亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70（热休克蛋白70）表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2小时,再灌注损伤10小时,用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）技术、免疫组织化学法和原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法分别检测假手术组、对照组和亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平和凋亡细胞百分率。结果 亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平较对照组显著升高（P＜0．05）,而凋亡细胞百分率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 亚低温上调大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平可能与其抗损伤神经细胞凋亡作用有关。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察亚低温对脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法 制作SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,分亚低温治疗组和对照组,组织原位凋亡检测法检测亚低温治疗期间第24、48、72小时,以及复温后第24、48、72、96和120小时的细胞凋亡情况,RT-PCR方法检测所有观察时间点促凋亡基因Caspase、Fas和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的mRNA表达水平.结果 亚低温治疗组脑组织的细胞凋亡数量在亚低温治疗期间的三个检测时间点均少于对照组(P＜0.05),复温以后逐渐增加,至复温后第72小时及以后细胞凋亡数量与对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);促凋亡基因Caspase、Fas和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的mRNA表达水平在亚低温治疗期间均低于对照组(P＜o.05),复温后出现mRNA表达的同向性升高,复温72 h及以后接近对照组(P＞0.05).结论 亚低温可明显减缓脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞的凋亡进程,但在其复温后凋亡速度迅速回升.因此,应积极争取亚低温治疗时间窗,同步进行神经细胞救治.     

亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后海马CA3区HSP70表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤(DBI)后海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡上的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护分子生物机制。方法 将大鼠随机分成空白对照、假手术、单纯DBI和DBI后亚低温治疗四组,按Marmarou氏方法制作大鼠DBI模型,采用免疫组化法、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及流式细胞仪(FCM),分别观察各组动物脑海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡率。结果 与对照组相比,大鼠DBI后海马CA3区HSP70表达水平及细胞凋亡率均升高(P<0.05);亚低温治疗后,大鼠脑海马CA3区HSP70表达水平较单纯DBI组显著增高(P<0.01),而细胞凋亡率则明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温对创伤性脑损伤的脑保护机制可能与促进HSP70表达,并减少神经细胞凋亡有关。     

实验性局灶性脑缺血再灌注后HSP70 mRNA的表达

目的：探讨脑缺血后HSP70mRNA表达变化，方法：采用沙土鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。Northern blot定量检测HSP70m RNA表达，结果：沙土鼠前脑缺血6分钟再灌注后各时期HSP70 mRNA表达量增加（P＜0．05），热休克预处理能增加沙土鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌注后各时期HSP70 mRNA表达（P＜0．05），结论：沙土鼠前脑缺血6分钟再灌注后各时期HSP70 mRNA表达增加，热休克预处理增加HSP70mRNA表达。     

缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤热休克蛋白70影响

目的探讨缺血后处理(Postcond)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响,以探讨其脑保护的机制。方法成年健康SD大鼠45只,随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组,应用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)再灌注模型,于灌注24h后断头留取大脑皮质组织,用免疫组化、Western blot检测HSP70蛋白的含量;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测HSP70mRNA表达水平。结果局灶性脑缺血再灌注24h后脑皮质内HSP70mRNA和HSP70蛋白的表达增加(P0.05)。应用缺血后处理能显著地促进脑缺血再灌注后脑组织HSP70mRNA和HSP70蛋白的表达(P0.05)。结论缺血后处理促进大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注皮质内HSP70的表达,这可能是其脑保护作用的部分机制。     

17β-雌二醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤脑组织HSP70表达的影响

目的观察雌二醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤脑组织HSP70表达的影响。方法72只大鼠随机分为假手术组(8只)、实验对照组及雌二醇治疗组,后两组又进一步分为局灶性脑缺血2h再灌注及3h、6h、12h、24h再灌注组,每时间点8只。线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,采用石蜡切片HE及免疫组化染色法检测脑组织损伤及HSP70的表达情况。结果假手术组大鼠未见HSP70的表达;雌二醇治疗组的脑组织缺血半暗带区损伤程度较实验对照组明显减轻;随着再灌注时间的延长,治疗组半暗带区皮质HSP70的表达较对照组上调,且呈先上升后下降趋势,在12h为表达高峰;而纹状体区其表达呈进行性下调趋势。结论17β-雌二醇具有减少脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用,而半暗带区皮质脑保护蛋白HSP70的表达升高可能其是重要机制之一。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的观察亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法将雄性Wistar大鼠30只分为假手术组、常温组和亚低温组。制作右侧大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,观察缺血2h再灌注48h后各组大鼠脑组织学改变和HSP70及GFAP的表达。结果常温组大鼠脑皮质下神经元严重坏死,亚低温组皮质下神经元坏死严重程度明显较常温组轻,假手术组未见神经元坏死。常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞较多,假手术组、亚低温组GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞少于常温组,假手术组偶见HSP70阳性细胞;图像分析显示,常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP、HSP70表达的平均光密度较假手术组和亚低温组明显增高(均P<0.01)。结论亚低温能减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,降低脑组织HSP70及GFAP蛋白的表达。     

