CMR在法洛四联症术后评估中的应用

心脏磁共振（CMR）是法洛四联症（TOF）术后评估的一站式影像诊断工具。随着四维血流CMR技术、CMR-特征追踪技术和纵向弛豫时间定量成像等新技术的发展和应用,CMR可以同时实现心肌运动、血流动力学及心肌组织定量评估,特别对于评价术后TOF（rTOF）早期的血流动力学改变,早期预判rTOF的功能异常,以及反映心肌纤维化与rTOF心律失常的关系是非常有价值的。就上述CMR新技术及其在TOF术后的应用进行综述。     

糖尿病心肌病的CMR诊断及研究进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）成像技术具有多参数、多成像序列的特点,可以对糖尿病心肌病（DbCM）进行早期诊断,评价DbCM存在的心脏结构重塑、心脏整体和局部的收缩和舒张功能障碍、心肌灌注受损、心脏局部及弥漫性纤维化及心脏能量代谢和脂质异常,为病人的早期治疗及预后评估提供重要信息。就CMR对DbCM的心脏组织特征、风险评估和远期预后方面的诊断予以综述。     

心脏磁共振评估肺动脉高压的研究进展

肺动脉高压（PH）是一组恶性进展性疾病,可以导致右心衰竭甚至死亡,因此对其进行早期诊断和评估至关重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）作为评估心血管的“一站式”检查,不仅可以采用多参数对PH病人心脏结构、功能、血流动力学及心肌组织特征等进行评价,还可以鉴别不同类型的PH,在PH的诊疗评估中发挥着重要作用,特别是基于CMR的人工智能的应用更是成为PH临床实践的新方向。     

心脏磁共振在尿毒症性心肌病中的应用进展

【摘要】心脏磁共振（CMR）能提供心脏形态功能、心肌灌注、心肌组织特征等信息,在临床得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文主要阐述CMR在尿毒症性心肌病中的应用进展。     

CMR在心房结构和功能评估中的应用进展

心房的结构和功能的改变对心血管疾病的诊断和预后具有重要意义。心脏磁共振（CMR）是定量评估心腔大小和功能的金标准,可以早期发现心力衰竭、房颤、缺血性心脏病以及先天性心脏病等疾病所致的心房结构和功能的异常。就CMR对心房结构和功能评估的临床应用及其研究进展进行综述。     

CMR评价心肌纤维化的研究进展

心肌纤维化(MF)是多种心血管疾病发展到一定阶段的共同病理表现,导致心肌电解质和结构的改变,进而使心脏功能和电生理受损,引发心律失常、心力衰竭和缺血等临床不良结局,严重影响患者生存率和生活质量。目前临床上尚缺乏有效的生物学标记在体评价MF。心脏磁共振(CMR)作为一种能无创评估心脏解剖和功能的磁共振成像技术,近年来被应用于各种心血管疾病的诊断和预后评估,已有多种先进CMR技术应用于MF的诊断和严重程度的评估。本文就CMR评价MF的机制、优势和存在的问题及研究进展予以综述。     

急性心肌梗死后远程心肌MRI研究进展

急性心肌梗死（AMI）后,易被忽视的远程心肌会发生炎性反应、微循环改变及反应性纤维化。心血管磁共振（CMR）成像能够提供多参数信息,是目前在体评估远程心肌病理生理学改变的最佳成像方法,有助于指导AMI病人的分层管理,对治疗和预后有重要意义。介绍心肌评价常用的CMR技术及原理,并就远程心肌的CMR表现及预后价值的研究进展予以综述。     

儿童心脏良性肿瘤的CMR影像特征分析

目的 研究儿童心脏良性肿瘤的心脏MR（CMR）特征及其对儿童良性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集2006年9月-2018年3月于我院进行CMR检查的心脏肿瘤病例资料,共38例心脏良性肿瘤患儿纳入研究,其中男21例,女17例,年龄0.2~153.3个月,中位年龄13个月。分析各病理类型肿瘤在CMR上的特征,包括累及部位、大小、信号特点、血流动力学改变等,以及是否伴发心包和胸腔积液。通过与病理结果对照,计算CMR对心脏良性肿瘤诊断的敏感度和准确度。结果 肿瘤累及心肌、心腔、心包、心室流出道及纵隔,形态大小不一,临床症状与肿瘤发生部位有一定相关性而不具有特异性,但各类肿瘤具有一定的影像特征。所有的心脏肿瘤均被CMR清晰显示,CMR的诊断与病理结果相符的有32例,诊断的敏感度及准确度分别为100%（38/38）和84.21%（32/38）。结论 CMR能够同时提供心脏良性肿瘤的形态学特征及组织学信号特征,对心脏良性肿瘤诊断的敏感性及准确性均较高,是评估心脏肿瘤的重要检查方法。     

