发生蛋白-2基因转染兔骨髓基质干细胞及其表达

目的探讨含有人骨形态发生蛋白-2(hBMP-2)cDNA的真核表达载体在兔骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)中的转录及表达情况,为进一步进行多基因转染MSCs复合纳米仿生骨治疗骨缺损实验提供材料。方法用电穿孔方法将真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2转染至兔MSCs中,荧光显微镜及流式细胞学检查观察转染效果、检测转染效率,定量RT-PCR方法观察hBMP-2cDNA在兔MSCs中的转录情况,免疫组织化学及westernblot方法检测hBMP-2蛋白表达情况,ALP活性定量测定检测hBMP-2蛋白功能。结果电穿孔方法将重组质粒转染至兔MSCs中,荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光蛋白表达,流式细胞仪检测转染效率为(42.7±2.1)%,转染24h后定量RT-PCR方法检测到hBMP-2cDNA在兔MSCs中的转录片断,免疫组织化学观察到hBMP-2蛋白呈强阳性表达,westernblot方法可见18KDhBMP-2蛋白条带,转染组细胞ALP活性明显提高(P>0.05)。结论pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2通过电穿孔方法导入兔MSCs,并在其中有效表达,发挥生物学作用。     

MHBst167基因转染对肾小管上皮细胞膜结合型补体调节蛋白表达的影响

补体激活导致肾组织免疫损伤是肾脏疾病的重要发病机制，而肾脏固有细胞可表达一系列补体调节蛋白对其激活进行限制。肾脏是乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的主要靶脏器之一，其中肾小管上皮细胞尤易被感染。病毒感染与宿主细胞应答间的关系极为复杂，HBV-DNA与宿主DNA整合的过程中可发生基因重排，编码HBx、LHBs和MHBs^1等反式激活因子，进而活化多种转录因子和原癌基因启动子，参与感染后的炎性反应。以往研究表明乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（HBV-GN）患者肾小管上皮细胞中可检测到HBV—DNA，并且大多为整合型。     

转染人补体调节基因对猪血管内皮细胞的保护作用

供者血管内皮细胞(EC)是猪到人异种移植时引发超急性排斥反应的靶抗原的主要分布部位。利用转基因技术让猪的内皮细胞表达人补体调节基因(hDAF)，可能会增强其血管内皮细胞的防御能力，借以克服超急性排斥反应的发生，联合转染一种以上人补体调节蛋白基因可能效果更好。为此，我们进行了如下实验。     

转染重组人骨形态发生蛋白-7基因对骨髓基质细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 观察重组人骨形态发生蛋白-7(rhBMP-7)基因转染骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)后的稳定表达及表达产物对BMSCs生物学行为的影响。方法利用脂质体介导法将rhBMP．7基因转染BMSCs，以G418筛选出阳性克隆并扩大培养，用免疫组织化学链霉抗生物素蛋白-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(SABC)法检测转基因细胞的稳定表达；转染48h后，用转基因细胞的培养液上清刺激正常培养的BMSCs，利用^3H标记的胞腺嘧啶氧核苷(^3H-TdR)掺入法、Na2^35SO4掺入法以及氯胺T法检测基因表达产物对BMSCs增殖、合成蛋白多糖以及胶原的影响。结果 转基因细胞4周时仍能表达外源性基因；基因表达产物能明显促进BMSCs的增殖以及蛋白多糖和胶原的合成。结论 rhBMP-7基因转染BMSCs后可获得稳定表达，且基因表达产物能促进BMSCs增殖。诱导其向软骨细胞分化并增强其生物学活性。     

hBMP-7基因直接体内转染修复兔桡骨缺损实验研究

目的　探讨含人骨形态发生蛋白 7(hBMP - 7)基因逆转录病毒液与左旋聚丙交酯 (PLLA)生物材料复合后修复兔桡骨缺损的效果。方法　制备含hBMP - 7真核细胞表达载体的逆转录病毒液PT -PLNCX2 -BMP7。制备新西兰大白兔桡骨 1 5cm缺损模型 ,修复实验分为 4组 :PT -PLNCX2 -BMP7+PLLA修复组 ,空载体 (PT -PLNCX2 ) +PLLA修复组 ,单纯PLLA生物材料修复组 ,空白组。每组 6个样本。分别于术后 8、12、16周进行大体观察、X线检测和组织学检测。结果　PT -PLNCX2 -BMP7重组病毒液与生物材料复合修复组可见在骨缺损处有骨性连接形成 ,组织学观察见有大量新生骨组织形成 ,而PT -PLNCX2 病毒液修复组、单纯材料修复组和未修复组均未见骨性连接形成 ,仅在部分骨缺损两断段形成少量骨组织。结论　利用hBMP - 7基因体内局部、直接转移的方法能够用于兔桡骨缺损的修复     

