Hydrocarbon Degradation and Lead Solubility in a Soil Polluted with Lead and Used Motor Oil Treated by Composting and Phytoremediation

Used lubricant oils and metals can be common soil pollutants in abandoned sites. When soil is contaminated with various hazardous wastes, the efficiency of biological treatments could be affected. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of combining phytoremediation and composting on the efficiency of hydrocarbon degradation and lead solubility in a soil contaminated with 31,823 mg/kg of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from used motor oil and 8260 mg/kg of lead. Mexican cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) and yard trimmings were added in the composting process, and lucerne (Medicago sativa) was used in the phytoremediation process. After a 9 week composting process, only 13% of the initial TPH concentration was removed. The following 20 week phytoremediation process removed 48% of TPH. The highest TPH degradation percentage (66%), was observed in the experiment with phytoremediation only. This work demonstrates sustainable technologies, such as biological treatments, represent low-cost options for remediation; however, they are not frequently used because they require long periods of time for success.     

Cadmium,Zinc, Copper,and Lead in Human Renal Cortex

Analysis of cadmium and zinc in the renal cortex of 67 Swedish subjects disclosed the same dependence on age as in US subjects. In the 6–50 year age group, cadmium content and the cadmium-zinc ratio were correlated to age; thereafter, there was a decrease in cadmium and zinc and in the cadmium-zinc ratios. The increase in zinc paralleled the increase in cadmium. The difference between total zinc and the amount of zinc equivalent to the amount of cadmium provides a measure of the physiological zinc content of the cortex; this fraction, 160 ppm (based on dry weight of renal cortex), did not vary with age. In the age groups over 60, cadmium content was significantly lower in women than in men.     

杭州市郊菜园土壤锌、铜、铅污染状况的调查

「目的」探讨菜园土壤重污染状况。「方法」测定了６０份土壤样品中锌、铜、锌污染水平。「结果」黄松土的全ＺＳｎ、全Ｃｕ、全Ｐb含量在９７．５～２８６．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、 ７．３～２０５．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、３８．８～９８．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间,江涂土在７５．５～３．２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、４．３～１４．３．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１３．９～９７．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间。粉泥土在８９．５～１５０．３ｇｍ／ｋｇ、１５．５～４３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、     

微分电位溶出法测定饮用水中铅、铜和镉的研究

目的研究微分电位溶出法在底液为0.01 mol/L HCl条件下,连续测定饮用水中铜、铅和镉3种痕量元素的方法。方法通过优化实验条件,采用DPSA-2型微分电位溶出仪对饮用水中铜、铅和镉进行连续测定。结果铜、铅和镉的检出限分别为4、0.1、2μg/L,线性测定范围为0～220μg/L,回收率为83.4%～103.3%,RSD〈3.4%（n=7）。结论该方法一次镀汞可连续使用,具有操作简便、快速,灵敏度、准确度高和精密度好等特点,该法较好地解决了金属互化物的影响,样品不需消化便可直接测定。由于该法对样液中的电活性物质干扰不敏感,因此,试样只要进行酸化处理即可直接测定。     

公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征

目的研究公路交通污染土壤和稻谷中镉铅分布特征及稻谷加工中镉铅的去除。方法用原子吸收光谱法测定319国道某路段旁水稻田 (污染区 )土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量 ,并与对照区做比较。结果镉[(1.89±0.45)mg/kg]、铅[(116.15±23.71)mg/kg]主要富集于表层土壤 ,污染区显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。污染区水稻颖壳、糙米、粗米糠和粗精米中镉含量分别为0.195 ,0.254,0.248 ,0.239mg/kg,铅含量分别为1.32 ,0.722,1.99 ,0.635mg/kg,均显著高于对照区 (P<0.001)。稻谷镉含量分布 :粗米糠>糙米>粗精米>颖壳 ,稻谷铅含量分布 :粗米糠>颖壳>糙米>粗精米。土壤和稻谷中镉铅含量分别呈正相关 (r=0.942～0.994,P<0.001) ,稻谷加工过程中镉铅去除率分别为22.13 %和47.30%。结论公路旁土壤和稻谷受镉铅污染严重 ,土壤镉铅污染程度影响稻谷中镉铅含量。     

牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锌、锶同时测定的原子吸收法

目的 探讨牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锌、锶同时测定的原子吸收法。方法 样品采用硝酸-过氧化氢浸提,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定牙膏中铅、镉、铜、锶含量,用火焰原子吸收法测定牙膏中锌含量。结果 铅、镉、铜、锌和锶的原子吸收测定法的线性范围分别为0．0125-0．0500,0．0040-0．0160,0．050-0．200,0．5-2．0,0．025-0．075μg,／ml;相关系数分别为：0．9946,0．9939,0．9993,0．9958,0．9992;检出限分别为0．234、0．204、0．078、0．348、0．048μg／g;回收率分别为81．3％和90．2％,73．4％和88．9％,89．6％和93％,93．1％和105％,104％和111％;RSD为3．50％-9．08％。结论 该方法简便,灵敏度、精密度、准确度较好,适合对牙膏样品进行多元素分析。     

化妆品中铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、锰含量调查

为了解化妆品重金属污染情况,随机抽样了荆州市场销售的６０余种化妆品,对其Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ六种金属元素的含量进行分析。结果表明,荆州市场销售的化妆品Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ六种重金属含量范围广,不同种类,同一种为的不同厂家的化妆品中重金属含量差异较大;Ｐｂ含量超标率为６．４％,建议对其它５种重金属制定化妆品最高允许浓度。     

Lead,Zinc, and Cadmium in Vegetable/Crops in a Zinc Smelting Region and its Potential Human Toxicity

Lead, Zn, and Cd in vegetables/crops were investigated in a zinc smelting region in China, and their daily dietary intake by local residents was estimated. It is observed that Pb, Zn, and Cd were in 34.7–91.1, 242–575, and 0.199–2.23 μg g⁻¹ dry weight in vegetables/crops with their greatest concentrations in leafy vegetable. The daily dietary intake of Pb, Zn, and Cd by adult residents reached 3, 646, 59,295, and 186 μg day, respectively, and lettuce and cabbage together contributed 75% of the Pb, 50% of the Zn, and 70% of the Cd.     

Redistribution of Fractions of Zinc,Cadmium, Nickel,Copper, and Lead in Contaminated Calcareous Soils Treated with EDTA

Effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the fractionation of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in contaminated calcareous soils was investigated. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 105.9 to 5803 mg/kg Zn, from 2.2 to 1361 mg/kg Cd, from 31 to 64.0 mg/kg Ni, from 24 to 84 mg/kg Cu, and from 109 to 24,850 mg/kg Pb, were subjected to EDTA treatment at different dosages of 0, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg. Metals in the incubated soils were fractionated after 5 months by a sequential extraction procedure, in which the metal fractions were experimentally defined as exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), organic matter (OM), and residual (RES) fractions. In contaminated soils without EDTA addition, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb were predominately present in the RES fraction, up to 60.0%, 32.3%, 41.1%, and 36.8%, respectively. In general, with the EDTA addition, the EXCH and CARB fractions of these metals increased dramatically while the OM fraction decreased. The Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb were distributed mostly in RES, OM, FEO, and CARB fractions in contaminated soils, but Cd was found predominately in the CARB, MNO, and RES fractions. The OM fraction decreased with increasing amounts of EDTA. In the contaminated soils, EDTA removed some Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni from MNO, FEO, and OM fractions and redistributed them into CARB and EXCH fractions. Based on the relative percent in the EXCH and CARB fractions, the order of solubility was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn for contaminated soils, before adding of EDTA, and after adding of EDTA, the order of solubility was Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu. The risk of groundwater contamination will increase after applying EDTA and it needed to be used very carefully.     

A Study on Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Water Lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L.

Aquatic macrophytes have tremendous potential for remediation of the heavy metal cadmium. The objective of this study was to investigate Cd phytoremediation ability of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. The study was conducted with 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L^?1 CdCl₂ in hydroponic system for 21 days and the Cd concentrations in the root and shoot tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The values obtained were used to evaluate the bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and translocation efficiency of this plant. The plant showed high Cd tolerance of up to 20 mg L^?1 but there was a general trend of decline in the root and shoot biomass. The maximum BCF values for root and shoot tissues were 2,294 and 870 respectively, obtained for 5 mg L^?1 Cd, which indicated that the plant was a Cd hyperaccumulator. The TF maxima was found to be 0.6 and as much as 60 % root to shoot translocation efficiency was observed for 15 mg L^?1 Cd which points towards the suitability of water lettuce for removing Cd from surface waters.     

