抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎20例临床分析

目的分析抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎患者临床表现、头颅MRI、脑电图(EEG)、脑脊液(CSF)特点。方法收集20例抗NMDAR脑炎患者的临床、MRI、EEG和CSF资料。结果 20例抗NMDAR脑炎患者男性13例,女性7例。年龄3~61岁,平均年龄25±19岁。入院时头颅MRI异常率为60%(12/20),其中4例累及边缘系统,5例累及额顶颞枕叶、放射冠及半卵圆中心等结构。例4入院时头颅MRI检查未见异常,第24天复查见双顶枕叶、右侧胼胝体及扣带回区异常信号。16例患者行EEG检查,14例(88%)异常,异常的EEG主要为非特异性慢波,其中1例(例4)患者住院期间复查EEG出现大量δ波。90%(18/20)患者CSF结果异常;细胞学检查以淋巴细胞反应为主,例9有激活性单核细胞增多。11例(55%)患者血清和CSF NMDAR抗体阳性,7例(35%)患者仅CSF NMDAR抗体阳性,2例(例11、例14)患者仅血清NMDAR抗体阳性。结论本组以男性青少年多见。其主要临床表现为精神异常、癫痫、记忆力下降、行为异常、不自主运动等,严重者可出现中枢性低通气。头颅MRI病变不仅局限于边缘系统。重症患者EEG可出现δ波。早期诊断、治疗预后较好,部分患者可复发。     

儿童单纯疱疹病毒脑炎合并抗NMDAR和抗Hu抗体双重阳性自身免疫性脑炎的临床特点(附1例报告)

目的 探讨儿童单纯疱疹病毒感染合并抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)和抗Hu抗体双阳性自身免疫性脑炎(autoimmune encephalitis, AE)的临床特点。方法 回顾分析作者医院神经内科收治的1例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎合并抗NMDAR、抗Hu抗体双阳性AE患者的临床资料。结果 患者女,9岁。以发热、头痛起病,随后出现惊厥,脑脊液常规生化检测异常,脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒1型DNA(+),头颅MRI示右侧颞叶为主区域受累,诊断为单纯疱疹病毒脑炎。数周后患者再发头痛,并出现情绪异常、上肢震颤,脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒1型DNA(-),抗NMDAR抗体IgG 1∶10,抗Hu抗体IgG(+),最终诊断为AE(抗NMDAR、抗Hu双阳)。给予丙种球蛋白及激素治疗后患者情绪稳定,震颤消失,头痛缓解。结论 单纯疱疹病毒脑炎合并免疫性脑炎临床表现可能不典型,尽早完善相关抗体检测并及时复查有助于诊断,早期免疫治疗或可使患者获益。     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者临床特点分析

目的 探讨抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎的临床特征与抗NMDAR抗体在诊断该病中的意义.方法 选择62例各种病因的脑炎、脑病及其他中枢神经系统疾病患者,采用转染细胞间接免疫荧光法检测其血清及脑脊液抗NMDAR抗体,同时对该病的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及预后进行分析.结果 28％(9/32)的临床诊断脑炎病例组患者血清或脑脊液抗NMDAR抗体为阳性.脑脊液抗体的阳性率高于血清,其中5例抗体滴度较高的患者伴有血脑屏障破坏.这些患者均未发现肿瘤,临床上以发热、精神异常、癫痫、肌张力障碍与自主神经功能障碍表现突出,并有头颅MRI与脑电图异常,早期免疫治疗有效.结论 脑脊液及血清中抗NMDAR抗体检测有助于自身免疫性抗NMDAR脑炎患者的早期诊断与治疗.     

