食管未分化小细胞癌临床病理特点分析（附3例报道）

目的：探讨食管原发性未分化小细胞癌临床病理特点。方法：对食管未分化小细胞癌进行形态学、免疫组化及电镜观察。结果：食管未分化小细胞癌是发生于食管的神经内分泌肿瘤，光镜下主要由小的间变性细胞构成，胞浆稀少，核卵圆形，染色质丰富，常较一致，核仁不明显，核分裂多见。免疫组化瘤细胞CK、NSE、Syn、CgA常为阳性。电镜检查还可查见神经内分泌颗粒。结论：食管未分化小细胞癌是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤，预后非常差。     

The renal clear cell carcinoma immune landscape

A comprehensive evaluation of the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) immune landscape was found using 584 RNA-sequencing datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified 17 key dysregulated immune-associated genes in ccRCC based on association with clinical variables and important immune pathways. Of the numerous findings from our analyses, we found that several of the 17 key dysregulated genes are heavily involved in interleukin and NF-kB signaling and that somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) hotspots may be causally associated with gene dysregulation. More importantly, we also found that key immune-associated genes and pathways are strongly upregulated in ccRCC. Our study may lend novel insights into the clinical implications of immune dysregulation in ccRCC and suggests potential immunotherapeutic targets for further evaluation.     

代谢综合征与肾透明细胞癌相关性研究

目的 代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是一组临床症候群,MS及其相关组分与癌症发生发展及病理特征具有密切关系.本研究旨在分析MS及其相关组分与肾透明细胞癌(clear cell cenal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)分期、分级及肿瘤大小的相关性.方法 回顾性分析2013-01-01-2015-12-30于山西医科大学第一医院就诊且病理诊断为CCRCC的375例患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、身高、体质量、血压、空腹血糖、生化结果、病理分期分级和肿瘤大小等.计数资料采用x2检验,计量资料以(x)±s表示,组间比较采用t检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析.结果 MS组56例患者,其中男性患者32例,女性患者24例;非MS组319例患者,其中男性患者206例,女性患者113例.男女患者比较,差异无统计学意义,P=0.287.MS组与非MS组相比,年龄、吸烟、饮酒等差异无统计学意义,P值分别为0.100、0.691和0.269;而BMI指数、收缩压、空腹血糖、TG、HDL-C等差异均有统计学意义,均P＜0.001.在病理特点方面,MS与非MS相比,CCRCC病理分期(P=0.018)、分级(P=0.026)及肿瘤大小(P=0.026),差异均有统计学意义.MS相关疾病与CCRCC分期分析,糖尿病(P＜0.001)、高血压(P=0.015)、血脂紊乱(P=0.006)与CCRCC的分期有关.结论 CCRCC合并MS者病理分期较高、分级较低、肿瘤更大,糖尿病、高血压和血脂紊乱都可增加CCRCC的病理分期.     

NDUFA4 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma is predictive for cancer-specific survival

Like other cancers, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) derives the essential energy for proliferation and survival from high rates of glycolysis rather than from oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondrial respiration pathway. NDUFA4 (NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 Alpha Subcomplex, 4) is encoding a protein belonging to the respiratory chain of mitochondria. For a better understanding of the tumor biology and for identification of a potential new biomarker, we analyzed the regulation of NDUFA4 in RCC compared to normal tissue cells. Downregulation of NDUFA4 mRNA and protein was detected in RCC compared to normal renal tissues in quantitative real-time PCR as well as in western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Histological analysis revealed higher NDUFA4 expression in the distal tubules compared to the proximal tubules and the loop of Henle. A higher molecular weight of the NDUFA4 protein was discovered in RCC samples, possibly indicating a posttranslational modification. Moreover, NDUFA4 protein expression was predictive for cancer-specific survival. Our analysis revealed a potential new biomarker, but future studies are warranted to investigate the prognostic value of NDUF4A expression.     

Primary clear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx： a case report

Primary dear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx is a rare and locally invasive minor salivary gland neoplasm, only two cases have been reported yet in the literature. Now a 57-year man, with primary nasopharyngeal clear carcinoma,received radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After treatment, the mass of nasopharynx visibly reduced. Follow-up two months and repeated MRI, CT, abdominal B-ultrasonograpy, electronic nasopharyngoscopy, no tumor recurrence or metastasis.     

