伤寒减毒活疫苗Ty21a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞差异表达的基因

以基因表达谱芯片对Ty2 1a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞 (包括肠粘膜上皮细胞和肠上皮间淋巴细胞 )基因表达的差异性进行研究比较。将 490条经抑制消减杂交法筛选出的与小鼠Ty2 1a免疫相关的cDNA制备成表达谱芯片 ;利用免疫前后小鼠肠细胞的mRNA通过逆转录方法 ,将Cy3和Cy5两种荧光分别标记到两种组织的cDNA上 ,制备成cDNA探针 ,并与表达谱芯片进行杂交及扫描 ,单点重复 2次实验 ,通过计算机数据处理判定基因是否在上述两种细胞群中有表达差异。筛选出差异表达基因共 98条 ,其中 92条为表达上调基因 ,6条为表达降低基因。提示 ,基因表达谱芯片技术是高通量进行基因表达模式研究的方法 ,可同时定量研究大量的基因表达水平 ,从而鉴定可能参与免疫的基因。     

慢性心力衰竭患者与正常人外周血单核细胞基因的表达差异

目的应用cDNA芯片技术研究慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者和正常对照组外周血单核细胞（PBMC）基因表达差异。方法抽提PBMC总RNA并纯化mRNA,反转录合成单链、双链cDNA后,体外转录合成cRNA。分别用cy3-dCTP和cy5-dCTP标记cRNA。将基因芯片和杂交探针变性后杂交、洗涤,并分析cy3、cy5两种荧光信号的强度和比值。结果CHF患者和正常对照组比较,共有123个表达差异相关基因,其中有102个表达上调,21个表达下调。涉及黏附分子、热休克蛋白、信号传导、细胞周期、凋亡等。结论CHF与正常人PBMC基因表达存在显著差异。进一步深入研究这些基因在CHF发生发展中的作用,对推动CHF发生的分子机制及防治研究可能有重要意义。     

遗传性P77PMC癫痫大鼠海马基因表达谱的研究

目的利用cDNA表达阵列构建遗传性癫痫大鼠海马基因表达谱,寻找其中的差异表达基因,为从分子水平探讨癫痫的发病机理打下基础。方法采用32P-α-dATP逆转录标记探针与cDNA阵列杂交,构建P77PMC大鼠和Wistar大鼠海马基因表达谱,用图象分析仪分析两者基因表达谱差异。结果在P77PMC大鼠海马中共发现有15个差异表达基因,其中12个基因表达上调,3个基因表达下调。并用逆转录-聚合酶链反应进一步证实了结果的可靠性。结论P77PMC大鼠与正常Wistar大鼠海马中存在多个差异表达基因,这些差异表达的基因可能在癫痫的发生中具有重要作用。     

基因芯片筛选HepG2与HepG2.2.15细胞中的差异表达基因

目的 探讨HepG2细胞及HepG2.2.15细胞中差异表达的基因并对其基因表达谱进行生物学信息分析.方法 用Trizol一步法提取HepG2细胞及HepG2.2.15细胞的总RNA,并纯化mRNA,反转录合成荧光分子(Cy3/Cy5)标记的cDNA探针,与基因芯片杂交;采用LuxScan3.0图像分析软件对芯片图像进行分析,把图像信号转化为数字信号,最后以差异为2倍的标准来确定差异表达基因.结果 在54614个基因表达谱的筛选中,发现有4462个基因表达水平显著上调,2592个基因表达水平显著下调.结论 HBV基因组及其表达产物对于肝细胞基因表达谱有显著影响,可能参与了肝癌的发生发展.     

胃癌基因表达谱的cDNA微阵列与聚类分析

目的 分析胃癌与非肿瘤胃组织中基因表达特征，探讨其生物学意义。方法 提取18例进展期胃癌患者术前未行治疗的新鲜肿瘤和非肿瘤胃组织总RNA，逆转录标记cy5和cy3制备cDNA探针，与148个基因组成的cDNA微阵列杂交，应用平均联接等级聚类和微阵列数据显著差异分析(significance analysis of microarrays，SAM)方法分析146个符合入选条件基因的实验数据。结果 胃癌与非肿瘤胃组织各被聚为一类，胃癌和非肿瘤胃组织又分别聚为两个亚类。基因在两种组织表达有3个特征，明显基因表达差异表现在特征B和特征C．特征B基因在胃癌组织呈低表达或不表达，特征C基因在胃癌组织呈高表达。在特征A，T2-S2亚类与T1和T2-S1亚类的基因表达存在差异性，然而13例患者的配对胃癌与非肿瘤胃组织有相似基因表达。结合SAM分析，从特征B和特征C分别检出19个和12个在两种组织间呈差异性表达基因。结论 cDNA微阵列实验结果客观地反映了胃癌和非肿瘤胃组织的基因表达特征，可以将胃癌与非肿瘤胃组织各聚为一类．胃癌组织之间基因表达既有相似性，又有异质性，反映了胃癌基因表达变异的复杂性．应用cDNA微阵列技术研究胃癌基因差异性表达特征，有助于阐明胃癌发生、发展的分子基础，为胃癌早期诊断和预后评估的生物标记物研究提供科学依据．     

