神经肽Y在兔颈部交感神经节与脊神经节间通路应用研究

目的　通过电刺激兔颈脊神经节,检测颈交感神经节内的神经肽Y （neuropeptide Y,NPY）含量,研究颈交感神经节与颈脊神经节间的通路联系,探讨颈性眩晕发病机制中的神经解剖学基础。 方法　96只新西兰兔随机分为C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7组及相应对照组（每组8只）,麻醉后显露相应的脊神经节,给予波宽0.5 ms、频率30 Hz、5 V电刺激,5秒/次,每1 min重复1次,共5次,30 min后,灌注固定,切取双侧颈上、下交感神经节,切片,免疫反应,染色,观察。 结果　电刺激C2、C3脊神经节后,同侧颈上交感神经节内NPY含量升高（P<0.05）;电刺激C4、C5脊神经节后,同侧颈上交感神经节和颈下交感神经节内NPY含量均有明显变化（P<0.05）;电刺激C6、C7脊神经节后,同侧颈下交感神经节内NPY含量升高（P<0.05）。 结论　颈脊神经节和颈交感神经节间存在神经电生理上的通路联系,且具有节段性、同侧性特点,为颈性眩晕的发病机制及临床分型提供了实验依据和理论基础。     

颈中交感神经节阻滞在神经性耳聋治疗中的应用

目的:探讨颈中交感神经节阻滞对神经性耳聋的治疗作用.方法:选择神经性耳聋患者90例,并随机分成三组:星状神经节阻滞组(S)、颈中交感神经节阻组(M)及对照组(C),每组各30例.三组均采用中药治疗,M组、S组分别加行颈中交感神经节、星状神经节阻滞治疗,每日1次,10次为1个疗程,2个疗程之间间隔1周.结果:M组、S组60例患者治疗后总有效率分别为90%、86.6%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但高于C组66.6%(P＜0.05).颈中交感神经节阻滞成功率(96.8%)高于星状神经节阻滞(78.7%),且并发症发生率低于后者(P＜0.05).结论:颈中交感神经节阻滞联合中医药辨证施治,对神经性耳聋是一种安全、有效、可靠的治疗方法.     

交感神经颈上节的定位应用研究

1 材料与方法在30具(60侧)成人尸体上,解剖出交感神经颈上节,用游标卡尺对该节的形态、位置进行了各种观察和测量.其中3例颈上神经节做冰冻切片,并在光学显微镜下,观察了节内神经元胞体的分布情况.2 结果2.1 颈上神经节的形态、左右多不对称,但两侧最常见的形态为梭形,占60%,椭圆形次之.以下各值均以厘米计.颈上神经节的大小:左侧长度平均值为2.44,标准差0.74,标准误0.70;宽度平均值为0.80,标准差0.13,标准误0.12;厚度平均值为0.26,标准差0.05,标准误0.04.右侧长度平均值为2.64,标准差0.65,标准0.61;宽度平均值0.74,标准差0.07,标准误0.06;厚度平均值0.25,标准差0.08,标准误0.08.     

交感神经颈下节的应用定位研究

在头痛的研究当中,偏头痛的研究是最多的,认为它是以发作性搏动性头痛为特征的血管舒缩失调引起的疾病,职工学生发病率为10.3～15.9%,儿童发病率为2.0～4.6%。可应用药物治疗,但疗效均不令人满意,近来有人用交感神经颈下节阻滞方法进行治疗,取得了良好效果,但颈下神经节位置较深,周围毗邻关系复杂,经皮进行易产生许多并发症及副损伤。本文研究之目的,旨在为经皮阻滞时寻找一条最为方便安全之途径。1　材料与方法　　在30具经福尔马多处理的成人尸体上,常规方法仔细暴露出60侧交感神经颈下节,用肉眼进行其形态学观察,用游标卡尺进行了各种数…     

