慢性阻塞性肺疾病右心室功能影像方法研究进展

右心室功能的准确评估对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的临床诊断及治疗至关重要。鉴于右心室几何形状复杂,传统影像检查方法对于其功能评价的准确性受到制约。近年来随着超声心动图组织多普勒成像(TDI)及应变率成像(SRI)技术的临床应用,多层螺旋CT时间分辨率提高及对比剂注射方案的优化,CMRI电影及相位对比技术的发展,放射性核素的各种新技术在心脏形态和功能评价中取得突破,使得影像技术客观、准确、定量地评估COPD病人右心室功能成为可能。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病右心室功能影像学研究新进展

右心室功能的准确评估对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的临床诊断及治疗至关重要。鉴于右心室几何形状复杂，传统影像检查方法对于其功能评价的准确性受到制约。近年来随着超声心动图组织多普勒成像(TDI)及应变率成像（SRI）技术的临床应用，多层螺旋ＣＴ时间分辨率提高及对比剂注射方案的优化，CMRI电影及相位对比技术的发展，放射性核素的各种新技术在心脏形态和功能评价中取得突破，使得影像技术客观、准确、定量地评估COPD病人右心室功能成为可能。     

双源CT双能量肺灌注成像评估COPD研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以各种原因引起的肺实质和小气道损伤而导致慢性不可逆的气道阻塞、呼吸阻力增加以及肺功能不全为共同特征的肺疾病。目前肺功能检查、肺核素灌注显像和MR灌注成像评估COPD均不能高分辨力显示肺解剖影像。而双源CT双能量肺实质灌注成像能够显示肺的解剖及灌注功能信息,可对肺气肿的部位与灌注缺损区精确配准,虚拟平扫影像可辨别COPD的类型及肺气肿的数量和大小,这对于COPD早期诊断、治疗及预后评估具有重要意义。就双源CT双能量肺灌注成像技术原理及其在COPD中的研究进展予以综述。     

COPD病人的MR肺功能成像进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以气道受阻及肺实质破坏导致的气流不可逆性受限为特征的疾病。掌握COPD病人局部肺组织的通气和灌注异常及其与肺结构的关系,是理解其病理生理改变的关键。目前,CT薄层容积扫描是首选的无创性评估方法,但其仅能反映形态学的变化。随着MR功能成像的发展,其在肺实质成像中应用已取得重要进展。就MRI肺灌注及通气成像在COPD病人的应用进展作一综述。     

COPD 病人的MR 肺功能成像进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以气道受阻及肺实质破坏导致的气流不可逆性受限为特征的疾病.掌握COPD 病人局部肺组织的通气和灌注异常及其与肺结构的关系,是理解其病理生理改变的关键.目前,CT 薄层容积扫描是首选的无创性评估方法,但其仅能反映形态学的变化.随着MR 功能成像的发展,其在肺实质成像中应用已取得重要进展.就MRI 肺灌注及通气成像在COPD 病人的应用进展作一综述.     

超声心动图评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室功能的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是呼吸系统常见病,其进行性发展会导致患者右心室功能减低,而对右心室功能的评价在患者病情评估、治疗决策、疗效和预后判断中具有十分重要的价值。近年来,随着超声心动图技术的快速发展,出现一批心功能定量检测新技术。现就常用定量检测技术在评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室功能中的应用进行综述。     

超声心动图评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室功能的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是呼吸系统常见病,其进行性发展会导致患者右心室功能减低,而对右心室功能的评价在患者病情评估、治疗决策、疗效和预后判断中具有十分重要的价值。近年来,随着超声心动图技术的快速发展,出现一批心功能定量检测新技术。现就常用定量检测技术在评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室功能中的应用进行综述。     

CT肺动脉成像在COPD中的应用

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呈进行性恶化性发展,随病情进展将发生肺血管结构重塑、肺循环血流动力学改变、慢性肺源性心脏病,甚至导致死亡。CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)通过测量肺动脉及右心室各径线,可观察双肺及胸腔的情况,从而对COPD的病变过程进行动态监测,同时能够提供右心改变的信息,完成诊断并评估其严重程度。当CTPA联合超声及MRI检查时,可为临床选择治疗决策提供更多信息。就CTPA在COPD中的应用作一综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病影像组学研究进展

影像组学在探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的发生、发展规律,拓展其评估方法以及提高对COPD病人异质性的分析及其肺功能,恶性事件发生和治疗疗效的预测能力等方面取得了一定进展,从而为COPD病人选择个性化治疗方案奠定了基础。就COPD的早期发现,肺气肿的识别、分类及评估,以及气道和心血管改变及肺部通气情况评估和COPD预测模型及其表型开发的影像组学研究进展予以综述,并阐述其局限性及未来的研究方向。     