Cadmium and Lead Contamination in Tap Water Samples From Tokat, Turkey

No abstract available.     

铅锌矿区铅和镉污染对职业人群健康的影响

目的了解铅锌矿区铅镉污染对职业人群健康的影响。方法于2006年3月-2007年3月,选择长期工作和生活在某铅锌矿区的380名职工作为暴露组,以距该矿区40km以外东河上游某镇316名居民作为对照组,进行人群一般状况、内外科常见病检查（包括：自觉症状问诊、阳性体征筛查等）、职业病中毒体征（齿龈铅线、口内金属味、肢端感觉异常等）的检查。结果随着工龄的增加,职业人群发中铅、镉含量也随之增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;暴露组人群头昏、胸闷、口内金属味、腹痛、肢端感觉异常及高血压发生率均高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;暴露组发中铅、镉、锌含量均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论铅锌矿区环境污染对职业人群健康有不良影响。     

Variation of Lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in Aquatic Macrophytes from the Seyhan River, Adana, Turkey

No abstract available.     

锌或铜诱导肝脏金属硫蛋白结合锌镉比值与铜镉比值的研究

[目的]观察镉（Cd）染毒后锌（Zn）或铜（Cu）诱导肝脏金属硫蛋白（MT）结合锌镉比值（Zn／Cd）与铜镉比值（Cu／Cd）的关系及其意义。[方法]将28只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为7组,每组4只,分别为：空白对照组（0）,不做任何处理;非预处理组（A1、A2）,皮下注射生理盐水;Zn处理组（B1、B2）,皮下注射ZnCl2（每千克体重染Zn 25mg）;Cu处理组（C1、C2）,皮下注射CuSO4（每千克体重染Cu 12.5mg）。预处理24h后,为实验组动物皮下注射镉．金属硫蛋白（CdMT,Cdmetallothionein）,造成Cd急性中毒,其中A1、B1、C1组每千克体重染Cd0．1mg,A2、B2、C2组每千克体重染Cd0．4mg。24h后处死,取肝脏,制备匀浆。离心后取上清液,加入SephadexG-75色谱层析柱。[结果]空白对照组动物肝脏中与MT结合的最主要金属元素是Zn,而Cd、Cu含量在检测限以下;与前者相比,A1、A2组动物肝脏MT和Cd含量随染毒剂量增加而升高,且A1、A2组肝脏MT中Zn／Cd值分别为20．0和10．0;B1、B2组肝脏MT中Zn／Cd值分别为20．8和20．3,Cu离子未检出;C1、C2组肝脏MT的Cu／Cd值分别为80．0和36．5,Zn含量下降明显。[结论]不同剂量Cd染毒后,Zn或Cu诱导动物肝脏MT中金属含量比例存在差异,Cu／Cd值高于Zn／Cd值,即与MT结合的Cd相比,Cu更易取代与MT结合的Zn。另外,肝脏中非MT结合Zn也是影响与MT结合的金属离子稳态的重要因素。     

Effects of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc on Growth of Four Isolated Algae from a Highly Polluted Argentina River

Toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc was tested on four green algal species (Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Monoraphidium contortum and Scenedesmus acuminatus) isolated from a highly polluted river (Matanza–Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The relative abundance of these species in river waters showed that C. ellipsoidea was the most abundant species (mean 4,540 ind mL^?1), whereas the less abundant species was S. acuminatus (mean 220 ind mL^?1). The most sensitive species was A. fusiformis, which EC₅₀ were Cd = 141 μg L^?1, Cu = 72 μg L^?1, and Zn = 199 μg L^?1, whereas C. ellipsoidea was the most resistant species to copper (EC₅₀ = 489 μg L^?1) and cadmium (EC₅₀ = 429 μg L^?1), and M. contortum and S. acuminatus were the most resistant species to zinc (EC₅₀ = 381 and 394 μg L^?1, respectively).