基于CMR-FT机械离散在心肌疾病中的应用研究进展

心肌机械离散为应变的衍生参数,可更细微地反映心肌微观结构和电生理的改变,有助于对心肌疾病引起的心律失常等主要不良心血管事件的风险分层。心脏磁共振（CMR）具有更高的空间分辨力和软组织分辨力,测量的机械离散更准确,但目前基于CMR组织特征追踪（CMR-FT）技术获得机械离散的研究很少。就基于CMR-FT的心肌机械离散的概念和评价方法及其在缺血和非缺血性心肌病中的应用研究进展予以综述。     

亚临床期糖尿病心肌病的CMR应用进展

亚临床期糖尿病心肌病（DCM）的早期诊断对改善糖尿病病人预后至关重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）作为心肌疾病无创诊断的“金标准”,可通过形态学变化、功能学变化、微循环障碍、心肌纤维化、心肌脂肪变性等方面对亚临床期DCM进行早期诊断。就CMR在亚临床期DCM应用的研究进展予以综述。     

核心脏病学在心力衰竭中的临床应用

核心脏病学的显像技术是一种常用的无创的诊断心力衰竭的重要手段,在评估心力衰竭程度和指导心力衰竭治疗方面发挥了重要作用。定量门控SPECT心肌灌注显像借助其定量分析软件,可以定量评价心脏容积、左心室射血分数、每搏输出量、心脏舒张功能。静息和（或）负荷心肌灌注显像不仅能鉴别非缺血性心力衰竭和缺血性心力衰竭,而且能判别心肌是否存在活性。核心脏病显像技术能轻易地鉴别出舒张性心力衰竭（也称为射血分数正常的心力衰竭）,它通过高峰充盈率和高峰充盈率时间可以准确地评估舒张性心力衰竭的程度。借助三维成像等新技术定量门控SPECT能有效评估左室运动情况,评估室壁厚度对其是一个很好的补充。心肌灌注显像还常用于判别患者是否适合植入心脏除颤器及是否适合进行心脏再同步化治疗。123I-间碘苄胍神经递质显像能为心力衰竭患者提供预后信息。心肌代谢活动与其功能密切相关,能量代谢底物是评价药物治疗是否有助于提高心力衰竭患者心功能的一个指标,123I-15-(p-碘苯基)3-R,S-甲基十五烷酸是一种临床研究中常用的心肌代谢显像示踪剂。借助新示踪剂的应用,包括神经递质显像和心肌代谢显像在内的核心脏病学显像技术常用来完善心力衰竭的诊断。核心脏病学显像技术在诊断心力衰竭及指导临床治疗方面做出了巨大贡献。     

基质金属蛋白酶参与左心室重构的机制探讨

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶家族（MMPs）MMP-2、3、9与心衰患者心肌重构的关系。方法 选择因二尖瓣关闭不全，心脏病接受二尖瓣置换术的CHF病人39例，正常对照38例（其中8例来自意外伤亡的器官捐献者）。彩色多普勒超声心动图检测心功能参数，免疫沉淀法检测心肌组织MMP-2、3、9。结果 瓣膜病所致心力衰竭病人心肌组织呈心肌重构的病理改变；心衰病人心肌组织蛋白表达较正常人高，且随心功能的恶化，MMP-2、3、9含量相对越高（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论 MMP-2、3、9表达量的增高与心肌重构的病理过程。是影响心衰患者心功能的重要因素之一。     

The heart of the patient with beta thalassemia major. Study with magnetic resonance

