TRAIL对多种肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用

目的： 研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）作用下多种肿瘤细胞的生长抑制效应及凋亡诱导情况。方法： 利用大肠杆菌基因工程菌表达非融合rhsTRAIL，进行目的蛋白的分离纯化，得到rhsTRAIL样品，纯度为97%。通过倒置显微镜下观察、MTT法、流式细胞仪法检测其对细胞的生长抑制和诱导凋亡情况。结果： 一定浓度的TRAIL 可有效抑制LS174-T细胞、MCF-7细胞、GLC细胞、7402细胞、Jurkut T细胞生长，其生长抑制率具剂量依赖性，且各细胞对TRAIL敏感性不同，其中Jurkat T细胞最为敏感。用2 mg/L TRAIL作用Jurkat T细胞0-72 h，6 h后细胞即发生明显凋亡，其细胞凋亡率具时间依赖性。结论： 所制备的TRAIL可抑制多种肿瘤细胞生长，并诱导Jurkat T细胞凋亡。     

人可溶性TRAIL基因的克隆及表达

为了利用大肠杆菌表达人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关性凋亡诱导配体 (TRAIL )蛋白 ,应用RT PCR技术从激活的人外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增人可溶性TRAIL蛋白cDNA ,克隆入PCR2 1 载体 ,测序验证后用基因重组法分别构建了人可溶性TRAIL蛋白的真核与原核表达质粒载体。将重组质粒分别转入COS 7和大肠杆菌M1 5中表达。用流式细胞仪检测人可溶性TRAIL蛋白在COS 7细胞中的瞬时表达 ,用SDS PAGE电泳和Westernblot鉴定大肠杆菌中的表达产物。所表达融合蛋白为人可溶性TRAIL蛋白分子 ,相对分子质量为 2 1 0 0 0 ,表达量约为 2mg/ml。所表达的人可溶性TRAIL蛋白具有诱导HL 60细胞凋亡的作用。上述结果提示大肠杆菌可良好表达具有生物活性的人可溶性TRAIL蛋白 ,为深入研究TRAIL分子在肿瘤与自身免疫性疾病中的可能应用提供了材料。     

DIFF33H参与TRAIL诱导的人Jurkat T淋巴细胞白血病细胞凋亡调控

目的：研究DIFF33H在人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞Jurkat凋亡中的表达规律及其生物学功能。方法：采用PCR扩增DIFF33H cDNA，Northern blot分析DIFF33H的mRNA表达，MTT法测定细胞凋亡。结果：在重组可溶性TRAIL诱导的人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞Jurkat凋亡过程中，DIFF33H mRNA的表达水平随着Jurkat细胞的凋亡而下降，并对重组可溶性TRAIL的作用具有浓度和时间的依赖性。在抗肿瘤药物5-FU诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡过程中，DIFF33H的mRNA表达水平也显著下降。结论：DIFF33H参与人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞Jurkat凋亡的调控。     

交联抗人DR5单抗-YM366EC诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡机制研究

目的：探讨抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）的死亡受体5（DR5）单抗-YM366EC引起Jurkat细胞凋亡信号传导通路,阐明抗DR5抗体的抗肿瘤效应机制,为相关肿瘤治疗提供依据。方法：光镜下观察交联366EC作用下Jurkat细胞形态变化,并利用MTT法检测Jurkat细胞的增殖,利用FITC-AnnexinV及PI标记流式细胞仪检测交联YM366EC对Jurkat细胞凋亡率影响。进一步用Western blot法检测交联YM366EC作用于Jurkat细胞2、4、6、8、10、12小时时Bcl-2、Cyt-C、Bax、caspase3、caspase9的表达变化。结果：DR5抗体YM366EC单独应用无凋亡作用,但应用抗小鼠IgG交联366EC后可致Jurkat细胞染色质边集、断裂,细胞出芽,凋亡小体形成,并可直接诱导TRAIL敏感的Jurkat细胞凋亡改变。Western blot检测到随着抗体诱导时间的延长Jurkat细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;Cyt-C、Bax、有活性的caspase3和caspase9蛋白的表达增加。结论：交联抗DR5抗体YM366EC对Jurkat细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡的分子机制涉及到Cyt-C、Bax、caspase3、caspase9。     

DR5在TRAIL诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡中的作用

目的：研究DR5在介导TRAIL凋亡信号中的作用。方法：用含人DR5细胞外全长结构域重组DR5免疫BALB／C小鼠，制备抗DR5单克隆抗体；流式细胞仪检测Jurkat细胞表面DR5表达水平；采用TRAIL凋亡检测试剂盒，检测Jurkat细胞凋亡率及抗DR5单克隆抗体对TRAIL诱导细胞凋亡的阻断率。结果：DR5在Jurkat细胞表面的表达率为94．83％，TRAIL和抗TRAIL单克隆抗体能够诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡，呈现明显的剂量相关性，TRAIL浓度在50-100ng/ml时，杀伤率达90％以上。预先用抗DR5单克隆抗体与Jurkat细胞作用后，TRAIL对Jurkat细胞的杀伤功能几乎完全被mAb所阻断，其平均阻断率达90．49％。结论：DR5在TRAIL诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡中起着十分关键的作用。     