人骨形成蛋白2腺病毒表达载体转染体外培养兔腰椎间盘细胞的研究

目的 研究人骨形成蛋白2腺病毒表达载体（adenovirus-mediated human bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene，Ad-hBMP-2）转染体外培养兔腰椎间盘细胞，分析其对腰椎间盘细胞的影响。方法 成年健康新西兰大白兔4只，体重4～5kg，取L2、L3到L6、L7节段椎间盘细胞体外培养。利用免疫荧光和蛋白印迹法（Western blot）检测空白对照组（未转染）、Ad-LacZ组[感染复数（multiplicity of infection，MOI）150MOI]和不同剂量Ad-hBMP-2（50、100、150MOI）组转染后细胞hBMP-2的表达水平。采用RT-PCR检测转染后细胞Ⅱ型胶原和aggrecan mRNA表达水平。结果 转染Ad-hBMP-2后通过免疫荧光和蛋白印迹法可见随转染剂量增加hBMP-2表达量逐渐增加，与50MOI组比较100MOI组升高102％，150MOI组升高183％。在转染后第6天RT-PCR结果显示转染组aggrecan和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达高于对照组，并且随转染剂量增高mRNA的表达量均逐渐增加。aggrecan mRNA从50MOI组的61．7％增加到150MOI组的167．3％。Ⅱ型胶原mRNA从50MOI组的77．3％增加到150MOI组的169．0％。结论 Ad-hBMP-2可高效转染体外培养兔腰椎间盘细胞，随转染剂量增加hBMP-2表达量逐渐增加，同时上调aggrecan和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达，并存在剂量依赖关系。     

phVEGF165原位转染缺血肌肉后hVEGF基因及其蛋白表达

目的 :探索慢性下肢动脉缺血的基因治疗。方法 :选用VEGF作为治疗基因 ,通过建立实验兔慢性下肢动脉缺血模型 ,将构建的人VEGF165cDNA真核表达载体 phVEGF165注入缺血肌肉内 ,采用RT PCR和原位杂交法测定肌肉内hVEGF165表达 ,采用免疫组化和Western印迹法测定其蛋白产物表达。结果 :骨骼肌细胞外源性hVEGF165基因表达量于注射后 1周达到高峰 ,能持续 2～ 3周。蛋白表达于注射后 2周达到高峰 ,能维持至注射后 4周。结论 :骨骼肌细胞能摄取并表达外源性hVEGF165基因 ,并能进一步合成分泌hVEGF165蛋白。phVEGF165肌肉直接注射的作用时间有限、范围局限 ,使用安全性较高。     

腺病毒介导hTGT—β1基因体内转染兔腰间盘髓核细胞对蛋白多糖含量的影响

目的观察构建腺病毒载体介导外源性人转化生长因子(humantransforminggrowthfac-tor,hTGF-β1)基因(Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1)转染到兔椎间盘髓核细胞后,髓核组织中蛋白多糖含量的变化。方法(1)纯种成年新西兰大白兔35只,其中25只对腰椎间盘髓核组织注射Ad/CMV-hTGF-β1,每只注射2个椎间盘作为实验组,注射量为每个腰椎间盘20μl(6×106pfu);同时每只取2个未做注射的腰椎间盘作为自身空白对照组。其余10只兔每只注射2个腰椎间盘各20μl磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)作为实验对照组。全组共120个椎间盘。(2)手术后1～12周的不同时间段分别取出各组椎间盘组织,采用间苯三酚分光光度法测定髓核组织中蛋白多糖的含量,所得数据经SPSS10.0统计学软件进行统计学处理。结果(1)术后1周,实验组与自身空白对照组蛋白多糖测定值经配对t检验,t=3.968,P<0.05。(2)术后2周,三组结果经方差分析显示,F=17.871,P<0.01;各组间再行两两q检验,实验组与自身空白对照组间q=7.686,P<0.01;实验组与实验对照组间q=6.894,P<0.01;实验对照组与自身空白对照组间q=0.792, P>0.05。实验组与自身空白对照组间配对t检验,t=5.276,P<0.01。(3)术后4周,实验组与自身空白对照组经配对t检验,t=8.352,P<0.01。(4)术后8周,实验组与自身空白对照组经配对t检验,t=7.086,     