bFGF对脑缺血再灌流后HSP70及凋亡的影响

目的：研究外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF)对脑缺血再灌流后HSP70表达与细胞凋亡的影响,方法：线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞及再灌流模型,用免疫组化及原位末端标记的方法观察大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞2h后再通1－72h脑组织HSP70表达与凋亡细胞的分布,侧脑室注射外源性bFGF,并观察对它们的影响。结果：bFGF组与生理盐水组相比于6－48h各时间点的HSP70表达增高（P＜0．05）,凋亡细胞数明显减少（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）。结论：外源性bFGF可能诱导脑缺血再灌流后HSP70表达和抑制细胞凋亡。     

自由基清除剂预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨自由基清除剂依达拉奉预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响。方法将45只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、对照组、依达拉奉预处理组,每组15只。采用线栓法制作大鼠缺血2h再灌注24h模型。预处理组大鼠建模前12h腹腔注射依达拉奉(3mg/kg),对照组给予等容量生理盐水。再灌注24h后断头取脑,应用免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2、Bax、HSP70蛋白表达,末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记法检测凋亡细胞。结果依达拉奉预处理组和对照组大鼠缺血周围脑组织中凋亡细胞和Bcl-2、Bax及HSP70阳性细胞数比假手术组均明显增加(P<0.01);与对照组比较,其凋亡细胞和Bax阳性细胞数均明显减少(P<0.01),而Bcl-2和HSP70阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.01)。结论细胞凋亡在缺血再灌注损伤中起着重要作用;依达拉奉可能通过上调Bcl-2、HSP70蛋白表达、下调Bax蛋白表达减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的细胞凋亡,增加脑缺血再灌注损伤耐受性,从而起到神经保护作用。     

异丙酚联合亚低温对脑缺血-再灌注损伤后P75基因的影响

目的探讨脑缺血-再灌注(I/R)损伤后P75基因的表达变化及异丙酚联合亚低温对脑损伤的保护作用。方法 96只雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、异丙酚组(B组)、亚低温组(C组)、异丙酚联合亚低温组(D组),各组又分为再灌注后4h、8h、12h亚组,每组8只动物。采用RT-PCR技术检测各组大鼠不同时间点大脑皮质中P75基因表达变化,TUNEL技术观察再灌注12h大鼠脑皮质细胞凋亡情况。结果各组大鼠脑皮质于I/R损伤后各时间均可检测到P75 mRNA表达,且随再灌注时间延长表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.01);B、C、D组P75 mR-NA水平于再灌注4h、8h、12h均显著减低于A组(P<0.01),以D组降低最为明显(P<0.01)。D组大鼠再灌注12h脑皮质凋亡细胞数明显少于其他各组(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚和亚低温处理可通过抑制P75表达减轻缺血-再灌注损伤大脑细胞凋亡的发生,实现对脑组织的保护,异丙酚联合亚低温处理对脑组织的保护效果更佳。     

Tongue/palate contact for the production of /s/ and /z/

Productions of /s/ and /z/ by ten adult speakers were investigated using the electropalatograph (EPG). The participants, ten speech researchers who spoke English as their first language, recorded productions of /s/ and /z/ in nonsense and real words. The maximum contact frame was used as the point of reference to compare tongue/palate contact for each production. Each speaker had alveolar contact, lateral bracing and most had a midline groove for both /s/ and /z/; however, the array of contacted electrodes was unique for each speaker. The groove widths and lengths ranged from 0–3 electrodes. There was significantly greater alveolar tongue/palate contact for /z/ compared to /s/ in word‐initial position, but not in word‐final position for the following measures: alveolar palatal contact, medial groove width, medial groove length. However, when measures of total palate contact and centre of gravity were considered, there was a complex interaction between the phonemes /s/ and /z/, coarticulation with the vowel, word position, and word context (real and nonsense words).     