慢性阻塞性肺病气管软化的发病率、形态改变以及与肺气肿、支气管扩张和支气管管壁增厚的关系

本研究的目的是明确慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）病人气道软化的发病率及与其形态学改变之间的关系。对一组连续COPD病人的吸气相和动态呼气相多层螺旋CT（MD-CT）影像进行了回顾性分析。呼气时气道直径减小50％以上定义为气道软化。评价气道软化的分布和形态改变。     

Ischemia of right ventricle and cor pulmonale

48 year old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) secondary to pulmonary hypertension with domiciliary non-invasive ventilation was seen. He came to the emergency department with acute exacerbation of COPD. The patient was admitted to the Cardiology Service with the diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Diagnostic imaging (chest X-ray, transthoracic Doppler-echocardiography, multidetector row spiral CT and myocardial perfusion imaging) revealed an enlarged right ventricle. ECG was consistent with right ventricular failure. The heart perfusion imaging (pharmacologic stress testing with dobutamine) showed cor pulmonale and right ventricle ischemia induced by drug stress with dobutamine. Although right ventricle myocardial chronic dysfunction rarely causes right ventricular failure, it can occur when cor pulmonale and ischemia heart disease are present.     

Tei指数在评价海员慢性阻塞性肺病患者右心室功能中的应用

目的 探讨Tei指数在评价海员慢性阻塞性肺病患者右心室功能中的作用.方法 在我院2006年至2007年住院的海员患者及健康体检者中选取慢性阻塞性肺病患者38例,正常对照组98例.行超声心动图检查测量右心Tei指数、肺动脉收缩压等.结果 (1)与正常对照组相比,慢性阻塞性肺病患者右心室等容舒张时间(IRT)及等容收缩时间(ICT)明显延长,射血时间(ET)明显缩短,右室Tei指数明显升高(P<0.01);(2)肺动脉高压组间比较显示肺动脉高压的程度对右室Tei指数有一定影响,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(3)右心大小组间比较显示右室扩大的Tei指数增大,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 (1)Tei指数是评价慢阻肺患者右心室收缩舒张功能简便、敏感、综合的多普勒超声新指标;(2)右心室Tei指数受压力负荷增加影响大,受容量负荷增加影响小,其右室功能受损程度与肺动脉收缩压升高有一定相关性.     

Evaluation of right ventricular function by 64-row CT in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical application value of right ventricle (RV) function measured by 64 multi-detector row CT (MDCT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cor pulmonale.

Materials and methods

Sixty-three consecutive patients with COPD and cor pulmonale were referred for electrocardiographically gated MDCT for evaluation of suspected or known coronary artery disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cardiac function analysis was performed on the same day. The MDCT and MRI examinations were successfully completed in 58 patients. Forty-six patients with COPD were divided into three groups according to the severity of disease by the pulmonary function test (PFT). Twelve patients diagnosed as cor pulmonale and 32 control subjects were also included. The RV function and myocardial mass (MM) were obtained by 64-MDCT and 1.5 T cardiac MRI in all of the groups. The results were compared among the groups using the Newman–Keuls method. Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and MM with the PFT results in COPD and cor pulmonale patients.

Results

The RVEF was significantly lower in patients with severe COPD and cor pulmonale than it was in those patients with mild or moderate COPD (P < 0.01). There were strong correlations between MDCT and MRI (r = 0.826 for RV MM, r = 0.982 and 0.969 for RV EDV and RV ESV, r = 0.899 for RVEF) and between MDCT results and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.787 for RVEF, r = −0.774 for RV MM) in all patients.

Conclusion

MDCT can accurately quantify RV function and MM. The RVEF and RV MM measured by MDCT correlate well with the severity of disease as determined by PFT in patients with COPD and cor pulmonale. The assessment of right ventricular function is clinically important for evaluation of the severity of COPD, which may provide an objective basis for therapeutic strategy.     

右心室功能影像学技术评价的进展

右心血流动力学的重要性已得到广泛认可,其在循环系统中的作用非常重要,生化指标和临床试验只能间接评价右心室功能,而超声心动图、核素心血池显像和心脏磁共振成像等影像学技术使得右心室功能的评价更加全面、客观、准确。为了对评价右心室功能的技术有更全面的了解,笔者就上述影像学方法在右心室功能评价方面的应用予以综述。     

Quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography

Quantitation of cardiac pump function using radionuclide angiocardiography provides objective information for the management of patients with heart disease. Left and right ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume ratio, ejection rate, diastolic function, ventricular volume, parametric imaging, amplitude and phase analysis, and shunt quantification can be measured from the radionuclide angiocardiogram at rest, during exercise, and during pharmacologic interventions. This review describes these methods and discusses their reliability and their role in the clinical assessment of patients with cardiac disease.     