胰岛素基因转染的人脐带间充质干细胞与丝素蛋白支架构建组织工程脂肪的研究

目的 探讨携带重组人胰岛素基因慢病毒载体转染的人脐带间充质干细细( human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,hUCMSCs)与丝素蛋白支架在体外构建组织工程化脂肪(tissue engineering adipose)的可行性.方法 以最适感染复数(MOI)为10重组慢病毒pLenti6.3-insulin-IRES-EGFP转染hUCMSCs组为实验组(A组),EGFP基因转染组为对照组(B组);将两组细胞接种于丝素蛋白支架,观察细胞在支架上的生长及黏附情况;尔后行细胞-支架复合物成脂诱导.四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测重组慢病毒转染对hUCMSCs生长增殖的影响以及基因转染后的hUCMSCs在丝素蛋白支架上的活性.结果 细胞-支架复合物成脂诱导5～7 d后,见A组支架内脂肪样细胞数量明显多于B组,差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.007,P＜0.01);逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测显示,A组hUCMSCs表达的成脂特异性基因PPARγ-2明显高于B组.MTT法检测结果显示,转染重组慢病毒的hUCMSCs与未转染组各时间点吸光度A值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.056,P＞0.05).细胞组与细胞支架组A值比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.066,P＞0.05).结论 转染胰岛素基因的hUCMSCs成脂分化能力明显提高,且能有效地与丝素蛋白支架在体外构建组织工程化脂肪.     

人血栓调节蛋白基因编码片段的克隆及在真核细胞中的表达

目的 构建人血栓调节蛋白（hTM）基因真核表达质粒，并导人两种真核细胞[非洲绿猴肾母细胞（COS-7细胞）和脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）]中表达，为临床血栓病的基因治疗提供实验依据和物质基础。方法采用PCR法扩增hTM基因的表达片段，HindⅢ＋EcoR Ⅰ酶切后与pcDNA3．1（＋）／neo质粒连接成pcDNA3．1／hTM。经鉴定确认后，由阳离子脂质体包裹转染COS-7细胞及HUVECs，RT-PCR和免疫组化法分别检测转染后细胞hTM的mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果双酶切及测序鉴定均证实hTM基因表达片段被成功克隆，pcDNA3．1／hTM经脂质体介导能有效地转染COS-7细胞和HUVECVs。结论成功构建pcDNA3．1／hTM重组质粒，并且能在两种真核细胞中高效表达，为进一步的基因治疗和对TM抗凝机理研究提供了物质基础。     

兔骨骼肌直接注射质粒DNA的生物效应

目的:通过肌肉直接注射质粒DNA,了解局部骨骼肌细胞能否表达外源基因,并观察注射体积及注射剂量对表达的影响.方法:以β-半乳糖苷酶基因的真核细胞表达载体质粒DNA作为报告基因,通过直接肌注法观察质粒DNA在新西兰兔后肢骨骼肌表达情况,测定不同注射体积组及剂量组的表达效率.结果:外源基因能够在骨骼肌细胞内表达,表达效率随注射剂量的增加而增加,在本研究10μg、25μg、50μg、80μg和 100μg剂量组中,100μg组表达效率最高(10.30%±10.42%);注射体积对表达效率无影响,但能降低表达的变异程度.结论:基因直接肌注法能成功地转移目的基因,增加注射剂量和体积有利于提高表达效率和降低变异,该方法有望成为一种新的基因转移技术以治疗慢性下肢动脉缺血性疾病.     

Gene Profiling of Human Adipose Tissue During Evoked Inflammation In Vivo

OBJECTIVE

Adipose inflammation plays a central role in obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. However, few human adipose-secreted proteins are known to mediate these processes. We hypothesized that microarray mRNA profiling of human adipose during evoked inflammation could identify novel adipocytokines.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Healthy human volunteers (n = 14) were treated with intravenous endotoxin (3 ng/kg lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and underwent subcutaneous adipose biopsies before and after LPS. On Affymetrix U133Plus 2.0 arrays, adipose mRNAs modulated >1.5-fold (with P < 0.00001) were selected. SignalP 3.0 and SecretomeP 2.0 identified genes predicted to encode secreted proteins. Of these, 86 candidates were chosen for validation in adipose from an independent human endotoxemia protocol (N = 7, with 0.6 ng/kg LPS) and for exploration of cellular origin in primary human adipocytes and macrophages in vitro.