人源TRAIL胞外段基因的克隆、表达与功能的初步检测

目的 获得人源TRAIL胞外段结构域在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达，并初步鉴定其功能。方法 RT-PCR法从人外周血单个核细胞中扩增TRAIL胞外段基因，克隆入pGEM-T-Easy载体，DNA序列测定鉴定正确性。为了便于纯化目的蛋白，将其克隆入原核表达载体pET-30a，并在其氨基端加上组氨酸标签。采用E．coliBL21（DE3）表达，Ni亲和柱分离纯化目的蛋白。SDS-PAGE和Westernblot鉴定原核表达产物。MTT法、PI染色法及瑞氏．姬姆萨染色法观察TRAILHis蛋白的生物学活性。结果 所表达目的蛋白相对分子质量（Mr）与预期蛋白Mc相一致，该蛋白分别可以与抗TRAIL多克隆抗体及抗组氨酸标签抗体反应，并可抑制人淋巴瘤细胞系Jurkat细胞的增殖和诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡。结论 获得了具有生物学活性的TRAIL蛋白，为对其生物学功能及肿瘤治疗的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

兔抗人DR5抗血清诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡

制备兔抗人sDR5抗血清,检测它对Jurkat细胞的生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用。采用本室制备的sDR5免疫新西兰白兔,制备兔抗人sDR5抗血清,用ELISA法测定抗sDR5抗血清效价及抗血清的特异性。MTT试验分析它对Jurkat细胞生长抑制影响,倒置光显微镜和荧光显微镜观察抗sDR5抗血清对Jurkat细胞形态的影响,用AnnexinV/PI双染试剂盒检测Jurkat细胞凋亡率,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测Jurkat细胞中DNA的片断化。结果:获得了高效价特异性兔抗人sDR5抗血清。兔抗人sDR5抗血清对Jurkat细胞具有显著的细胞生长抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖性。兔抗人sDR5抗血清处理后,Jurkat细胞可出现典型的细胞凋亡的形态特征:细胞膜皱缩,出泡,染色质浓缩,形成凋亡小体等。流式细胞术结果显示:兔抗人sDR5血清1/80、1/160作用Jurkat细胞2 h,细胞凋亡率分别为54.98%和34.13%。兔抗人sDR5抗血清可导致Jurkat细胞中的DNA片段化。本室制备的兔抗人sDR5抗血清能抑制Jurkat细胞生长和诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡。     

交联抗人DR5单抗诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡的信号转导

目的探讨抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）的死亡受体5（DR5）单抗——YM366EC对Jurkat细胞增殖的影响，阐明抗DR5抗体的抗肿瘤效应机制。方法MTF方法检测抗体对Jurkat细胞存活率，FrlE—AnnexinV／PI标记流式细胞仪检测交联YM366EC对Jurkat细胞凋亡率影响。交联YM366EC作用于Jurkat细胞2、4、6、8、10、12h收集细胞，提取蛋白Westernblot检测Bcl-2、Cyt—C、Caspase-8、Caspase-3、Bax、Caspase-9的变化。结果抗DR5抗体单独应用不能抑制高表达DR5分子的Jurkat细胞增殖，但应用抗小鼠IgG交联DR5抗体后可直接诱导TRAIL敏感的Jurkat细胞凋亡改变。并且Westernblot检测到随着抗体诱导时间的延长Jurkat细胞Bel-2蛋白表达减少；Cyt—C、Bax，有活性的Caspase-8、Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白的表达增加。结论交联抗DR5抗体YM366EC对Jur—kat细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用，诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡的分子机制涉及到Cyt-C、Bax、Caspase．8、Caspase-3、Caspase-9。     

交联抗DR5单抗YM366EC诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡机制探讨

为探讨抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)的死亡受体5(DR5)单抗-YM366EC引起Jurkat细胞凋亡信号转导通路,阐明抗DR5抗体的抗肿瘤效应机制。观察了交联366EC对Jurkat细胞的形态变化,细胞增殖和细胞凋亡率影响。进一步用Western blot法检测YM366EC作用于Jurkat细胞不同时间Bcl-2、Cyt-C、Bax、Caspase 3、Caspase 9的表达变化。结果发现DR5抗体YM366EC单独应用无凋亡作用,但抗小鼠IgG交联366EC后可致Jurkat细胞染色质边集、断裂,细胞出芽,形成凋亡小体,并可直接诱导TRAIL敏感的Jurkat细胞凋亡。Western blot检测到随着抗体诱导时间的延长Jurkat细胞Bel-2蛋白表达减少;Cyt-C、Bax、有活性的Caspase 3和Caspase 9蛋白的表达增加。结果表明交联抗DR5抗体YM366EC对Jurkat细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡的分子机制涉及到Cyt-C、Bax、Caspase 3、Caspase 9。     

交联抗DR5单抗YM366EO诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡机制探讨

为探讨抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)的死亡受体5(DR5)单抗-YM366EC引起Jurkat细胞凋亡信号转导通路,阐明抗DR5抗体的抗肿瘤效应机制.观察了交联366EC对Jurkat细胞的形态变化,细胞增殖和细胞凋亡率影响.进一步用Western blot法检测YM366EC作用于Jurkat细胞不同时间Bcl-2、Cyt-C、Bax、Caspase 3、Caspase 9的表达变化.结果发现DR5抗体YM366EC单独应用无凋亡作用,但抗小鼠IgG交联366EC后可致Jurkat细胞染色质边集、断裂,细胞出芽,形成凋亡小体,并可直接诱导TRAIL敏感的Jurkat细胞凋亡.Western blot检测到随着抗体诱导时间的延长Jurkat细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;Cyt-C、Bax、有活性的Caspase 3和Caspase 9蛋白的表达增加.结果表明交联抗DR5抗体YM366EC对Jurkat细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,诱导的Jurkat细胞凋亡的分子机制涉及到Cyt-C、Bax、Caspase 3、Caspase 9.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.