抗NMDAR抗体脑炎研究进展

抗N-甲基-M-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDA)脑炎是近年来新发现的一类副肿瘤性边缘叶脑炎(limbic encephalitis,IE),病因及机制不详。该病发病率低,常发生于伴有卵巢畸胎瘤的年轻女性,临床表现多样,以初期的上感症状发展到精神异常、意识障碍、异常运动和自主神经功能紊乱、癫发作、中枢性通气功能障碍为常见表现,脑脊液常为炎性改变。MRI在大脑皮质或小脑可表现短暂异常或颞叶内侧高信号影改变。脑电图多为非特异性改变。血及脑脊液抗NMDA受体抗体阳性可确诊。包括肿瘤切除和免疫治疗、重症监护和物理康复在内的联合治疗为最佳治疗方案。本文就抗NMDA受体脑炎的研究进展做一综述。     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎的抗体检测及临床意义

目的探讨抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的抗体检测意义及临床特征。方法选取本院收治的脑炎病人35例及对照组30例,分析临床资料,采用转染细胞间接免疫荧光法检测两组患者其血清及脑脊液抗NMDAR机体结果抗NMDAR抗体检测仅1例边缘叶脑炎患者结果阳性,该患者腑脊液细胞数增多、蛋白轻度升高、脑电图见双侧慢波、其余检查无异常。精神症状及意识水平障碍明显,免疫治疗有效。结论抗NMDAR脑炎发病率低,临床表现复杂多样,怀疑该病时需行抗NMDAR抗体检测。     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体脑炎是近几年发现的边缘叶脑炎,为抗NMDA受体抗体介导的一种自身免疫性疾病,常合并肿瘤表现为副肿瘤综合征。该病患者可出现边缘叶损害症状,颅脑MRI可见边缘叶异常信号,脑脊液及血清能检测到NMDA受体抗体。该疾病较其它副肿瘤综合征发病率高、易误诊且病情重,但及时治疗预后良好。本文就抗NMDA受体脑炎发病机制、临床特点、辅助检查、诊断治疗等研究现状进行综述,进而提高对该疾病的认识,指导临床治疗。     

EB病毒脑炎继发抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎的临床特点（附2例报告）

目的 探讨EB病毒(EBV)脑炎继发抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析2例诊断为EBV脑炎继发抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的临床资料,并通过文献检索总结分析其临床特点。结果 2例患儿均为女性,年龄分别为2岁8个月及8岁,均以发热、惊厥起病。2例患儿CSF提示有核细胞数增高,且以单个核细胞比例为主。1例血液变异淋巴细胞10%,同时伴血清抗EBV-衣壳抗原-IgM及CSF中EBV-DNA阳性;1例CSF病原高通量基因检测到EBV,同时CSF中EBV-DNA阳性。2例患儿分别在病程第12 d、第4 d出现精神行为异常、不自主运动、言语障碍及认知障碍,完善CSF抗NMDAR抗体分别为1∶10及1∶100,CT检查均未发现肿瘤。2例患儿通过抗癫痫药物、阿昔洛韦、人免疫球蛋白及甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后症状均好转,但1例患儿在3个月后出现复发,使用4次利妥昔单抗治疗后恢复。结论 EBV脑炎临床症状非特异,其诊断还需结合EBV特异性抗体及EBV-DNA等结果。EBV脑炎可继发抗NMDAR脑炎,当EBV脑炎患儿在病程中出现精神行为异常、不自主运动及认知障碍等症状时,需警惕继发抗...     

发病酷似单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎

目的 提高对发病酷似单纯疱疹病毒脑炎(Herpes simplex encephalitis,HSE)的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受体脑炎的认识。方法 报道2例发病酷似单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的抗NMDA受体脑炎,并复习相关文献。结果 2例患者均急性起病,表现为发热、抽搐、认知功能减退、精神行为异常等。脑MRI均未见异常。病例1、病例2脑脊液白细胞最高分别为20×10⁶/L、21×10⁶/L。脑脊液蛋白、葡萄糖以及氯化物水平均正常。2例患者早期均被诊断为HSE,并接受阿昔洛韦抗病毒治疗,但病情仍进展。抗NMDA受体抗体检测显示例1脑脊液及血液均阳性,例2脑脊液阳性,从而明确了抗NMDA 受体脑炎的诊断。结论 对脑MRI无异常,脑脊液白细胞无明显升高的边缘系统脑炎,应想到抗NMDA 受体脑炎可能。     

首发为精神症状的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎误诊分析

目的:探讨首发为精神症状的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的临床特点及误诊分析.方法:回顾性分析22例误诊为精神疾病的抗NMDAR脑炎患者的临床资料.结果:22例患者为少年到中年人;均以急性或亚急性起病,首发症状为精神及行为紊乱;均误诊为精神障碍收住精神科,并接受相应的精神科药物或电休克治疗,但无效....     