RESULTS

Microarray identified 776 adipose genes modulated by LPS; 298 were predicted to be secreted. Of detectable prioritized genes, 82 of 85 (96% [95% CI 90–99]) were upregulated (fold changes >1.0) during the lower-dose (LPS 0.6 ng/kg) validation study and 51 of 85 (59% [49–70]) were induced greater than 1.5-fold. Treatment of primary adipocytes with LPS and macrophage polarization to M1 proinflammatory phenotype increased expression by 1.5-fold for 58 and 73% of detectable genes, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that evoked inflammation of human adipose in vivo modulated expression of multiple genes likely secreted by adipocytes and monocytes. These included established adipocytokines and chemokines implicated in recruitment and activation of lymphocytes, adhesion molecules, antioxidants, and several novel genes with unknown function. Such candidates may represent biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obesity-related complications.Activation of innate and adaptive immunity is a crucial link between adiposity and its metabolic complications (1–4). In rodents, modulation of toll-like receptor-4 (5), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (6), chemokines, and downstream kinases (7) attenuate diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Further, cross talk between immune cells and adipocytes promotes an inflammatory, insulin-resistant state in obesity. A key initiating event in adipose inflammation is recruitment of T-lymphocytes (8,9) and monocyte/macrophages (10,11) with elaboration of inflammatory adipocytokines that modulate metabolic signaling (12–15). Despite experimental evidence in rodent models, most evidence supporting these concepts in humans derives from observational and correlative studies (16–18). Indeed, validated adipokines that mediate, or serve as biomarkers for, complications of human adiposity remain limited.Expression of inflammatory, insulin-signaling, and lipid genes are perturbed in adipose of obese humans (19–21). Recently, the in vitro secretome of subcutaneous and visceral primary human adipocytes was described and includes many unexplored proteins modulated during adipogenesis (1,22). Remarkably, less than half of genes found in the human subcutaneous adipocyte secretome were previously found in the murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte secretome (22), underscoring the importance of studies in human tissue.Experimental human endotoxemia can provide unique insights into the relationship of inflammation to metabolic disturbance in man (23,24). Others and we have shown that endotoxemia induces acute metabolic, lipoprotein, and oxidant responses that resemble the chronic changes in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (25,26). Notably, endotoxemia induces adipose inflammation (27) with activation of several adipose inflammatory cascades, including cytokines, chemokines, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) molecules (26) that attenuate insulin signaling and are implicated in obesity and type 2 diabetes (28).We applied microarray mRNA profiling of human adipose during endotoxemia to identify novel inflammation-induced adipose genes. We focused on genes predicted to be secreted and validated our findings in vivo through independent experiments of low-grade human inflammation. Finally, we identified in vitro the likely human adipose cellular source of these top candidates.     

Electromotive Administration of Oxybutynin into the Human Bladder Wall

Purpose

To compare concentrations of oxybutynin in the human bladder wall after either passive delivery (PD) or electromotive administration (EMDA).

Materials and Methods

Tissue sections of human bladder were inserted into a diffusion cell with urothelium exposed to the donor compartment containing oxybutynin (4.5 mg. in 100 ml. NaCl 0.45%) and an anode. Twelve paired experiments, "current 5 mA/no current", were conducted over 15 minutes. Oxybutynin tissue contents were measured and tissue viability, morphology and oxybutynin stability were assessed.

Results

Mean oxybutynin tissue concentrations were 3.84 micro g./gm. in samples exposed to EMDA and 0.87 micro g./gm. in samples exposed to PD (p = 0.0006). The mean coefficients of variation were 57.85% in EMDA experiments and 89.78% in PD experiments. Tissues were viable and undamaged histologically and no oxybutynin structural modification was observed.

Conclusions

EMDA enhances oxybutynin administration into viable bladder wall and reduces the variability in drug delivery rate.     

Antiinflammatory and Anticoagulant Effects of Transgenic Expression of Human Thrombomodulin in Mice

Thrombomodulin (TBM) is an important vascular anticoagulant that has species specific effects. When expressed as a transgene in pigs, human (h)TBM might abrogate thrombotic manifestations of acute vascular rejection (AVR) that occur when GalT‐KO and/or complement regulator transgenic pig organs are transplanted to primates. hTBM transgenic mice were generated and characterized to determine whether this approach might show benefit without the development of deleterious hemorrhagic phenotypes. hTBM mice are viable and are not subject to spontaneous hemorrhage, although they have a prolonged bleeding time. They are resistant to intravenous collagen‐induced pulmonary thromboembolism, stasis‐induced venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Cardiac grafts from hTBM mice to rats treated with cyclosporine in a model of AVR have prolonged survival compared to controls. hTBM reduced the inflammatory reaction in the vein wall in the stasis‐induced thrombosis and mouse‐to‐rat xenograft models and reduced HMGB1 levels in LPS‐treated mice. These results indicate that transgenic expression of hTBM has anticoagulant and antiinflammatory effects that are graft‐protective in murine models.     