三种交感神经节牛磺酸的含量及变化

本研究用高效液相层析分别测定了大鼠颈上交感神经节、豚鼠腹腔交感神经节及蟾蜍椎旁交感神经节的牛磺酸含量。结果分别为 :2 5 .65μg/ mg(大鼠颈上交感神经节湿重 ) ;10 .2 5μg/ mg(豚鼠腹腔交感神经节湿重 ) ;1.4μg/ mg蟾蜍椎旁交感神经节湿重。此外 ,又切断大鼠颈上交感神经节神经干 ,1周后与对侧未切断侧比较 ,切断侧牛磺酸含量 (3 8.2 4μg/ mg,神经节湿重 )高于未切断侧 (2 6.12μg/ mg,神经节湿重 )。本文结果表明 ,三种交感神经节均含有牛磺酸 ,大鼠颈上交感神经节牛磺酸含量高于其它交感神经节 ,节后神经元或其它部位合成的牛磺酸受节前神经的影响     

刺激颈部交感神经节对椎动脉血流影响的实验研究

目的 :探讨颈部交感神经因素在造成椎 -基底动脉系统缺血过程中的作用。方法 :健康家兔3 0只 ,手术暴露颈部交感神经节及基底动脉 ,不同方式刺激颈部交感神经节 ,记录、分析基底动脉血流的变化。结果 :刺激前测得基底动脉基线血流为 (5 48± 2 7)PU :分别刺激颈上、中、下交感神经节后测得基底动脉血流为 (5 2 9± 16)PU、(4 74± 16)PU和 (3 70± 3 6)PU。与基线血流相比分别下降了 3 .4%、13 .5 %和 3 2 .5 %。颈部交感神经节阻滞并不能使正常状态下的基底动脉血流增加 ,但可以阻断交感神经缩血管作用。结论 :颈部交感神经受到刺激 ,可造成椎 -基底动脉系统供血不足。     

颈上神经节摘除术及节内注射术

颈上神经节是交感干头端的一个交感神经节,它接受来自脊髓侧角的节前纤维,然后发出节后纤维支配头颈部各器官,它的头端发出颈内动脉神经,作为交感干的延续伴随颈内动脉通过颈动脉管进入颅腔,从而支配颅内各脑区〔1〕。因而颈上神经节的位置及功能十分重要,可通过它来探讨头颈部及颅内各器官的交感神经供给情况。我们采用颈上神经节摘除术和节内注射荧光金束路追踪技术,成功地开展了交感神经纤维对松果体和颌下淋巴结的神经支配研究。现将该技术介绍于下:操作步骤:1.颈正中纵行切开动物皮肤2.钝性分离胸锁乳头肌,暴露颈动脉鞘3.将颈动脉鞘轻…     

颈部交感神经干及交感神经节受刺激因素的解剖学观察及其临床意义

目的:了解颈交感神经干及交感神经节的解剖特点及其与颈椎周围组织的解剖关系,为临床诊治椎(间)孔外颈神经卡压提供解剖学基础。方法:解剖20具(40侧)成人尸体标本,观察颈交感神经干及交感神经节与周围组织结构的解剖关系,测量前斜角肌腱性交叉起点和颈长肌、头长肌腱性束带外缘与交感神经干的距离。2具新鲜尸体作Masson染色,了解前斜角肌、头长肌、颈长肌腱性组织成分。结果:颈上交感神经节周围常有肿大的淋巴结,颈下(星状)神经节下端紧贴第一肋椎关节。前斜角肌腱性交叉起点和颈长肌、头长肌腱性束带均为腱性结合。颈交感干在C_5横突处距前斜角肌腱性交叉起点左侧为2.6±0.5cm,右侧为2.1±1.1cm,距头长肌、颈长肌腱性束带外缘左侧为2.4±0.4cm,右侧为2.5±0.8cm。结论:颈上交感神经节周围肿大的淋巴结,颈下(星状)神经节下端增生的第一肋椎关节,前斜角肌腱性交叉起点和颈长肌、头长肌腱性束带是造成颈交感神经干及交感神经节在椎(间)孔外受到刺激的解剖学因素。     