RhoB在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨RhoB在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义.方法:采用实时定量PCR、Western blot和免疫组化方法检测RhoB在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达情况.选取60例肾透明细胞癌组织标本,详细收集病人临床病理资料,通过免疫组化方法检测RhoB在肾透明细胞癌组织中的蛋白表达水平,并分析RhoB的蛋白水平与临床病理资料的关系.结果:与对应瘤旁肾组织相比,RhoB的mRNA及蛋白表达水平在肾透明细胞癌组织标本中明显降低;RhoB的蛋白表达水平在不同年龄、性别组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在肿瘤直径大小、T分期、临床分期和组织分级间差异有显著统计学差异(P<0.05).结论:RhoB的表达降低可能在肾透明细胞癌的肿瘤发生中发挥作用,且其表达下降可能与肾透明细胞癌的恶性进展有关.     

Biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved significantly following the identification of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene and the function of its protein, and subsequent development of antiangiogenic therapies. A series of clinical trials resulted in the approval of three new agents with significant activity in this disease. Additional studies are now underway to identify subsets of patients most likely to benefit. This article reviews the current therapy for advanced RCC and the development of biomarkers in RCC. This requires the identification of disease characteristics at a clinical, genetic and molecular level associated with response and/or surrogate measures of clinical benefit. Currently, a variety of prognostic factors (lactate dehydrogenase, performance status, disease-free interval, hemoglobin and calcium levels) are utilized to predict the survival of RCC patients. The use of validated biomarkers in either serum/plasma, urine or tissue could enhance this process, as well as define at the molecular and genetic levels, factors associated with response to therapy and/or the development of resistance. Examples include plasma VEGF levels, VHL gene mutation status and carbonic anhydrase IX levels in tumor tissue, among others. Validation of such biomarkers is crucial in order for them to be clinically useful.     

超声诊断卵巢透明细胞癌

目的 探讨术前超声诊断卵巢透明细胞癌(ovarian clear cell carcinoma,OCCC)的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析14例经手术病理检查证实的OCCC患者资料,观察OCCC的临床特征及术前超声表现.结果 3例病灶位于双侧卵巢,11例病灶位于单侧卵巢.超声表现为类圆形或类椭圆形肿块,边界清,有包膜;实性...     

子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢透明细胞癌和卵巢子宫内膜样癌的临床病理特征研究

目的 研究子宫内膜异位症(EM)相关性卵巢透明细胞癌(CCC)和卵巢子宫内膜样癌(EC)的临床病理特征.方法 选取CCC和EC患者共167例,根据是否为EM恶变将患者分为EM组(n=84)和非EM组(n=83).比较两组患者的年龄、生育史、EM病史、临床表现、凝血功能、血清CA125水平、超声检查结果、术中情况及术后病理特点.结果 EM组患者的发病年龄、初潮年龄均明显小于非EM组(P﹤0.01),未绝经患者所占比例明显低于非EM组(P﹤0.01);EM组患者的孕次、产次明显低于非EM组(P﹤0.001),不孕症患者所占比例明显高于非EM组(P﹤0.001);EM组中既往有EM病史的患者所占比例高于非EM组(P﹤0.05);临床表现方面,EM组患者的痛经、月经紊乱发生率均明显高于非EM组(P﹤0.01);EM组患者的PT、APTT明显短于非EM组(P﹤0.001);术后,EM组患者的血清CA125水平低于非EM组(P﹤0.05);两组患者超声检查结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);EM组患者的肿瘤直径明显大于非EM组(P﹤0.001);两组患者的FIGO分期比较,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),其中EM组患者中Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者所占比例高于非EM组.结论 EM相关性CCC和EC与单纯CCC和EC存在明显不同的临床病理特征,具有确诊年龄及初潮年龄小、绝经比例更高、孕产次更低、既往有EM病史患者所占比例更高、痛经和月经紊乱表现更多、PT和APTT更短、血清CA125水平较低和临床病理分期较早等特点.     

