乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的:评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值.方法:应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较.结果:115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例.术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例.2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张.3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例.结论:乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法.     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的：评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值。方法：应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较。结果：115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例。术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例。2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张。3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例。结论：乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法。     

使用纤维乳管镜对136例乳头溢液病人进行诊断和治疗分析

目的评价纤维乳管镜检查对乳头溢液的诊断、治疗价值。方法对136例乳头溢液病人进行乳管镜检查,将溢液性质、检查所见、冲洗疗效及手术病理结果进行总结分析。结果136例病人中发现6例乳腺癌,并行手术根治;130例为乳管内良性病变,经手术病理证实80例,其中49例为乳管内乳头状瘤或乳管内乳头状瘤病,11例为乳管扩张症,12例为囊性增生,8例为乳腺腺病。非手术治疗50例为单纯乳管扩张及乳管炎,检查术中即予冲洗治疗,取得满意的效果。结论纤维乳管镜应用于乳头溢液的检查和治疗,疗效准确、可靠。     

纤维乳管内视镜诊断乳头溢液的体会

目的　利用乳管内视镜观察乳头溢液的性状及其病因。方法　利用纤维乳管镜FVS -3 0 0 0M系统对 194例乳头溢液患者进行检查并对资料进行回顾性分析。结果　血性溢液中乳头状瘤占 67 4%、导管癌 8 1%、乳管扩张症和乳管炎 2 3 7% ,5例未发现异常病变列为正常。水样溢液中乳头状瘤 61%。结论　乳管内视镜可明确乳头溢液的病因、准确的病变部位。     

乳管镜在病理性乳头溢液诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨乳管内窥镜(FDS)在病理性乳头溢液疾病诊治中的临床应用价值,为其诊断和治疗提供依据。方法回顾2012年7月至2014年2月在宁夏医科大学总医院肿瘤医院行乳管镜检查的106例病理性乳头溢液患者的临床资料,对乳管内窥镜下所见和术后病理结果进行统计学分析。结果 106例均检查成功,乳管镜诊断乳腺导管扩张症42例(39.6%),导管内乳头状瘤58例(54.7%),导管内癌6例(5.7%)。共有68例乳头溢液患者接受了手术治疗。术后病理诊断符合率:导管内乳头状瘤84.5%(49/58),导管内癌83.3%(5/6),总符合率为84.4%。结论乳管镜是病理性乳头溢液最有效的检查方法,乳管镜能直接观察到乳管内病变,提高早期乳腺癌的检出率。     

纤维乳管内视镜在354例乳头溢液中的应用经验

目的:利用乳管内视镜对乳腺导管腔进行检查,直接观察乳腺导管内的病变,确定引起乳头溢液的乳腺疾病的性质,提供可以提高诊断准确性的方法.方法:利用纤维乳管镜FVS-3000M系统对354例乳头溢液患者进行检查,观察溢液导管及其分支的管腔和管壁结构,发现并确定病灶位置,记录病变导管的形态特征,必要时用活检针取组织送病检,对资料进行回顾性分析.结果:血性液和浆液血性液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占72.3%,乳腺导管癌占5.2%,22.5%为导管炎、导管扩张等;水样液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占56.0%,乳腺癌占8.0%;5例未发现异常的病例视为正常.结论:乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位,从而提高早期乳腺癌的发现率.     

纤维乳管内视镜诊断乳头溢液的体会

目的：利用乳管内视镜观察乳头溢液的性状及其病因。方法：利用纤维乳管镜FVS-200M系统对194例乳头溢液患者进行检查并对资料进行回顾性分析。结果：血性溢液中乳头状瘤占67.4％、导管癌8.1％、乳管扩张症和乳管炎23.7％，5例未发现异常病变列为正常。水样溢液中乳头状瘤61％。结论：乳管内视镜可明确乳头溢液的病因，准确的病变部位。     