2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢相关基因表达谱

目的研究伴胰岛素抵抗2型糖尿病大鼠与正常大鼠内脏脂肪组织基因表达的差异。方法Sprague-Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠22只,实验组[小剂量链脲佐菌素(25mg/kg)加高脂饲料]12只,对照组(常规饲料)10只。从脂肪组织中抽取总RNA,纯化mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,Cy5标记实验组cDNA,Cy3标记对照组cDNA,获得两组动物来源的cDNA探针。cDNA探针与基因表达谱芯片杂交,结果由扫描仪扫描并用软件进行分析统计。用逆转录-PCR对其中两条基因进行验证。结果丙酮酸脱氢酶磷酸酶同工酶2基因在2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织表达降低、磷酸化酶激酶催化亚单位基因表达增高;脂酰CoA脱氢酶、烯酰CoA水合酶、脂酰CoA氧化酶、β-酮脂酰CoA硫解酶基因表达增高,脂蛋白脂肪酶基因表达降低。应用逆转录-PCR验证,脂蛋白脂肪酶基因在实验组表达降低(P<0.01),而β-酮脂酰硫解酶基因在实验组表达增高(P<0.01),与芯片结果一致。结论糖代谢限速酶影响胰岛素敏感性;脂解作用增加在2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能减退中起重要作用。     

细胞周期类分子在人无精子症睾丸中的表达

目的:评价细胞周期类基因在人无精子症及正常睾丸组织中的表达及意义.方法:应用包含有人CDC10等细胞周期类基因在内的cDNA微矩阵芯片对人正常睾丸及无精子症睾丸组织中差异表达基因进行了研究:通过PCR方法获得两种组织mRNA, 再分别用Cy5-dUTP及Cy3-dUTP标记制备cDNA探针.两种探针混合后与人cDNA微矩阵芯片杂交, 经扫描、计算机处理分析比较杂交结果;利用原位杂交技术对芯片杂交结果进行了验证研究.结果:部分细胞周期类基因可能与无精子症相关, 其中CDC7L1 与CDC10基因表达上调, CDK9、 CDC20 以及CLK3基因表达下调.原位杂交证实CDC10在正常睾丸组织生精细胞中表达强于无精子症睾丸组织.结论:细胞周期类分子CDC10、 CDC7L1 、 CDK9、 CDC20及CLK3可能在无精子症的发生与进展过程中起一定的作用.     

基因芯片分析筛选BEL-7402与BEL-7402/FU细胞中的差异miRNA表达基因

目的:探讨2种肝癌细胞BEL-7402细胞及BEL-7402/FU细胞中差异表达的miRNA并对其基因表达谱进行生物学信息分析.方法:采用TRIzol一步法提取BEL-7402细胞及BEL-7402/FU细胞的总RNA,并纯化mRNA,反转录合成荧光分子Hy3标记的cDNA探针,与基因芯片杂交;采用Genepix Pro 6.0图像分析软件对芯片图像进行分析,把图像信号转化为数字信号,然后以差异为2倍的标准来确定差异表达基因.结果:在333个基因表达谱的筛选中,发现有2个基因表达水平显著上调,331个基因表达水平显著下调.结论:miR-122,miR-195等基因组对表达肝癌细胞耐药基因表达谱有显著的影响,可能参与肝癌耐药的发生、发展.     

SLE及IDDM患者外周血单个核细胞中基因表达差异的研究

目的 :了解系统性红斑狼疮 (Systemiclupuserythematosus,SLE)和胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (insulindependentdiabetesmellitusdisease,IDDM)外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)的基因表达概况 ,为探讨这些基因表达的差异与该 2种疾病的关系奠定基础。方法 :以分别来自SLE和IDDM患者的PBMCpolyA RNA为模板逆转录合成cDNA表达探针 ,与AtlascDNA表达阵列膜进行差异杂交。结果 :放射自显影结果显示在SLE疾病所分析的 1176种已知基因中 ,有表达差异的 376个 ,其中表达上调差异率大于 3的 8个 ,表达下调差异率大于 6的 6个 ;在IDDM疾病所分析的 1176种已知基因中 ,有表达差异的 5 5 8个 ,其中表达上调差异率大于 6的 13个 ,表达下调差异率大于 6的 3个。与细胞的分化增殖、粘附与信号转导、凋亡、转录与调控及DNA损伤修复等相关的基因表达水平发生了明显的改变。结论 :AtlascDNA表达阵列差异杂交分析为初步了解SLE及IDDN患者PBMC的基因表达概况 ,进而了解基因表达差异在疾病发生发展中的作用提供了一个较好的方法。     

嗅球和嗅黏膜来源的嗅鞘细胞对脊髓损伤小鼠的治疗效果比较

目的体外分离、培养不同来源的嗅鞘细胞,并鉴定其生物学特性,比较不同来源的嗅鞘细胞生物活性,评价其对脊髓损伤模型小鼠的疗效的差异。方法差速贴壁法分别培养嗅球和嗅黏膜来源的嗅鞘细胞,免疫荧光染色检测该细胞特异性蛋白S100、P75的表达,并对二者生长曲线及在不同代次、不同浓度梯度条件下神经营养因子分泌情况进行检测,实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)鉴定二者脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、神经营养因子3(NT-3)、神经营养因子4(NT-4)、轴突膜蛋白生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)、微管相关蛋白(MAP-2)基因表达,并分别将两种细胞移植入脊髓横断小鼠模型中,以小鼠神经功能评分及脊髓内移植细胞分布情况进行评估。结果所获得不同来源的嗅鞘细胞呈双极、三极样形态生长,且S100、P75蛋白表达均为阳性,嗅黏膜来源细胞不表达MAP-2,高表达GAP-43,嗅球来源的细胞低表达MAP-2和GAP-43,嗅球来源细胞生长活性大于嗅黏膜来源的细胞,其中嗅黏膜细胞来源分泌营养因子高于嗅球来源的细胞,小鼠神经功能评分显示嗅黏膜来源细胞治疗脊髓损伤模型效果明显高于嗅球来源的嗅鞘细胞。结论两种来源的嗅鞘细胞存在生物学差异,嗅黏膜来源细胞治疗脊髓损伤效果高于嗅球来源的嗅鞘细胞,可以作为临床应用的种子细胞。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.