抗NMDA受体脑炎的临床分型和调查

目的 了解抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎分型、疗效和预后。方法 2013年1月～2015年8月在武汉同济医院和襄阳市中心医院收集抗NMDAR脑炎确诊患者。抗体检测方法均采用转染细胞免疫荧光法(CBA),将抗NMDAR脑炎分为三种亚型,急性期治疗方案首选采用甲强龙冲击治疗、丙种球蛋白(0.4 g·kg^-1·d^-1,5 d)、血浆置换治疗,二线治疗方案为环磷酰胺,随访方法为12个月改良Rankin量表。结果 32例患者完成研究,所有患者均没有发现畸胎瘤等肿瘤。32例患者采用甲强龙冲击治疗方案; 对疗效不佳的23例患者又采用丙种球蛋白治疗; 没有患者行血浆转换; 9例患者采用免疫抑制剂治疗方案。12个月时改良Rankin量表(0～2分)转归为24例。结论 采用国外学者提出的诊断标准、临床分型和治疗方案后大部分抗NMDAR脑炎患者取得较好疗效。     

8例自身免疫性脑炎的病例分析并文献复习

目的探讨自身免疫性脑炎的临床表现、磁共振(MRI)图像、脑脊液特点及治疗转归。方法回顾性分析我院8例(自2012年1月-2016年1月)自身免疫性脑炎患者的临床资料。结果 8例患者平均发病年龄为44岁,其中有4例抗NMDA受体脑炎,3例LGI1蛋白抗体阳性边缘系统脑炎,1例抗GABABR脑炎,所有患者(100%)均有认知功能损害和精神症状;5例(62%)出现癫痫发作;3例(37%)出现不自主运动和自主神经功能障碍。4例(50%)患者脑电图存在异常;4例(50%)患者有磁共振检查异常信号;1例发现肺癌。结论以认知功能损害、精神行为异常、癫痫发作为主要表现的患者,要警惕自身免疫性脑炎的可能,以免误漏诊。     

晚发型抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎临床特征分析

目的分析晚发型抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的临床特征。方法收集2010-01-01—2019-05-01于郑州大学第一附属医院住院确诊为抗NMDAR脑炎的患者临床资料,分析晚发型(≥50岁)患者数据,并与早发型(18~49岁)患者进行对比。结果18例晚发型患者中,男11例(61%),发病年龄50~84岁。晚发型患者中,9例(50%)患者出现前驱症状,精神行为异常是最常见的首发症状(44%)和临床表现(78%);头颅磁共振提示脑实质炎性病变9例(9/17,53%);脑脊液检验结果异常17例(94%);合并肿瘤4例(22%),均非畸胎瘤。相比于早发组患者,晚发组患者有更高的自主神经功能障碍比例(72%vs 45%,P=0.032),更高的岛叶病变比例(67%vs 27%,P=0.047),更高的脑脊液蛋白升高比例(56%vs 28%,P=0.023),以及更高的脑脊液鞘内IgG合成率升高比例(73%vs 44%,P=0.041)。晚发组合并肿瘤均非畸胎瘤,早发组合并肿瘤均为畸胎瘤(P=0.001)。结论相比早发型抗NMDAR脑炎患者,晚发型患者更易出现岛叶病变,更易出现脑脊液炎症反应,其发病机制可能与畸胎瘤不相关。     

Arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging in an infant with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A case report

