单纯后路骶骨整块切除治疗S_2水平原发恶性骶骨肿瘤

目的探讨单纯后路骶骨整块切除、纱布填塞技术治疗累及S_2水平原发恶性骶骨肿瘤的手术入路、切口选择、手术方法及并发症。方法采用单纯后路骶骨整块切除、纱布填塞技术治疗9例累及S_2水平的原发恶性骶骨肿瘤患者,均未行腰骶部重建,其中脊索瘤6例,Ewing肉瘤2例,软骨肉瘤1例。用VAS评分评价手术前后疼痛程度,用改良Biagini评分评价手术前后神经功能。结果 9例患者瘤体均顺利切除,截骨水平位于S_26例,S33例。手术时间150~320(221.7±35.6)min,术中出血800~1 800(1 144±332.5)ml。患者均获得随访,时间25~61个月。4例出现皮肤坏死后伤口感染,二次手术后伤口愈合。术前9例神经功能基本正常;术后2例括约肌功能基本正常,6例括约肌功能障碍、排尿排便刺激感存在,1例括约肌功能丧失、不能感觉排便刺激。6例术后存在神经性疼痛,治疗4个月后VAS评分为0.5~3分。1例Ewing肉瘤与1例软骨肉瘤复发;1例脊索瘤患者术后32个月死于心血管系统疾病。结论单纯后路骶骨整块切除、纱布填塞技术能顺利完成S_2水平骶骨整块切除手术,方法可靠,可达到彻底的肿瘤切除边缘;但其并发症发生率较高,对患者大小便功能影响较大。     

Decision making in primary sacral tumors

Background contextPrimary tumors of the sacrum are extremely rare lesions. Their management is governed by an interplay of complex factors. Appropriate decision making is crucial to obtain the best possible outcome in terms of maximizing disease control while attempting to minimize neurological dysfunction.PurposeOur study presents the results of a group of patients with primary tumors of the sacrum who were surgically treated by the same multidisciplinary team at a specialist oncology center over a relatively short period of time (5 years).Study design/settingPatients were identified by a retrospective review from a prospectively maintained database.Patient sampleBetween January 2000 and December 2005, 17 primary sacral tumors were surgically treated at our institution, a referral center for oncology.Outcome measuresWe evaluated the outcome in terms of local disease control, residual neurological dysfunction, and complications as a result of surgical intervention.MethodsThere were 12 males and 5 females. The diagnosis included chordoma in six patients, giant cell tumor in seven patients, aneurysmal bone cyst in two patients, and a chondrosarcoma and an osteoblastoma in one patient each. Sixteen of these patients were analyzed. Four lesions had their upper extent at S1, six lesions had their upper extent at S2, four lesions had their upper extent at S3, and two lesions were below S3. Ten cases were treated with wide excision and underwent partial sacral amputations. Five cases had a midline sacral amputation through S1, three through S2, and two through S3. Six benign lesions were treated with curettage. None of the patients received chemotherapy. Four cases received postoperative radiation. The follow-up duration ranged from 18 to 44 months with a mean of 31 months.ResultsNone of the six patients who presented with loss of bladder and bowel control regained it after surgery. Of the 10 patients who had intact bladder and bowel control preoperatively only 4 retained bladder and bowel control postoperatively. Of the six patients who lost bladder and bowel control postoperatively, four patients had a wide excision where bilateral S2 roots were sacrificed. The other two cases in whom the disease extended up to S1 had curettage. Local recurrence occurred in 4 of the 10 lesions treated with wide excision. All the patients who had inadequate margins recurred. Local recurrence occurred in two of the six lesions treated with curettage. Three of the four cases who received postoperative irradiation developed recurrence. Our wound complication rate was 13%.ConclusionWide resection with adequate margins gives the best chance of local control and should be the surgery of choice for all malignant primary sacral tumors and in benign lesions involving lower segments when preservation of both S3 roots is possible. Intralesional curettage has a higher risk of local recurrence without providing the certainty of retaining neurological function. To retain bladder and bowel control and minimize neurological dysfunction, it may be worthwhile managing benign sacral tumors that extend above S3 with serial embolization. The administration of parentral bisphosphonates may prove beneficial in cases of giant cell tumor managed with serial embolization.     