高原急性缺氧对大鼠交感神经节内TH表达的影响

目的　观察急性高原缺氧大鼠交感神经节内交感神经元细胞超微结构及酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）表达的变化,为探讨TH在高原高血压病发生发展中的作用提供依据。 方法　WKY大鼠随机分为平原对照组（C）、缺氧1d组（H1）、缺氧3d组（H3）、缺氧7d组（H7）4组。应用电镜技术,观察低氧环境下交感神经节内交感神经元细胞超微结构的变化;应用qPCR和Western blot法,研究大鼠交感神经节内TH表达的变化。 结果　与同周龄的C组大鼠相比较,缺氧组大鼠血压明显升高（P<0.05）;qPCR和Western blot结果显示：与同周龄的C组大鼠相比,H1组、H3组大鼠交感神经节内TH表达降低,H7组大鼠TH表达增高（P<0.05）;电镜结果显示：高原低氧环境下交感神经细胞的形态、细胞器的数量和结构均有改变。 结论　急性高原低氧对大鼠交感神经节内交感神经元细胞形态结构存在一定影响,并影响TH表达的变化,从而影响高血压的形成。     

大白鼠交感神经节内神经肽Y(NPY)样神经元的分布及其功能意义

本文用免疫细胞化学技术研究了大白鼠交感神经的颈上节,星状节,脑部和腹部的交感干节,腹腔节以及肠系膜上、下节内的NPY样免疫反应细胞体的分布。发现NPY样免疫反应细胞体为圆形或椭圆形。NPY样免疫反应产物呈颗粒状分布于细胞质中,多数交感神经节内的免疫反应细胞聚集成群,但椎前神经节内的NPY样免疫反应细胞较分散。本文并讨论了NPY存在于外周去甲肾上腺素能细胞中;NPY可以抑制由于电刺激引起的大白鼠输精管痉挛;局部动脉灌流可引起动脉收缩等问题。本文认为交感神经节中含有的NPY样免疫反应神经元与外周去甲肾上腺素能神经元为同一神经元。NPY对交感神经可能有兴奋或抑制功能。     

Sympathetic neurons in lower cervical ganglia send axons through the superior cervical ganglion

In addition to the preganglionic axons which innervate the superior cervical ganglia, the cervical sympathetic trunks of the rat have been shown to contain axons of ganglionic neurons. Following the application of horseradish peroxidase to the cut cervical sympathetic trunk just caudal to the superior cervical ganglion, a population of approximately 300 labeled neurons was found in the inferior and middle cervical ganglia. The labeled neurons were localized primarily in the more rostral regions of these ganglia. The axons of most of these neurons entered the superior cervical ganglion, passed through it, and left via the external carotid nerve.The relevance of these observations to physiological studies on the cervical sympathetic nervous system is discussed     

The number and distribution of sympathetic neurons that innervate the rat pineal gland

The sympathetic innervation of the rat pineal gland was examined using a variety of anatomical techniques. Following the injection of horseradish peroxidase into the pineal gland, approximately 250 labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. No labeled neurons were found in the middle or inferior cervical ganglia. In animals whose left internal carotid nerve was lesioned prior to the injection of peroxidase, an average of only three labeled neurons was found in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. These data suggest that most, if not all, of the sympathetic neurons innervating the pineal gland exit from the superior cervical ganglia via the internal carotid nerves. The distribution of sympathetic neurons innervating the pineal gland was similar, though slightly more rostrally placed, than the distribution of the entire population of superior cervical ganglion neurons which project into the internal carotid nerve. Both the small number of neurons innervating the pineal gland and their wide distribution in the rostral part of the superior cervical ganglion indicate that their study at the level of the ganglion would be difficult.Sympathetic axons reach the pineal gland via the nervi conarii. Electron microscopic studies indicate that in each nervus conarii there are about 440 axons which make contact with the surface of the pineal gland. In certain cases, bundles of axons from the left and right nervi conarii were found to fuse. Additional evidence for the intermingling of axons from the two nervi conarii was seen in orthograde transport studies with horseradish peroxidase.     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in spinal cord and superior cervical ganglion of the djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