Tongue/palate contact for the production of /s/ and /z/

Productions of /s/ and /z/ by ten adult speakers were investigated using the electropalatograph (EPG). The participants, ten speech researchers who spoke English as their first language, recorded productions of /s/ and /z/ in nonsense and real words. The maximum contact frame was used as the point of reference to compare tongue/palate contact for each production. Each speaker had alveolar contact, lateral bracing and most had a midline groove for both /s/ and /z/; however, the array of contacted electrodes was unique for each speaker. The groove widths and lengths ranged from 0-3 electrodes. There was significantly greater alveolar tongue/palate contact for /z/ compared to /s/ in word-initial position, but not in word-final position for the following measures: alveolar palatal contact, medial groove width, medial groove length. However, when measures of total palate contact and centre of gravity were considered, there was a complex interaction between the phonemes /s/ and /z/, coarticulation with the vowel, word position, and word context (real and nonsense words).     

Electropalatographic specification of Croatian fricatives /s/ and /z/

Electropalatographic specification of alveolar fricatives in Croatian is aimed at providing speech therapists with normative data about the range of acceptable productions of /s/ and /z/ in adult speakers of Croatian. Four variables were analysed: place of articulation, total contact, groove width and hold phase duration. Intra- and inter-speaker variability for each variable was analysed. Lingual palatal cues for voicing difference were also quantified and discussed. Results show that Croatian /s/ and /z/ are alveolar and not dental as previously reported. The comparison between the voiced and the voiceless fricative shows that durational measures provide the best differentiation. The voiceless counterpart is significantly longer. The difference between voiced and voiceless is also found in the total contact, with /z/ having more contact in the anterior four rows of electrodes, while /s/ has more contact in the posterior four rows of electrodes. This difference is also reflected in the anterior and the posterior groove widths. Possibilities of using these results as normative data for the diagnosis and treatment of atypical articulation of /s/ and /z/ are discussed.     

A comparative study of contractile responses in diaphragm muscles of normal and dystrophic (C57BL6Jdy2Jdy2J) mice

Potassium and caffeine contractures of isolated small bundles (100 to 200 μm diameter) of muscle fibers isolated from the diaphragm of normal and dystrophic ($\text{C57BL}\text{6J}\text{dy}{}^{\mathrm{2J}}\text{dy}{}^{\mathrm{2J}}$) mice were compared. In diaphragms of pathologic mice (3 to 5 months old) the resting potential, the characteristics of the twitch, and some histological examinations were typical of dystrophic muscles. The slopes of the relationships between the steady membrane potential and log [K]₀ were similar for the two types of cells. In 110 mM and 146 mM K there were no significant differences in the time course of the contractures and reduction in [Ca]₀ decreased the time to peak and the time constant of relaxation to the same extent; the relative efficiency of [Mg]₀ compared with [Ca]₀ was equivalent. Repriming of K contractures at different external calcium concentrations indicated that the normal diaphragm did not have any special advantage. The exposure of isolated strips to a solution containing caffeine resulted in a similar increase of the strength of the regularly evoked twitch responses. However, the contractures elicited by 1.25 to 20 mM caffeine showed a subsensitivity of the dystrophic diaphragm (K_mDys = 9.3 K_mN) and the rate of relaxation was significantly slower than in normal muscle (in 20 mM caffeine, 50% decay time for normal muscle was 25.2 ± 7.6 s and for dystrophic muscle 54.8 ± 11.2 s. THese results suggest an absence of major alterations in the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling associated with dystrophy, except for a change in the specific element of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where caffeine acts.     

Rate and extent of functional reinnervation in fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of the dystrophic mouse (C57Bl6Jdy2jdy2j)

The extent of functional reinnervation of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle in dystrophic and normal mice was determined at various times after nerve transection. Functional reinnervation was assessed by measuring the twitch tension evoked by stimulation of the nerve central to the site of transection. In control mice aged 4 to 6 weeks at the time of denervation, complete reinnervation was observed after 6 weeks. In dystrophic mice of the same age reinnervation was clearly impaired. The ratio of functional innervation of the operated leg to that of the contralateral unoperated leg was only 0.62 after 6 weeks. In older dystrophic mice (4 to 6 months at the time of nerve transection) the reinnervation ratio was even lower, 0.43 after 12 weeks. Reinnervation of slow-twitch soleus muscle was assessed 8 weeks after denervation and was also found to be reduced in the older dystrophic animals. The extent of reinnervation was reflected in the measured values of muscle weight, twitch tension per unit wet weight, and twitch time course. The impairment of reinnervation of dystrophic muscle is consistent with, but not proof of, a neurogenic defect in murine muscular dystrophy.