累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤切除及重建

目的 探讨累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤合理的手术切除及重建方式.方法 1999年7月至2007年7月,共有19例累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤患者在北京大学人民医院骨肿瘤科接受肿瘤切除重建手术.平均年龄37岁(12～78岁);男性12例,女性7例. 其中,软骨肉瘤5例、尤文肉瘤4例、骨肉瘤4例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)1例、骨巨细胞瘤1例、转移癌4例.切除髂骨翼及部分骶骨、保留髋臼手术10例,采用了钉棒系统内固定,其中5例患者同时进行了自体腓骨或髂骨植骨;切除部分骶骨、髂骨翼及髋臼手术9例,应用组配式人工半骨盆重建骨盆环完整性.结果 肿瘤学结果:7例出现局部复发(7/19,36.9%),其中骨肉瘤2例、软骨肉瘤2例、尤文肉瘤2例及转移癌1例.19例患者随访时间为1至7年,平均4.5年.功能结果:9例保留髋臼、钉棒重建的患者术后正常行走,无步态异常.9例行Ⅱ区肿瘤切除、人工半骨盆重建的患者中,8例术后2个月能够扶拐行走.ISOLS评分平均20分以上,其中,良好3例,一般5例,较差1例.人工半骨盆重建的患者中,术后脱位1例,行切开复位;因深部感染取出假体1例.结论 对于保留髋臼的髂骨肿瘤切除,采用钉棒内固定结合自体骨植骨是一种理想的重建骨盆环稳定性的方法,可使患者早期恢复行走功能.将股骨头颈植于骶骨侧方,将组配式人工半骨盆卡于质骨块的下方,重建累及骶骨及髋臼的骨盆切除,是一种可取的重建方式.     

Sacral infiltration in pelvic sarcomas: joint infiltration analysis II

The incidence and characteristics of sacral infiltration in pelvic sarcomas were analyzed. Fifty-one patients with a pelvic sarcoma (chondrosarcoma, 15 patients; Ewing's sarcoma, 23 patients; and osteosarcoma, 13 patients) abutting the sacroiliac joint had surgical treatment. Tumor infiltration into the sacrum was suspected based on preoperative images in 18 patients; 15 of 18 patients had histologic tumor invasion. There was a significant difference of median volume of sarcomas with and without infiltration. One of 23 Ewing's sarcomas, seven of 15 chondrosarcomas, and seven of 13 osteosarcomas penetrated the sacroiliac joint into the sacrum. Logistic regression test showed that diagnosis was the most important factor influencing sacral infiltration. Twelve tumors infiltrated through the posterior part of the joint, two tumors infiltrated through the anterior part, and one large tumor infiltrated through an unknown route. To obtain wide surgical margins, patients at risk (elderly, large tumor, or diagnosis of osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma) for sacral involvement may require extended internal hemipelvectomy with the medial margin extending into the sacrum. High quality imaging studies should be used to assess the need for transarticular resection.     

骨盆和骶骨骨巨细胞瘤的治疗策略

目的 探讨骨盆和骶骨骨巨细胞瘤(GCT)外科治疗的手术方法、局部复发率、并发症.方法 1997年12月至2005年12月我院共收治骶骨、骨盆GCT 46例,其中男性25例,女性21例.年龄17～64岁,平均32岁.骶骨GCT 24例、骨盆GCT 22例.骨盆Ⅰ区GCT(髂骨)8例,Ⅱ区(髋臼)10例,Ⅲ区(坐骨耻骨)4例.S1-5 GCT 2例,S1-4 4例,S1-3 12例,S1-2 5例,S3-5 1例.手术方法:行3次手术者2例,行2次手术者7例.骶骨GCT患者的治疗方式包括19例患者进行了病灶内边缘切除术,2例患者同时进行了病灶内边缘切除术和放疗,3例患者进行了广泛边缘切除术.骨盆22例GCT患者中,除2例坐骨及1例髂骨GCT患者采用刮除术外,其余19例均行大块切除术.结果 1例患者在外院手术后复发,肿瘤巨大、表面溃烂,再次手术后2周死于严重感染.余45例患者,随访时间12个月至8年,平均随访时间37个月.2例患者1年后死亡.1例骶骨GCT患者术后2年出现肺转移,化疗1周期,随访1年,肺部病灶无明显增大.1例髋臼部GCT患者刮除术后2年出现肺转移、局部复发,行肺部照射、髋臼部肿瘤广泛切除、人工半骨盆置换术,肺部病灶随访1年,控制良好.局部复发:骶骨:9/24(37.5%),其中复发2次的患者2例,复发1次的患者7例;骨盆:2/22(9.1%),2例坐骨GCT刮除后均局部复发;行大块切除的19例GCT均未复发.结论 对于骶骨GCT,由于刮除术后局部复发率高,治疗应该更具侵袭性.肿瘤广泛边缘切除术可能会引起骶神经损害,但由于局部复发率降低,所以仍为治疗的最佳选择.     