透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌临床病理特征分析

目的:探讨透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌（CCPRCC）的临床及病理学特征。方法:回顾性分析6例CCPRCC的临床特征、组织学特点及免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果:6例肿瘤均位于肾皮质内,肿瘤边界清晰,有纤维性包膜,切面灰红或灰黄色,部分呈囊性改变。镜下肿瘤呈乳头状、管状、囊性及实性混合性生长,胞浆透明,细胞核远离基底膜,世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）/国际泌尿病理协会（International Society of Urological Pathology,ISUP)分级为1级或2级。免疫表型:6例肿瘤组织均表达CK7、PAX-8和34βE12,CAIX呈“杯状”或完全膜阳性表达。1例CD10部分阳性,其余5例CD10阴性。所有病例AMACR和TFE3均为阴性。结论:透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌是一种少见的肾肿瘤,呈惰性生物学行为。形态上应与具有透明细胞和乳头状结构的肾细胞癌鉴别,可借助免疫组织化学和分子遗传学检测予以鉴别。     

MYC pathway is activated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and essential for proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major and aggressive subtype of RCC. Previously, we identified 383 differentially expressed genes by analyzing full-length cDNA libraries of ccRCC and normal kidney tissues. In this study, we applied functional network analysis to the differentially expressed genes for identifying deregulated molecular pathways in ccRCC, and the results indicated that MYC showed a prominent role in the highest scoring network. The upregulation of MYC expression was validated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, Knockdown of MYC expression by MYC-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the abilities of uncontrolled proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase in ccRCC cells. Moreover, we found that 37 differentially expressed genes were shown to be MYC-target genes, and the upregulation of the MYC-target genes BCL2, CCND1, PCNA, PGK1, and VEGFA were demonstrated. The expression of these MYC-target genes was significantly correlated with the expression of MYC in ccRCC tissues, and knockdown of MYC also suppressed the expression of these MYC-target genes in ccRCC cells. The recruitment of MYC to the promoter regions of BCL2, CCND1, PCNA, PGK1, and VEGFA was shown by Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. These results suggest that MYC pathway is activated and plays an essential role in the proliferation of ccRCC cells.     

Hepcidin as a prognostic biomarker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common malignancy of urologic neoplasms. Hepcidin is a pivotal modulator of iron metabolism involved in human cancers; however, the biological significance of hepcidin in ccRCC remains to be fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the expression profiles of hepcidin in ccRCC from several public databases and found that hepcidin expression was upregulated in ccRCC, which was further validated in ccRCC cell lines, clinical samples, and tissue microarray (TMA) quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we found that the expression level of hepcidin was correlated with the age, T stage and pathologic stage of patients. Furthermore, hepcidin promoter methylation was significantly associated with the worse poor clinical parameters of ccRCC patients, and hepcidin was an independent prognostic factor. Mechanistically, enrichment analysis revealed that hepcidin participated in the immune-related and metabolism-related pathways. Hepcidin was positively correlated with not only immune infiltration and immune checkpoints but also tumor mutation burden and cytotoxic T lymphocyte. Finally, we validated the positive correlation of hepcidin with the marker of macrophage (CD68) in the TMA. Our findings provide insights into understanding the function and its underlying mechanism of hepcidin in ccRCC and suggest that hepcidin might serve as a potential predictive biomarker of response to immunotherapy and the prognosis of patients with ccRCC.     

Coexisting clear cell adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma arising from ovarian endometriosis

A case of clear cell adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma coexisting in the ovary is presented. These two malignancies were adjacent but were not admixed, and ovarian endometriosis was confirmed concurrently. The clear cell adenocarcinoma was contiguous to monolayered glandular cells with cytological and architectural atypia, while squamous metaplasia with cellular atypia was observed adjacent to the squamous cell carcinoma. We concluded that these two malignancies arose independently from ovarian endometriosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a case. Received: April 19, 2000 / Accepted: August 28, 2000     