Ultrasound Guided Human Thrombin Injection. A New Modality in the Management of Femoral Artery Pseudo-aneurysms

OBJECTIVES: We report our initial results of a prospective study of duplex ultrasound-guided injection (UGTI ) of thrombin in the management of femoral artery pseudo-aneurysms. We used human thrombin to avoid the increase in the human antibodies directed against fibrinogen, with the use of bovine thrombus, that preclude further utilisation of the bovine fibrin glue during cardio-thoracic surgery. METHODS: From 1999 to 2001, 19 patients, aged 69 (range 52-85) years presented with 21 femoral pseudo-aneurysms were treated. The mean pseudoaneurysm diameter was 30 (15-55) mm. All but two were secondary to cardiac procedures and the common femoral artery was the injured vessel in all instances. Patients were referred within 2-21 days following their iatrogenic injury. RESULTS: Immediate thrombosis of the sac occurred in 19 (90%) of the 21 pseudo-aneurysms. After a second injection, complete occlusion occurred in the remaining two patients. Two patients (CI 95%; 1-19) with three femoral pseudo-aneurysms developed leg pain. Duplex ultrasound follow-up showed two recurrences (9.5% - CI 95%; 1-19) and both were treated by repeat UGTI. There was no conversion to surgical repair. CONCLUSION: This percutaneous minimally invasive technique is safe and effective in the management of iatrogenic pseudo-aneurysms in this high-risk group of patients. Human thrombin has significant advantages over bovine thrombin.     

人皮肤成纤维细胞体外转染Brgl基因的实验研究

目的探讨重组Brgl基因转染人皮肤成纤维细胞的可行性,以及转染对细胞增殖和活性的影响。方法体外重组Brgl基因,借助真核表达载体系统,转入体外培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞;通过流式细胞仪检测报告基因表达,并确定细胞转染效率：应用ReahimePCR比较转染前后BrglmRNA的表达;MTT法检测Brgl基因对细胞增殖能力的影响。结果Brgl基因转染后,（73．0±6．7）％的被转染细胞表达报告基因;BrglmRNA在转染组、转染空载体组、未转染组细胞中的表达分别为（6．23±1．18）、（1．11±0．22）和（1．52±0．12）,转染组BrglmRNA相对表达量较未转染组及转染空载体组明显增高（P〈0．01）;细胞的增殖能力在Brgl基因转染前后无显著差异。结论人皮肤成纤维细胞可作为Brgl转染的靶细胞．转染Brgl基因对人成纤维细胞的增殖能力无显著影响。     

兔耳皮下注射葡萄糖酸钙致组织损伤的实验观察

为了观察不同浓度的葡萄糖酸钙注射液进入皮下组织所引起的损伤情况,用10%葡萄糖注射液稀释10%葡萄糖酸钙注射液,配制成3.33%、2.86%、2.30%及1.67% 4种浓度的钙液作兔耳皮下注射.48 h后取注射部位耳廓组织常规制片镜检.结果显示,注射部位出现不同程度的急性渗出性炎性改变,炎性程度与钙液浓度呈正相关;1.67%钙溶液出现炎性反应最轻.提示:1.67%葡萄糖酸钙注射液可作为静脉输注的常规浓度.     

经冠状动脉内移植骨髓间充质干细胞在体示踪及体内再分布的实验研究

目的探讨利用心脏磁共振成像（MRI）对经冠状动脉内注射的超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒（SPIO）标记的骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells，BMMScs）进行在体示踪的可行性，观察移植细胞在体内的再分布情况。方法从猪的髂骨处抽取骨髓，分离、培养BMMSCs。用SPIO和CM—DiI（Cell Tracker^TM C-7001，Molecular Probe）对细胞进行双重标记。通过导管将标记的细胞注射到冠状动脉左前降支内，分别在细胞移植后当天、移植后1周、3周通过MRI检查对移植细胞进行在体示踪；并分别取不同器官的组织标本进行组织病理学检查。结果冠状动脉内注射的SPIO标记的BMMSCs可在心脏MRI上显影，表现为散在分布的点状信号缺失或低密度影像，并可持续3周。病理检查发现移植细胞较为均匀的分布在移植冠状动脉相关的心肌组织内，在移植后1周可见细胞进入冠状静脉系统内。移植细胞在体内能分布至肺、脾和肾，而在肝组织中很少见。结论用MRI技术可对经冠状动脉内注射的SPIO标记的BMMSCs进行在体示踪；移植细胞在体内有向非靶器官再分布的情况，相关器官组织形态学未见明显的改变。