Giant cell tumor of the spine

Six patients with giant cell tumor of the spine had surgery between 1981 and 1995. Three lesions were located in the scrum, two lesions were in the thoracic spine, and one lesion was in the lumbar spine. Preoperatively, all patients had local pain and neurologic symptoms. Two patients had cement implanted after curettage or intralesional excision of the sacral tumor; one patient had a local relapse. After the second curettage and cement implantation, the tumor was controlled. One patient with a sacral lesion had marginal excision and spondylodesis; no relapse developed. Two patients with thoracic lesions had planned marginal excision and spondylodesis; the margins finally became intralesional, but no relapse developed. One patient with a lumbar lesion had incomplete removal of the tumor and received postoperative irradiation. At the final followup (median, 69 months), five of six patients were disease-free and one patient died of disease progression. Two of the five surviving patients had pain after standing or neurologic problems. Although some contamination occurred, planning a marginal excision of the lesion seems beneficial for vertebral lesions above the sacrum. Total sacrectomy of a sacral lesion seems to be too invasive when cement implantation can control the lesion.     

Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine

Thirteen patients with aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine (excluding sacral lesions) were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts remains controversial, but surgical resection, irradiation, and embolization are common treatment modalities for those involving the spine. Of 102 patients with aneurysmal bone cysts, 15 had a lesion of the spine, including 2 sacral cases. Of the 13 patients with a lesion of the thoracic or lumbar spine, 9 underwent resection of the lesion, 2 curettage and cementation, and 2 only currettage. Eleven patients underwent segmental arthrodesis with instrumentation after treatment of the primary or recurrent lesion, while 2 patients underwent segmental arthrodesis using autogeneic bone. Nine patients did not develop a local recurrence after resection of the lesion. However, the 2 patients who underwent curettage alone developed local recurrences. None of 4 patients developed recurrences after curettage and cementation. After recurrence, 1 patient underwent additional resection with irradiation, and 1 patient underwent resection alone. At the final follow-up, all lesions were under control. In one patient, lumbar kyphosis developed after segmental arthrodesis with instrumentation, and arthrodesis was performed again. Radical resection of aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine with instrumentation is the optimal method of acquiring a high degree of local control and preventing spinal deformity. Received: 30 April 1998     

骶骨肿瘤的分区切除与重建方式的选择

目的：探讨对骶骨肿瘤按其发生部位进行分区切除，选择相应重建方式的方法及疗效。方法：1988年2月-2005年1月手术治疗43例骶骨肿瘤患者，按肿瘤侵及部位（即上段骶骨、骶髂关节及骶髂关节水平向外的髂骨是否被破坏）对骶骨肿瘤进行分区切除并重建，相应的手术及重建方式包括单纯切除、钢针加塑形骨水泥（CPC）重建骶骨、钢板螺钉固定或骶骨螺钉固定重建骶髂关节、不同长度的Luque棒或髂骨棒加钢丝缠扎或TSRH或Isola或CGWS腰椎骨盆内固定。并给予相应的放疗与化疗。结果：术后出现脑脊液漏2例，切口感染及延期愈合3例，切口皮肤边缘坏死1例，下肢深静脉血栓形成1例，经积极处理后均治愈。随访1-17年，平均75个月，43例患者中39例（90．7％）术后疼痛得到缓解，视觉模拟疼痛评分由术前平均8．5分降低到术后3.4分（P〈0．01）。14例有神经功能损害的患者中，11例术后症状改善，3例无改善。20例行自体和或异体植骨的患者术后1年16例获得骨性融合。3例脊索瘤、3例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤和4例骨巨细胞瘤患者于术后1年因复发而进行1次或多次手术，其中有5例和1例骨髓瘤、1例转移癌患者于术后17-50个月因肺部和全身转移死亡。发生断棒2例，均再次手术更换断棒。结论：按肿瘤部位进行分区切除，选择相应的重建方式，达到尽可能广泛切除肿瘤组织和维持脊柱及骨盆稳定性的目的．是取得良好疗效的重要保证。     