The indirect immunofluorescent method was employed to investigate the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) in the spinal cord and superior cervical ganglion of the Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus. In cross-sections of the spinal cord, immunoreactive fibres and terminals were found in laminae 1 and 2 in high density, in the dorsolateral (Lissauer's) tract, in ventral and lateral horns, and in the area surrounding the central canal. A few CGRP-LI perikarya were seen in the ventral but not the dorsal horn. CGRP-LI was further observed in preganglionic sympathetic neurons which were labelled by retrograde axonal transport of fluoro-gold (FG) following injection of the substance unilaterally into the superior cervical ganglion. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (PSN) were localized ipsilateral to the injection site mainly in the intermediolateral nucleus and the lateral funiculus of the upper thoracic segments. Most PSN exhibited CGRP-LI. Immunoreactive PSN were not seen contralaterally to the site of FG application nor in animals that did not receive injections. When the preganglionic fibres were ligated 4 days before perfusion. CGRP-LI cell bodies were found in preganglionic sympathetic neurons similar to the situation seen upon FG treatment.

In the superior cervical ganglia of untreated hamsters, immunoreactive fibres were seen to enter the ganglion in which they terminated at non-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells.

The present study, the first in a hamster species, describes the widespread distribution of CGRP in the spinal cord of P. sungorus and supports the view that considerable interspecies differences exist in occurrence and location of this neuropeptide.     

A case of bilateral ectopic superior cervical ganglia in man

Bilateral ganglionic masses, likely representing fused superior and middle cervical sympathetic ganglia, were found in the mid-neck region of a cadaver during routine dissection. The displacement of the superior cervical ganglion from its normal location is a striking anomaly that does not appear to have been reported earlier. This observation may be clinically relevant for avoiding misdiagnosis of such masses as Schwannomas or other tumors. In addition, in cases where the superior cervical ganglion is absent from its usual location, it should be sought in the mid-neck region.     

Surgical anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk

Lack of knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) may complicate surgical procedures on the cervical spine. This study aims to define linear and angular relations of the CST with respect to consistent structures around it, including the number and size of the cervical ganglia, the distances between the CST and the longus colli muscle and the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Morphometric parameters of the 24 CSTs of 12 adults were measured on both sides. The CST had superior, middle, and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 20.8% of specimens; superior and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 45.8%; superior, middle, vertebral, inferior, or cervicothoracic ganglia in 12.5%, and superior, vertebral, inferior or cervicothoracic ganglia in 20.8% of specimens. The superior ganglion was observed in all specimens, the middle ganglion and vertebral ganglion were each observed in 33.3%. There was no difference between the number of superior and vertebral ganglia between the right and left sides. The average distance between the CST and the medial border of the ipsilateral longus colli muscle (LCM) was 17.2 mm at C3 and 12.4 mm at C7. As the CSTs converged caudally, the LCMs diverged. The average distance between the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and the lateral borders of the ipsilateral CST was 3.4 mm at C4, 3.2 mm at C5, and 3.9 mm at C6. The presence of a vertebral ganglion and variations, such as the localization of the CST within the carotid sheath, are important. The anatomical landmarks described should assist the spinal surgeon to avoid injury of the CST.     

经颈上节传递心脏痛感觉信息的迷走神经传入通路

目的　观察经颈上节至结状节传递心脏感觉信息的迷走神经传入通路。　方法　逆行追踪及逆行追踪结合免疫组织化学方法。　结果　HRP注射入颈上节后 ,逆行标记的一小团细胞恒定地出现在结状节上段 ,其数量较少且分布局限。将荧光金 (fluorogold ,FG)注射入颈上节后并结合免疫荧光组织化学染色 ,观察到结状节内约 18 5 %的SP阳性标记细胞同时呈阳性FG逆行标记。　结论　结合以往文献 ,研究结果提示 ,心脏的感觉信息向中枢传递存在着经颈上节至结状节的含SP神经活性物质的迷走神经传入通路     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的强啡肽能和一氧化氮能投射