纤维乳管镜和乳腺超声在伴有乳头溢液的乳管内占位性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨纤维乳管镜与乳腺超声在伴有乳头溢液的乳管内占位性病变中的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌乳腺外科2017年1月至2018年2月收治的133例乳头溢液患者临床资料,分析纤维乳管镜与乳腺超声检查在乳头溢液患者乳管内占位性病变诊断中的应用情况。采用配对χ²检验比较2种检查间乳管内占位性病变检出率的差异,以及纤维乳管镜与乳腺超声诊断乳管内乳头状瘤敏感度的差异,并用Fisher确切概率法比较亚组间乳管内占位性病变为恶性肿瘤的概率。 结果133例患者中,有63例患者行溢液乳管腺段切除术,4例行乳腺结节微创旋切术,穿刺或包块切除术明确为恶性肿瘤后行根治术各1例,53例患者未行手术,11例患者失访。65例常规手术患者(非微创旋切术)术后病理结果：乳腺恶性肿瘤4例,乳管内乳头状瘤57例,乳腺增生4例。纤维乳管镜检查对乳管内占位性病变的检出率为57.1% (76/133),高于乳腺超声检查的24.8% (33/133)(χ²＝31.339,P<0.001),且纤维乳管镜诊断乳管内乳头状瘤的敏感度优于乳腺超声检查[93.0%(53/57)比42.1%(24/57),χ²＝33.652,P<0.001)。纤维乳管镜提示乳管内占位性病变的患者中,乳管内占位性病变出血或合并乳房包块者与未出血且无乳房包块者相比,发生恶性肿瘤的概率更高[3/13比2.3%(1/44),P＝0.034]。 结论纤维乳管镜对乳管内占位性病变的诊断具有优势,可以作为乳头溢液患者的常规检查。对于乳管内占位性病变合并乳房包块或者瘤体出血的患者,应行手术切除以明确诊断。     

乳管内视镜检查1 337例乳头溢液患者误诊原因分析

回顾分析1998年10月~2005年8月1337例乳管内视镜检查(fiberoptic ductoscopy,FDS)临床病理资料,其中478例经手术得到病理结果。分析结果显示,不同导管内病变在乳管镜下各有特征,但图象特征有重叠区域,易导致误诊;乳管内视镜对导管内乳头状瘤、乳头状瘤病和乳腺癌的病理诊断符合率分别为94·5%、88%和93·6%。回顾性研究结果提示,乳管内视镜对乳头溢液有较高的诊断符合率,但还须结合其他方法进一步提高其诊断价值。     

乳管镜用于乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的临床诊治研究

目的:评价纤维乳管镜对乳管内乳头状瘤类疾病的诊断及治疗作用。方法:选取我科2009年8月-2011年8月经乳管镜诊断为导管内乳头状瘤患者144例,其中血性溢液78例,褐色溢液51例,深黄色溢液15例。回顾性分析其术前诊断及治疗过程。结果:所有病例在乳管镜下可见导管内肿物,并经镜下定位行病变腺叶切除,术后病理132例诊断为乳管内乳头状瘤,7例诊断为原位癌,3例为早期浸润性癌。结论:纤维光导乳管镜可准确诊断乳管内乳头状瘤,并进行定位切除。对此类疾病的诊治有重要应用价值。     

1 368例乳管镜治疗乳管内病变的临床应用经验

  目的  总结乳管镜(fiberoptic ductoscopy, FDS)治疗乳管内病变临床应用经验。  方法  回顾性分析中南大学湘雅三医院近10年来使用FDS检查的1 368例乳头溢液病例的临床资料。  结果  不同性状的溢液FDS诊断有着显著的差异, 血性和浆液性溢液组肿瘤性疾病检出率明显高于水样和乳汁样溢液组; 对于非肿瘤性乳头溢液, FDS下灌洗治疗能取得较好的治疗效果; FDS定位下手术组较传统切除手术组, FDS诊断病理符合率更高(χ2=10.56, P=0.001)。  结论  FDS不仅是诊断乳头溢液病因的可靠方法, 而且可以对非肿瘤性乳头溢液进行有效的灌洗治疗; 对于肿瘤性疾病引起的乳头溢液, FDS下定位切除手术能够避免手术盲目性, 为病灶的切除提供可靠的帮助。      

A utility of ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

Background. Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. While ductography has been advocated as the main procedure in patients with nipple discharge, fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. Methods. We applied ductography and FDS to 65 women who had nipple discharge, and compared their utility. Results. Intraductal lesions occurred in the segmental duct and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth branches in decreasing frequency with ductography and FDS screening. The detection rates of intraductal abnormal lesions by ductography and FDS and the their combination were 89.1 (37 patients), 97.4 (38 patients), and 97.5% (39 patients) respectively. Ductal washings performed during FDS were effective to obtain representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated (sensitivity 50%, specificity 94.3%, and diagnostic accuracy 89.7%). As a result, we diagnosed 35 cases of benign lesions and four cases of malignant lesions by cytological or/and histological examination. Conclusion. Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy are useful procedure in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.     