保留对侧骶神经孔的部分骶骨及骶髂关节整块切除术

 目的 探讨累及部分骶骨及一侧骶髂关节的骶骨恶性肿瘤采用保留对侧神经孔、纵行半侧或超半侧骶骨整块切除的手术入路及切除方式。方法 2005年2月至2010年7月间,共有16例累及部分骶骨及一侧骶髂关节的骶骨恶性肿瘤患者接受矢状位纵行半侧或超半侧骶骨(保留对侧骶神经孔)肿瘤整块切除及功能重建手术。男10例,女6例;年龄17~70岁,平均37.9岁。软骨肉瘤5例、Ewing肉瘤3例、恶性神经鞘瘤2例、骨肉瘤2例、恶性骨巨细胞瘤1例、淋巴瘤1例、转移瘤2例。结果手术时间4.0~11.5 h,平均6.5h;术中出血量1500~5500 ml,平均3600 ml 。5例患者为Ⅰ型切除,11例患者为Ⅱ型切除。随访时间21~59个月,平均34.4个月。术后3个月进行功能评估,除3例患者保留患侧S1神经根者外,其余13例均出现患侧足踝跖屈功能障碍。所有16例患者均不同程度地保留了括约肌功能。无围手术期死亡患者。4例(25%)术后出现切口并发症,经手术清创、引流后愈合。7例(43.8%)出现局部复发,6例病灶内手术者中5例局部复发,4例为骶骨侧复发,1例为软组织复发。8例(50.0%)无瘤生存,2例(12.5%)患者带瘤生存,6例(37.5%)患者死于肿瘤。结论 保留对侧神经孔、纵行半侧或超半侧骶骨整块切除具有可操作性,相对于全骶骨切除有着较好的功能学结果。     

Long-term clinical outcome of sacral chondrosarcoma treated by total en bloc sacrectomy and reconstruction of lumbosacral and pelvic ring using intraoperative extracorporeal irradiated autologous tumor-bearing sacrum: a case report with 10 years follow-up

Background contextPrimary malignant tumors of the sacrum are rare. Chondrosarcoma is one of the common malignant tumors arising from the sacrum. Chondrosarcoma is often invasive, and there is a high propensity for local recurrence. Surgical resection is often the only effective treatment; however, the treatment of malignant sacral tumors can be challenging, both because of the anatomy of the spinopelvic complex and the frequently large tumor size.PurposeWe report a case of sacral chondrosarcoma that was successfully treated by total en bloc sacrectomy and reconstruction of the lumbosacral and pelvic ring using intraoperative extracorporeal irradiated autologous tumor-bearing sacrum.Study designA case report with 10 years follow-up.MethodsA 51-year-old man presented with right lower leg pain. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) showed an osteolytic lesion at the sacrum that extended to the sacroiliac joint. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the tumor mass was localized from S1 to S2 with an epidural lesion at L5–S1 disc level. Histopathologic evaluation by open biopsy revealed that the lesion was chondrosarcoma. Total en bloc sacrectomy of the tumor-bearing sacrum was performed. The removed tumor-bearing sacrum was extracorporeally irradiated at 200 Gy during the operation and returned to the original position as a bone graft and fixed with instruments thereafter.ResultsWe needed two revision surgeries during the first 3 years because of the implant failures; however, 10 years after the initial surgery, CT revealed that the irradiated sacrum had remodeled into living bone and integrated with surrounding iliac bone without radiological evidence of tumor recurrence. The patient ambulates without any support and there was no clinical and radiological evidence of tumor recurrence.ConclusionsThe advantages of our method include the availability of high dose of radiation because of extracorporeal irradiation, excellent fit between graft and host bone, reduction of the dead space, no immunological rejection, no need for a bone bank, availability of the sacrum not only for the augmentation of the large defect but also for the scaffold for the other bone grafts. Our report is of only one case; however, we consider that it could be one option for the treatment of sacral malignant bone tumors, such as chondrosarcoma.     

Stellung der Strahlentherapie in der Behandlung der Knochentumoren

Primary malignant bone neoplasms are relatively rare.The most common bone tumors are osteosarcoma,Ewing's sarcoma,chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma,malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, giant cell tumor, aneurysmal bone cyst and chordoma.These tumors are generally considered to be a radioresistant entities, but it has been suggested that radiotherapy may be effective in a palliative and in some curative situations, if a sufficient dose is given to an adequate volume. Only for the management of primary Ewing's sarcoma the radiation therapy is an essential part in the multimodal therapy concept.The most common bone neoplasms and the role of the radiotherapy are discussed in these chapter.     