A novel inflammation-associated prognostic signature for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are typically situated in a complex inflammatory and immune microenvironment, which has been reported to contribute to the unfavorable prognosis of patients with ccRCC. There would be beneficial clinical implications for elucidating the roles of its molecular characteristics in the inflammatory microenvironment. This is because it would facilitate the development of reliable biomarkers for pre-stratification prior to the designation of individualized treatment strategies. In the present study, RNA-sequencing data from 607 patients were retrospectively analyzed to elucidate the profile of inflammatory molecules. Based on this, an inflammatory prognostic signature (IPS) was developed and further validated using clinical ccRCC samples. Subsequently, the associated mechanisms in terms of the immune microenvironment and molecular pathways were then investigated. This proposed IPS was found to exhibit superior accuracy compared with the criterion of a good prognostic model for the prediction of patient prognosis from ccRCC [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.811] in addition to being an independent factor for prognostic risk stratification [hazard ratio: 11.73 (95% CI, 26.98-5.10); log-rank test, P<0.001]. Pathologically, ccRCC cells identified as high-risk according to their IPS presented with a more malignant tumor structure, including voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm, acinar/lamellar/tubular growth patterns and atypic nuclei. High-risk ccRCC also exhibited higher infiltration levels by four types of immune cells, including T regulatory cells, but lower infiltration levels by mast cells. Pathways associated with immune-inflammation interaction, including the IL-17 pathway, were found to be upregulated in IPS-identified high-risk ccRCC. Furthermore, by combining the IPS with clinical factors, an integrated prognostic index was developed and validated for increasing the accuracy of patient risk-stratification for ccRCC (AUC=0.911). In conclusion, the complex regulatory mechanisms and molecular characteristics involved in ccRCC-inflammation interaction, coupled with their prognostic potential, were systematically elucidated in the present study. This may have important implications in furthering the understanding into the molecular mechanisms underlying this ccRCC-inflammation interaction, which can in turn be exploited for identifying high-risk patients with ccRCC prior to designing their clinical treatment strategy.     

宫颈原发性透明细胞癌临床病理观察

目的:探讨宫颈原发性透明细胞癌的临床病理学特征、鉴别诊断要点,提高对其认识。方法:回顾性分析1例宫颈原发性透明细胞癌,分析其病理组织学和免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果:患者,女性,58岁,绝经8年。30年前因“卵巢囊肿”行手术治疗。宫颈B超未见明显新生物及溃疡。巨检示宫颈至宫颈管质硬,环绕管壁一周,质硬处切面灰白灰黄色,实性,界不清。镜下见肿瘤大部分由较小并且相对规则的乳头构成,有时可见含有纤维血管轴心的大乳头,乳头轴心可透明变性。部分区域显示扩张的腺体被覆单层扁平及立方上皮细胞。肿瘤细胞呈中重度异型增生,胞质透明,细胞呈多边形。部分区域细胞呈鞋钉样,细胞核呈染色质深染,部分有明显核仁,细胞突向腺腔内。其他部位未发现子宫内膜异位改变。免疫标记PAX8、NapsinA显示弥漫强阳性,p16显示局灶强阳性,p53显示斑驳状阳性。结论:宫颈原发性透明细胞癌是一种罕见的肿瘤,诊断依据其病理组织学形态及免疫表型,要注意与宫颈原发性腺癌及转移性癌相鉴别。     

Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in renal clear cell carcinoma

Aim

To explore the microRNA (miRNA) expression in renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC).

Methods

We compared the miRNA expression profiles in 11 pairs of RCCC and adjacent nontumorous tissue (NT) from 11 RCCC patients, using a mammalian miRNA microarray containing whole human mature and precursor miRNA sequences. To verify microarray results, Northern blotting was carried out on 5 randomly selected miRNAs.

Results

Totally 81 miRNAs were identified valid expression in RCCC samples, 48 of which specifically detected in RCCC samples, 17 of which detected downregulated in RCCC compared to NT sample, 2 upregulated and 14 without significant difference. MiRNAs in RCCC tissues exhibit an overall higher expression level than NT tissue. The chip results were confirmed by northern blot analysis.

Conclusion

Our study may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of RCCC, and miRNAs potentially serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker of RCCC.