乳管镜检查在乳腺神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的：乳腺神经内分泌癌是乳腺癌的一种特殊类型,较为罕见,而以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌更为罕见,目前国内外文献报道不多.本研究通过回顾性分析以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的临床资料,探讨乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一表现的乳线神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值.方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院通过乳管镜筛查发现的7例乳腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床表现、乳管镜下特点、病理检查结果以及术前影像学检查进行回顾性分析.结果：7例患者均以乳头单孔血性溢液为首发症状,临床体检肿块不明显,术前超声和乳腺X线检查为阴性,细胞学检查均无恶性证据.7例患者乳管镜下共发现8处病灶（其中1例为双侧）,5处表现单发乳头状新生物,3处表现为多发乳头状新生物.1处新生物周围管壁僵硬,其余7处管壁均光滑.所有病灶均在乳管镜定位下获得明确诊断.结论：乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一临床表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的诊断中有重要应用价值.     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊断及辅助手术治疗的应用价值

目的评价纤维乳管镜（FDS）对伴有乳头溢液的乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊治的应用价值。方法2005年9月至2009年12月本院采用FDS检查乳头溢液患者523例,发现乳腺导管内占位性病变209例（39．96％）。209例乳腺导管内占位性病变患者中,193例良性病变,均行手术治疗;16例恶性病变（乳头状瘤恶变6例,导管原位癌3例,浸润性导管癌6例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤伴钙化、乳腺腺病重度非典型增生、局部癌变1例）分别行保留乳房手术5例,单纯乳腺切除术3例,乳腺癌改良根治术4例,乳腺癌改良根治术加假体即时置入术4例;所有手术采用FDS结合扩张探针定位法。所有病例均经病理证实。随访时间5～56个月（中位随访时间25月）。结果193例良性病变患者全部治愈,除2例患者失访外,其余无复发。16例恶性病变患者经治疗后,未发现复发、转移及死亡。结论应用FDS诊断乳腺导管内占位性病变有临床参考价值,辅助手术定位准确,有助于获得满意的手术治疗效果。     

乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:评价乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值。方法:2003年7月至2004年10月对76例乳头溢液患者行脱落细胞学检查,同时在乳管镜下对溢液乳管异常部位搔刮,盐水冲洗,收集导管冲洗液行脱落细胞学检查。结果:乳管镜诊断导管扩张或炎症30例,未行手术;乳管隆起性病变46例,行手术活检;病理诊断早期乳腺癌10例,管内乳头状瘤32例,乳腺腺病4例。76例中,导管冲洗液涂片的有效细胞团较乳头溢液明显增加(P<0.01)。10例早期乳腺癌导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查的准确性明显高于乳头溢液细胞学检查(P<0.05)。结论:乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液涂片能获得更多的有效细胞团,使导管冲洗液细胞学检查诊断乳腺恶性病变的准确性明显提高。     