本文用荧光金逆行追踪与免疫荧光组化染色相结合的方法，对大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角浅层向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核的强啡肽能和NO能投射进行了研究．强啡肽原前体样阳性胞体主要位于尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层和Ⅱ层外侧部；NOS样阳性胞体主要位于尾侧亚核和颈够背角Ⅱ层，Ⅰ层较少。将荧光金注入丘脑腹基底复合体后，荧光金逆标神经元主要见于对侧尾侧亚核、颈髓背角的Ⅰ层和外侧网状核，Ⅱ层偶见；将荧光金注入臂旁核后，逆标神经元主要见于同侧尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ层，少量位于外侧网状核。尾侧亚核向丘脑瓜基底复合体投射神经元的16．6％，向臂旁核投射神经元的24．8％呈强啡肽原前体样阳性；颈髓背角浅层向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的19．2％，向臂旁核投射神经元的272％呈强啡肽原前体样阳性。向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的强啡肽原前体／荧光金双标神经元分别占尾侧亚核浅层内强啡肽原前体样阳性神经元总数的7％和18％，分别占颈髓背角浅层内强啡肽原前体样阳性神经元总数的8．1％和21．9％。这些双标神经元多呈大梭形及中等大圆形和梨形。由昆侧亚核向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的5．1％呈NOS阳性，向臂旁核投射神经元的11．8％呈NOS阳性。由颈髓背角浅层向丘脑版?     

Immunohistochemical localization of parvalbumin in rat and monkey autonomic ganglia

Summary The cellular distribution of parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity in autonomic ganglia such as superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia (T₆), ciliary ganglia and enteric ganglia was investigated by immunohistochemical peroxidase—antiperoxidase methods using an antiserum against rat skeletal muscle parvalbumin. We detected parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity in almost all neurons of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and other paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia, where the antigen was located in the cytoplasm but the nuclei were not labelled. No neurons positive for parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity were observed in rat ciliary ganglia or enteric ganglia. In monkey, almost all neurons of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia contained parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity, but none of the neurons of the ciliary ganglia were labelled with the antiserum to parvalbumin. These results suggest that parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity exists in a specific subpopulation of the neurons of the autonomic nervous system.     

Pathologic alterations in pre- and postsynaptic elements in aged mouse sympathetic ganglia

Summary Dysfunction of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system is an increasingly recognized, although poorly understood, complication of increasing age in experimental animals and man. In this study of young adult (4–6 months old) and aged (12– 24 months old) mice we have examined the ultrastructural appearance of perikarya, dendritic processes, preterminal axons, and synapses in selected sympathetic ganglia as well as the three-dimensional structure of the dendritic arborizations of principal sympathetic neurons using intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated numerous markedly enlarged presynaptic terminal axons and synapses which distorted the contours of perikarya and dendrites of neurons within the prevertebral celiac/superior mesenteric and paravertebral superior cervical and stellate sympathetic ganglia of aged mice. Dilated preterminal axons had the distinctive ultrastructural appearance of neuroaxonal dystrophy, a pathologic process described in a wide variety of clinical and experimental entities. Dystrophic axons were identical in ultrastructural appearance in young and old animals, differing only in frequency. A distinctive type of ultrastructural alteration, characterized by markedly distended neurites containing numerous vacuoles, was confined to the superior cervical ganglia and also increased in frequency with aging. Although many intraganglionic vacuolated processes disappeared with surgical interruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk, which contains the preganglionic axons innervating the superior cervical ganglia, others persisted. In addition, the presence in some processes of admixed ribosomes, lipofuscin, or continuity with the cell body indicated that numerous neuritic alterations within aged sympathetic ganglia were likely of dendritic origin. Intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow into principal sympathetic neurons demonstrated that the dendritic arborizations of the celiac/superior mesenteric ganglia neurons of young adult mice were significantly more complex and extensive than those of the superior cervical ganglia. Sympathetic neurons of aged superior cervical ganglia, but not superior mesenteric ganglia, appeared significantly smaller with regard to total dendritic length, extent, and branching when compared to those of young animals. In the aged superior cervical ganglia, short, stunted dendritic processes also exhibited large, focal, often multiple, swellings, a phenomenon infrequently observed in the superior cervical ganglia of young animals. The celiac/ superior mesenteric ganglia of aged or young adult mouse failed to exhibit comparable dendritic swellings. These observations may provide a neuropathological basis for understanding age-related changes in autonomic function observed in animals and man, and provide a model system in which age-related pathogenetic mechanisms resulting in neuroaxonal dystrophy and dendritic alterations can be studied.