Navigation-assisted resections with image-guided surgery for primary and metastatic tumours of the spine and sacrum

Primary tumours and solitary metastases of the spine and sacrum are indications for wide/marginal en bloc excisions. Due to deranged spinal anatomy and spatial vicinity of neurovascular structures oncological sufficient resections of the spine are technically demanding. New concepts of imageguided navigation of resection planes and implant positioning have attracted major interest. This report aimed to describe the technique and oncosurgical treatment results of navigation-assisted resections of tumours/solitary metastatic lesions of the thoracolumbar spine and sacrum.Using an CT-based optoelectronic navigation system 14 patients (spinal/sacral primary tumours n=10, solitary metastatic diseases n=4) have been included. At the thoracolumbar spine, in 3 patients an anterior-posterior navigated resection was performed while an anterior-only approach was used in 1 patient. In 10 patients CT-based guidance of sacrectomy was scheduled. 6 patients received neoadjuvant polychemotherapy. Navigation was successful in 11 patients. Resections were performed at the thoracolumbar spine as hemivertebrectomies in 4 patients. In sacrectomy, segments S2-5, S3-5 and S4-5 were resected in 5, 5 and 1 patients, respectively. Resection margins were tumour-free in 11 patients and marginal with microscopic residual disease in 3 patients. Local recurrence was observed in 3 patients after free interval of 21.5 months. 11 patients have currently no evidence of disease with a mean follow up of 47.7 ± 7.0 months. Mean survival time for patients with solitary metastases was 290 ± 23 months. 1 patient with sacral Ewing sarcoma developed pulmonary metastatic disease of which he died 60 months postoperatively. The mean disease specific survival for navigated sacrectomies and hemivertebrectomies was 48.3 ± 28.5 and 32.7 ± 22.0 months.In particular in segments of the non-exposed spine navigated resections of spinal/ sacral tumours allows for a excellent intraoperative 3D-visualization of spinal anatomy, the tumour and planned resection planes. Potential problems may be caused by erroneous surface matching, insufficient exposure of landmarks and increased mobility of the resected bone segment leading to inaccuracy of navigation and reference. Tremendous gain in orientation along with decreased intraoperative radiation exposure appears to result in avoidance of unnecessarily large resection defects and improved local recurrence rates with acceptable systemic tumour control.     

Aneurysmal bone cysts of the sacrum

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal bone cysts, first described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1942, are benign lesions that may easily be mistaken for a malignant tumor both radiographically and pathologically. These diagnostic problems are due to their rapid growth, extensive destruction of bone, wide extraosseous tumor masses, and marked cellular exuberance. The differential diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cysts including giant cell tumor, calcified solitary bone cysts, low-grade osteosarcoma, and teleangiectatic osteosarcoma becomes even more complicated when the lesion arises at sites other than the long bones and presents with extensive extraosseous, soft-tissue tumor masses. The latter cases--especially when they occur as sacral or presacral tumors--present challenges with respect to successful treatment, which should combine surgical removal of the entire lesion following oncological criteria to prevent recurrences and osteosynthesis to guarantee the biomechanical stability of the spinal-pelvic junction. Here we report on the clinical case of a female patient with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the sacrum and extensive extraosseous tumor masses. The report includes the diagnostic challenges, the surgical options of sacral and/or presacral tumors, the histopathological findings, and long-term clinical and radiographic surveillance. METHODS: The patient was treated by a combination of preoperative adjuvant selective arterial embolization, radical surgical excision through an anterior approach followed by subsequent osteosynthesis and stabilization through a posterior approach. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographic follow-up for 2 years was uneventful, and the patient is still free of recurrence or any complaints. CONCLUSION: The current report documents the diagnostic and surgical challenge of a gigantic aneurysmal bone cyst of the sacrum and its successful management.     