纤维乳管镜及液基细胞学检查对病理性乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:探讨纤维乳管镜(FDS)及液基细胞学检查(TCT)对病理性乳头溢液良恶性病变的诊断价值.方法:回顾分析434例行FDS及TCT检查的病理性乳头溢液病例资料,并将检查资料与术后病理活检结果进行比较分析.结果:全组434倒病例的FDS检查结果分析,其中溢液性质、末梢乳管出血情况、乳管情况的差异对良恶性病变的诊断差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05.401例乳管内肿瘤占位病例的Logistic回归分析提示,肿瘤的位置(Ⅲ级或以上乳管)和肿瘤形状是评价乳管内肿瘤良恶性性质的主要指标.综合上述FDS图像特征的指标分析,FDS诊断乳头溢液恶性病变的敏感性为74.1％,特异性为75.0％;TCT诊断的敏感性为58.6％,特异性为98.9％;两者联合诊断的敏感性为86.2％,特异性为73.9％;FDS联合TCT检查的ROC曲线下的AUC面积为0.801,优于单独TCT或FDS检查.结论:FDS联合TCT检查有利于进一步提高乳头溢液中恶性病变的检出率,值得在临床推广应用.     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule, yet until recently, we have not had direct access to this area other than by blindly removing tissue by core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. Fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. METHODS: We applied ductoscopy to 259 women who had nipple discharge, and we analyzed the visual findings, the cytological washings, and the subsequent histopathology. RESULTS: In 92 (36%) of these women, fiberoptic ductoscopy was successful in detecting an intraductal papillary lesion. Of these observed lesions, 68 (74%) were single papilloma, 21 (23%) were multiple discrete papillomas, and 3 (3%) were diffuse intraductal thickening which corresponded to diffuse papillomatosis on histopathological analysis. The overall positive predictive value of FDS screening was 83%. Of the lesions observed, 29.8% were located in the main (segmental) duct, 43.9% lesions in the first branch, 17.5% lesions in the second branch, 7.9% in the third branch, and 0.9% in the fourth branch. These lesions had an overall average distance of 2.7 cm from the nipple orifice. Ductal washings performed at the time of ductoscopy were effective at obtaining representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated for the presence of clumps (> 50 cells), clumps with atypia or single ductal cells. The presence of clumps with positive FDS increased the positive predictive value to 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic ductoscopy currently offers a safe alternative to ductography in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy combined with cytology testing in the patients of spontaneous nipple discharge

Fiberoptic ductoscopy system (FDS) offers a safe alternative to ductography in diagnosing intraductal lesions and serves as a guide for subsequent surgery in women with nipple discharge. In this article, we reported the outcomes of FDS combined with cytology testing for diagnosis of spontaneous nipple discharge. From 1997 to 2005, 1,048 women (1,093 breasts total) in the outpatient department underwent successful diagnostic FDS. Discharge was unilateral (86.8%), single ductal (93.4%), and serous (57.9%) or bloody (36.0%). Among 437 (40.0%) of the FDS-positive breasts, we revealed 49 (11.2%) breast carcinomas, 228 (52.2%) central papillomas, and 5 (1.1%) cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Ten patients with positive cytology testing received microdochectomy in spite of having a negative FDS, which revealed two additional ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and four papillomas. About 489 breasts were negative for both FDS and cytology testing and were subjected to follow up. About 77 (15.7%) of the breasts underwent tissue diagnosis within a median follow-up time span of 19 months, and one DCIS was detected. The sensitivity of FDS for detection of malignant lesions was 94.2% and increased to 98.1% when combined with cytology testing. Nevertheless, it was less sensitive (p < 0.01) if we used cytology testing only (58.3%), mammography (48.6%), high-frequency sonography (36.4%), or combination of mammography and sonography (56.8%) to detect these malignant lesions. These data confirmed the value of FDS combined with cytology testing as a diagnostic procedure in women with nipple discharge. G-Y Liu and J-S Lu contributed equally to this work.     

Detection of chromosomal aneusomy by fluorescence in situ hybridization for patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are believed to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) are used to identify abnormal intraductal lesions, although it is difficult to distinguish malignant from benign cases. Therefore, we studied the clinical usefulness of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of a numerical aberration of chromosomes (aneusomy) using ductal lavage from patients with nipple discharge. METHODS: We applied ductography and FDS to 90 women who had nipple discharge. Ductal lavages obtained from patients with positive ductography and/or FDS findings were subjected to cytology and FISH analysis using centromere probes for chromosomes 1, 11, and 17. Patients with samples that showed aneusomy in at least one of the three chromosomes were diagnosed as positive. RESULTS: Histologic evaluation revealed 54 benign lesions and six malignancies. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were 33.3%, 88.9%, and 83.3%, respectively, for cytology and 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, for FISH. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that FISH has a diagnostic accuracy comparable to cytology. This technique has 100% specificity is making a definitive diagnosis of malignancy in patients with indeterminate cytologic results, suggesting that FISH diagnosis can be a good adjunct to cytology.