BackgroundAnti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex neuropsychiatric syndromes and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies against NMDAR. The characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children, particularly infants, are unclear due to difficulties in neurologic assessment such as psychiatric symptoms. Additionally, subtle or non-specific findings of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make early diagnosis even more difficult. Herein, we present the first case of infant anti-NMDAR encephalitis in which perfusion imaging demonstrated marked abnormalities and the absence of conventional MRI findings.Case presentationThe patient was an 11-month-old boy who was admitted because of seizure and prolonged fever. He presented with involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue. Brain MRI showed no morphological abnormalities, but three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging showed reduced blood flow in the left temporal and frontal regions and the right cerebellum. After that, a positive anti-NMDAR antibody test result was received. Despite treatment with IVIG and methylprednisolone, the involuntary movements and autonomic dysfunction gradually became more prominent. After rituximab administration, the clinical symptoms improved slightly, and follow-up MRI revealed diffuse brain atrophy and improvement in the balance of brain perfusion.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of infantile anti-NMDAR encephalitis in which cerebral blood flow was evaluated using three-dimensional ASL perfusion imaging. Indeed, our case, which showed abnormalities only in ASL perfusion imaging, suggests that CBF assessment could aid in the early diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in infants.     

The efficacy of adrenocorticotropic hormone in a girl with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

Background

Immunomodulatory therapy has shown some therapeutic benefits in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. In this report, we describe the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunotherapy with good outcome in a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of extremely slow flow in a model shunt system

Shunt malfunction is common and its diagnosis may require invasive testing that may be inaccurate or result in complications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may prove to be a useful noninvasive test of shunt function as it has been shown that MRI is capable of measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from 2 ml/h to 40 ml/h in model systems. Since flows in functioning shunt systems can be less than 2 ml/h, MRI must be sensitive enough to detect flow in this range in order to be a valid test for shunt function. Continuing previous studies, we have studied MRI flow-related enhancement at flow rates from 0 to 2 ml/h. Multiple spin echo scans (TR2000, TE20) were made through a specialized section of tubing in a model shunt system. The intensity of the MRI signal at points known to demonstrate maximal flow-related enhancement was measured. A linear relationship was demonstrated between signal intensity and flow as low as 0.8 ml/h. These results add support to the concept that MRI is sensitive enough to detect the lowest flows present in functioning shunt systems and therefore may be useful as a noninvasive test of shunt function.     

病毒性脑炎的头颅MRI表现

目的 研究头颅核磁共振（ＭＲＩ）对病毒性脑炎的早期诊断价值。方法 观察１０例病毒性脑炎患者头颅ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现,其中８例增强扫描。５例行快速液体衰减反转回复（ＦＬＡＩＲ）检查。结果 头颅ＭＲＩ较ＣＴ发现更多病灶,其病灶多不增强,ＦＬＡＩＲ技术可以更清发现病灶,其中单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的ＭＲＩ更有其特征性表现。结论 头颅ＭＲＩ有助于病毒性脑炎的早期诊断同。     