Complete removal of vertebrae for extirpation of tumors. A 20-year experience

Long-term results of complete removal of vertebrae with a minimum follow-up period of seven years are reported in 23 consecutive patients from March 1968 to January 1981. Seven patients were treated with vertebrectomy above the sacrum: three for a giant-cell tumor (T11, T12, and L1; T11; and L4), one for chondrosarcoma (one-half T6, T7, and one-half T8), one for chordoma (L3), one for plasmocytoma (L1), and one for a metastasis of renal carcinoma (L1). The latter two patients eventually died of generalized disease, whereas the other five patients have no evidence of tumor after seven to 20 years. In the six patients in whom the spine was reconstructed using corticocancellous iliac bone, a block-vertebra was created by the grafts and the adjacent vertebrae, allowing two women to complete one or more pregnancies successfully. Sixteen patients were treated with removal of sacral vertebrae (from one-half S3, S4, and S5 to all). None of the seven patients treated with adequate surgery for a sacral chordoma has had a local recurrence. Two women have given birth to children after sacral amputations, one performed for rhabdomyosarcoma and the other for a huge ganglioneuroma. A patient treated with a hemicorporectomy for chondrosarcoma 18 years ago has no evidence of tumor.     

Safety margins in resection of sacral chordoma: analysis of 18 patients

Background  Local recurrence after resection of sacral chordoma is a challenging problem for the orthopedic oncologists. That is why analysis of its margins of safety is of outmost importance. Material  Eighteen cases of sacral chordoma were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were followed for determination of their status clinically and radiographically. The surgical margins for every resected tumor were evaluated proximally, ventrally, and at the postero-lateral aspect of the sacrum. Results  Ventrally, the surgical margins were seven marginal and ten wide margins. Proximally, there were three marginal, nine wide and five curative margins. Postero-laterally, there were one intra-lesional, one marginal, 12 wide and three curative margins. Local recurrence encountered postero-laterally in six cases with five wide and one intra-lesional margin. On the other hand, no local recurrence was disclosed ventrally or proximally despite marginal resections were employed to the ventral resection in seven and proximally in three cases. With a mean follow-up of 11 years, six patients died of their disease, and 12 patients were alive. The 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 81, 70, and 33%, respectively. Conclusions  The appropriate surgical margin for complete removal of the chordoma differs according to the location of the tumor and tissues involved. Marginal margin ventrally and wide margin proximally are sufficient while postero-laterally including the gluteus maximus muscles a curative or radical margin seems to be the appropriate surgical margin to prevent tumor recurrence.     

Strategy of the surgical treatment of primary tumors of the spine

The surgical treatment of the primary spinal tumors is started after the analysis of the following data: --location of the tumor, --pathological identification after the biopsy examination, --staging of the lesion according to Enneking. In case of benign tumors it is possible to realize: a total resection by morcellement until healthy margins in case of chondroma or osteochondroma, intralesional excision until healthy borders in case of osteoid osteoma, total excision by partial anterior or posterior vertebrectomy (with previously embolization) according to the location (body or neural arch resection) in case of giant cells tumour or aneurysmal bone cyst. In case of malignant tumors, the total resection is an absolute goal when the feasability occurs (total vertebrectomy), in case of chordoma, chondrosarcoma and malignant giant cells tumours; the stabilization surgery is indicated without attempt of total tumor removal because others means are availables and/or accurates (radio and/or chemotherapy) in cases of Ewing's sarcoma, plasmocytoma and lymphoma.     

Giant cell tumour of the sacrum: a suggested algorithm for treatment

To investigate the outcome of our management of patients with giant cell tumour of the sacrum and draw lessons from this. A retrospective review of medical records and scans for all patients treated at our unit over the past 20 years with a giant cell tumour of the sacrum. Of the 517 patients treated at our unit for giant cell tumour over the past 20 years, only 9 (1.7%) had a giant cell tumour in the sacrum. Six were female, three male with a mean age of 34 (range 15–52). All, but two tumours involved the entire sacrum and there was only one purely distal to S3. The mean size was 10 cm and the most common symptom was back or buttock pain. Five had abnormal neurology at diagnosis, but only one presented with cauda equina syndrome. The first four patients were treated by curettage alone, but two patients had intraoperative cardiac arrests and although both survived all subsequent curettages were preceded by embolisation of the feeding vessels. Of the seven patients who had curettage, three developed local recurrence, but all were controlled with a combination of further embolisation, surgery or radiotherapy. One patient elected for treatment with radiotherapy and another had excision of the tumour distal to S3. All the patients are alive and only two patients have worse neurology than at presentation, one being impotent and one with stress incontinence. Three patients required spinopelvic fusion for sacral collapse. All patients are mobile and active at a follow-up between 2 and 21 years. Giant cell tumour of the sacrum can be controlled with conservative surgery rather than subtotal sacrectomy. The excision of small distal tumours is the preferred option, but for larger and more extensive tumours conservative management may well avoid morbidity whilst still controlling the tumour. Embolisation and curettage are the preferred first option with radiotherapy as a possible adjunct. Spinopelvic fusion may be needed when the sacrum collapses.     