The response of right ventricular size,function, and pressure to supine exercise: A comparison of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal subjects

The response of right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) to exercise was studied in 11 patients with severe (FEF_25%–75%=0.32±0.13, mean ±SD) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using gated radionuclide cardiac blood pool imaging techniques, the response of the patients with COPD was compared with that of 15 control subjects. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary arterial pressures, wedge pressure, and right ventricular pressures also were monitored in patients with COPD. The resting R VEF was lower and the resting RVEDV was higher in patients with COPD than in normals (both,P<0.01). Two of the 11 COPD patients had a RVEF during rest that was below lower limits, while 10 of 11 patients had RV dilation. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, measured during rest in patients with COPD, was normal (6.1±2.1 mm Hg) and cardiac index was within normal limits (3.55±0.82 l/min/m²). With exercise this cardiac index rose to 5.52±1.7/min/m² (P<0.01) due to the increase in heart rate (83±18 to 125±25 beats/min;P<0.01) while stroke volume did not significantly change. During exercise, normal subjects showed and increase in RVEF while RVEDV did not change; in patients with COPD, the RVEF fell and the RVEDV increased. In the patients with COPD, mild resting arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia were both exaggerated during exercise; and mild resting pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAm=24.3±7.6 mm Hg) also worsened with exercise (PAm=41±19 mm Hg,P<0.01). Correlation between change in RVEF and PAm was-0.58, and between change in RVEDV and PAm was 0.63. We conclude that patients with severe COPD often have right ventricular dilation at rest and commonly respond to supine exercise with a fall in LV ejection fraction and further dilation of the right ventricle.Supported in part by the Research Service of the Veterans Administration Hospital     

Quantitative Computed Tomography of Pulmonary Emphysema and Ventricular Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

Objective

This study strived to evaluate the relationship between degree of pulmonary emphysema and cardiac ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) using electrocardiographic-gated multidetector computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods

Lung transplantation candidates with the diagnosis of COPD and PH were chosen for the study population, and a total of 15 patients were included. The extent of emphysema is defined as the percentage of voxels below -910 Hounsfield units in the lung windows in whole lung CT without intravenous contrast. Heart function parameters were measured by electrocardiographic-gated CT angiography. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between percent emphysema and heart function indicators.

Results

Significant correlations were found between percent emphysema and right ventricular (RV) measurements, including RV end-diastolic volume (R² = 0.340, p = 0.023), RV stroke volume (R² = 0.406, p = 0.011), and RV cardiac output (R² = 0.382, p = 0.014); the correlations between percent emphysema and left ventricular function indicators were not observed.

Conclusion

The study revealed that percent emphysema is correlated with RV dysfunction among COPD patients with PH. Based on our findings, percent emphysema can be considered for use as an indicator to predict the severity of right ventricular dysfunction among COPD patients.     

组织多普勒成像技术在慢性阻塞性肺病患者左室功能评价中应用

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术的时间间隔指标在评价慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者左室功能中的应用。方法选取临床确诊且病情稳定的COPD患者68例为COPD组,计算常规超声心动指标和TDI时间间隔指标,包括收缩时间(ST),射血时间(ET),充盈时间(FT)等容收缩时间(IVCT),并计算IVCT/ET,IVRT/FT和心肌组织性能指标(MPI),即(IVCT+IVRT)/ET。选择同期健康老人(年龄>60岁)50例为对照组。结果在常规超声心动指标中,COPD患者较对照组E峰速度减低,A峰速度升高,E/A比值减小,E峰减速时间(EDT)延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TDI时间间隔指标中,IVCT与IVRT明显延长,ET、ST、FT明显缩短,IVCT/ET及IVRT/FT均明显增加,MPI明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TDI技术时间间隔指标能够为评价COPD患者左室功能提供有价值信息。     

Cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy.

Recent advances in cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy are reported. MR velocity mapping is a valuable adjunct to conventional imaging techniques, providing information on flow velocities as well as on absolute blood flow volume in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Recently, ultrafast MR techniques have become available to evaluate myocardial perfusion with the aid of MR contrast agents as perfusion marker. Dynamic MR imaging is a powerful tool to assess cardiac function and ventricular mass. In particular, right ventricular function and mass can be evaluated with great accuracy, contributing to improved assessment of the significance of disease processes which may affect the right heart. The role of phosphorus-31 spectroscopy of the heart is expanding for the evaluation of ischemic myocardial disease and cardiomyopathies. The phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio appears to be a marker of disease in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, MR imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy is gaining widespread acceptance for evaluation of many cardiovascular disease processes.