儿童和成人抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎的临床特征

目的比较分析儿童和成人抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受体脑炎在临床表现、辅助检查及免疫治疗等方面的异同。方法纳入34例抗NMDA受体脑炎患者,收集其临床资料,按发病年龄和住院科室分为儿童组和成人组,并对治疗前、后和随访(6个月~24个月)后进行改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)评分评估功能恢复结局。结果经分析19例儿童和15例成人的临床资料,儿童组和成人组发生中枢性通气不足分别有1例和10例,成人组中枢性通气不足发生率比儿童组高(P0.05);儿童组和成人组并发继发性癫痫分别为1例和11例,并发癫痫持续状态分别为0例和5例,成人组并发继发性癫痫和癫痫持续状态比儿童组多见(P0.05)。常规脑电图检查中,儿童组中有16例检出"δ"波,成人组有1例,儿童组"δ"波检出率更高(P0.05)。成人组2例女性合并可疑卵巢畸胎瘤;儿童组无合并肿瘤情况。儿童组和成人组免疫治疗方案中最常使用大剂量甲强龙冲击治疗;儿童组(17例)使用静脉用丙种球蛋白冲击治疗比成人组(8例)多见(P0.05);儿童组和成人组使用血浆置换例数比和免疫抑制剂(环磷酰胺)例数比分别为(0:5)和(1:7),成人组使用血浆置换及免疫抑制剂更多见(P0.05)。儿童组和成人组发病至就诊的平均时间分别为(14.47±8.39)d和26d,确诊的平均时间分别为(25.42±14.36)d和(40.13±14.14)d,儿童组发病至就诊、确诊的平均时间短于成人组(P0.05);儿童组有5例住重症监护室(ICU),比成人组(10例)少(P0.05);出院时儿童组和成人组m RS评分分别为(2.26±1.56)分和(3.67±1.59)分,儿童组低于成人组(P0.05)。结论成人抗NMDA受体脑炎临床症状相对复杂,病情较重,短期预后相比儿童差。     

Clinical manifestations,treatment outcomes,and prognostic factors of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis in tertiary care hospitals: A multicenter retrospective/prospective cohort study

ObjectiveAnti-NMDAR encephalitis is an acute autoimmune neurological disorder that is increasingly recognized in pediatric populations. Several studies of the disorder have been conducted worldwide but there are few publications in Thailand. Here, we describe the clinical manifestations, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.MethodsBetween January 2007 and September 2017, we conducted a retrospective/prospective cohort study of children diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis from three tertiary care hospitals in Thailand: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chonburi Hospital, and Prapokklao Hospital. We assessed the Modified Rankin Score (mRS) score for each participant to measure severity of disease and treatment outcome at baseline, 12, and 24 months.ResultsWe recruited 14 participants (1–13 years with median age 8.4 years). Participants were followed up for a median of 20.5 months. Clinical manifestations included behavioral dysfunction (100%), movement disorder (93%), speech disorder (79%), sleep disorder (79%), and seizures (79%). All patients received first-line immunotherapy (corticosteroids: 100%, intravenous immunoglobulin: 79%, plasma exchange: 21%). Second-line immunotherapy (cyclophosphamide) was administered to 57% of patients. During the first 12 months, 8 patients (62%) achieved a good outcome (mRS ≤ 2). At 24 months, 9 patients (81%) had achieved a good outcome. Altered consciousness and central hypoventilation were predictors of poor outcome. (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWe observed similar clinical manifestation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in Thai children to those reported in other countries. Furthermore, the percentage of patients with good outcomes in our study was comparable with previous studies. Further studies are required to investigate other populations in other regions of Thailand.     

脊髓痨临床和影像学特征分析

目的总结脊髓痨的临床和影像学特征。方法回顾分析海军总医院明确诊断的3例及文献报道的7例脊髓痨患者的临床症状与体征、实验室检查、影像学表现、电生理学表现、治疗及预后。结果 10例患者分别以行走不稳、腰腹部和双下肢针刺样或闪电样疼痛、四肢麻木(以双下肢显著)首发,临床主要表现为行走不稳、双下肢麻木、躯干和四肢针刺样或闪电样疼痛、排尿障碍等,以及双下肢腱反射减弱或消失、Romberg征阳性、深感觉障碍、跟-膝-胫试验欠稳准、浅感觉障碍等。血清梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)阳性,快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)滴度1∶8~256;脑脊液白细胞计数增加、蛋白定量升高,脑脊液TPPA试验阳性、RPR试验滴度1∶1~8。影像学改变无特异性,多表现为退行性变。体感诱发电位呈现双侧P100波潜伏期延长、波幅降低;神经传导速度无明显变化。其中6例患者经青霉素治疗后症状均缓解。结论脊髓痨临床表现复杂、影像学改变无特异性,易误诊,明确诊断应综合临床症状与体征、实验室检查、影像学和电生理学表现,仅少数患者表现出相应的影像学改变,对诊断有一定提示意义。