An atypical aneurysmal bone cyst of the head of the humerus, arthroscopic treatment: a case report

Curettage and bone grafting are the accepted methods of treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. Unfortunately, recurrence is common. We treated a patient with atypical aneurysmal bone cyst of the head of the humerus that lacked aneurysmal dilatation by arthroscopic curettage without bone grafting. New bone formation and remodeling was observed in this patient. There was no evidence of recurrence. Arthroscopic curettage without bone grafting is a simple and effective treatment for aneurysmal bone cyst.     

骶骨肿瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨骶骨肿瘤治疗的有效途径。方法 回顾1996年7月～2001年12月119例间骶骨肿瘤的治疗结果及经验。手术时平均年龄为57岁(18～80岁);男性72例,女性47例。其中,脊索瘤52例、骨巨细胞瘤16例、神经纤维瘤5例、转移瘤23例、骨髓瘤9例、骨母细胞瘤2例、动脉瘤样骨囊肿5例、骨肉瘤3例、软骨肉瘤4例。采用后方入路83例,前后路联合切口36例。29例接受第2～3次手术的患者,16例术前接受过放疗。结果3例死于围手术期并发症,多数转移瘤及骨髓瘤死于术后1～3年。3例骨肉瘤中2例死亡,带瘤生存1例。4例软骨肉瘤术后均反复复发,3例死亡,带瘤生存1例。52例脊索瘤中,3例死于转移性脊索瘤,3例死于肿瘤反复复发所致衰竭。在其余46例患者中,31例无瘤生存,平均随访时间为3年半,没有肿瘤局部复发迹象。15例脊索瘤患者均出现局部复发。双侧S3以上神经根基本保全的患者中,术后膀胱控尿功能及大便控制基本正常,2例仅保全S2神经根或更高位神经根的患者,均出现膀胱控尿功能及大便控制能力受损,术后长期放置尿管,均未接受结肠造瘘手术。结论 骶尾部肿瘤的最佳治疗为广泛的手术切除,术后加用辅助放化疗可降低复发率,但会影响二次手术的显露及术后切口愈合。即使是肿瘤较大的患者,切除范围要达到S1或S2水平,后方入路仍能完成手术,对于动脉瘤样骨囊肿、骨巨细胞瘤或肿瘤巨大者,建议采用前后路联合入路,结扎双侧髂内动脉或临时阻断腹主动脉,减少术中出血量。通过恰当的切除和辅助放化疗可以有效地缓解症状,控制肿瘤的生长。     

Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign, non-neoplastic, highly vascular bone lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, the clinical presentation, and the recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum and to examine the diagnostic and therapeutic options and prognosis for patients with this condition. METHODS: Forty consecutive patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the pelvis and/or sacrum were treated from 1921 to 1996. Their medical records and radiographic and imaging studies were reviewed, and histological sections from the cysts were examined. Seventeen lesions were iliosacral, sixteen were acetabular, and seven were ischiopubic. Seven involved the hip joint, and two involved the sacroiliac joint. All twelve sacral lesions extended to more than one sacral segment and were associated with neurological signs and symptoms. Destructive acetabular lesions were associated with pathological fracture in five patients and with medial migration of the femoral head, hip subluxation, and hip dislocation in one patient each. The mean duration of follow-up was thirteen years (range, three to fifty-three years). RESULTS: Thirty-five patients who were initially treated for a primary lesion had surgical treatment (twenty-one had excision-curettage and fourteen had intralesional excision); two patients also had adjuvant radiation therapy. Of the thirty-five patients, five (14%) had a local recurrence noted less than eighteen months after the operation. Of five patients initially treated for a recurrent lesion, one had a local recurrence. At the latest follow-up examination, all forty patients were disease-free and twenty-eight (70%) were asymptomatic. There were two deep infections. CONCLUSION: Aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum are usually aggressive lesions associated with substantial bone destruction, pathological fractures, and local recurrence. Current management recommendations include preoperative selective arterial embolization, excision-curettage, and bone-grafting.