PURPOSE: The main cause of death in beta-thalassemia major patients is congestive heart failure which is traditionally referred to myocardial iron overload. Recently, some investigators have found that cardiac failure is not caused by the iron overload. In their opinion, left-sided heart failure develops years after the onset of acute myocarditis and might be related to a late autoimmune process. Right-sided heart failure is related to the combination of left ventricular diastolic restriction and pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this work is to study myocardial iron overload by MRI and to correlate the signal intensity changes of the myocardium with cardiac function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with beta-thalassemia major were examined with a .5 super-conducting unit. SE and cine-GE sequences were used in the 4 chamber and 2 chamber views. Left ventirclar ejection fraction (EF) was calculated by using the biplane area-length method. Right ventricular size was assessed by measuring the end-diastolic anteroposterior diameter (APD). Myocardial signal intensity was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively (myocardium/subcutaneous fat) in all the beta-thalassemia patients and in 10 normal volunteers. RESULTS: Left ventricular function was decreased (EF < 55%) in 2/16 patients. The right ventricle was dilated in 5/16 patients (APD > 42 mm). The myocardium had a lower signal intensity than that of normal volunteers in 15/16 patients. No statistical correlation was found between myocardial signal intensity and serum ferritine levels or cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS: The small number of patients in our series does not allow any definitive statements. However, our results show that cardiac function is not influenced by myocardial iron overload.     

Nuclear imaging in cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Recently, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become implemented in the treatment of patients with severe heart failure. Although the improvement in systolic function after CRT implantation can be considerable, 20%-30% of patients do not respond to CRT. Evidence is accumulating that the presence of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony is mandatory for a response to CRT. Since the early 1980s attempts have been made to assess cardiac dyssynchrony with nuclear imaging, and it has been reported recently that information on LV dyssynchrony can be obtained from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT with phase analysis. Other studies with SPECT have shown that extensive scar tissue will limit the response to CRT; similarly, it has been demonstrated that viable tissue (assessed with SPECT) in the target zone for the LV pacing lead (usually the lateral wall) is needed for a response to CRT. Moreover, studies with PET have provided insight into the changes in myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and efficiency after CRT. In the current review, a comprehensive summary is provided on the potential role of nuclear imaging in the selection of heart failure patients for CRT. The value of other imaging techniques is also addressed.     

脑钠肽检测在急性一氧化碳中毒并发心肌损害中的作用

目的探讨脑钠肽（BNP）检测在急性一氧化碳中毒（ACOP）心肌损害及并发严重心血管事件的诊断评估和预测作用。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年1月期间在浙江省三门县人民医院急诊科收治的一氧化碳（CO）中毒74例患者,按内科学第七版评估标准,分为3组：轻、中、重度;分别测定心肌酶、BNP,检查心电图、超声心动图。结果随着CO中毒程度加重,血清心肌酶活性AST、LDH、CK、CK-MB以及BNP水平均明显增高,中毒程度越重,升高越显著,有明显差异性（P〈0．01）;ACOP并发急性心梗（AMI）、心功能衰竭、心源性死亡或猝死等,心肌酶谱检测仅对AMI有较好的诊断评估和预测作用,而对于心功能衰竭、心源性死亡或猝死的预测和评估无明显作用,BNP相对于心肌酶谱检测有更好的诊断评估和预测优势（P〈0．01）。结论在ACOP并发心肌损害的事件中,BNP检测对于心功能衰竭、心源性死亡等严重心血管事件的发生有较好的诊断评估和预测作用。     

Cardiac efficiency and oxygen consumption measured with 11C-acetate PET after long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a treatment option in patients with severe heart failure and left bundle-branch block (LBBB). This study evaluated the effects of 4 and 13 mo of CRT on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and cardiac efficiency as compared with mild heart failure patients without LBBB. METHODS: Sixteen patients with severe heart failure and LBBB due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy were studied at baseline and after 4 and after 13 mo of therapy. Thirteen patients with mild heart failure without LBBB served as a comparison group. The clearance rate (k2) of 11C-acetate was measured with PET to assess MVO2. Stroke volume was derived from the dynamic PET data according to the Stewart-Hamilton principle and, furthermore, cardiac efficiency using the work metabolic index. RESULTS: After 4 mo of CRT, stroke volume index (SVI) increased by 50% (P = 0.012) and cardiac efficiency increased by 41% (P < 0.001). Global k2 remained unchanged but regional k2 demonstrated a more homogeneous distribution pattern. The parameters showed no significant changes during therapy. Under CRT, cardiac efficiency, SVI, and the distribution pattern of regional k2 did not differ from mild heart failure patients without LBBB. CONCLUSION: CRT improves cardiac efficiency for at least 13 mo, as demonstrated by a higher SVI, whereas MVO2 remains unchanged. Cardiac efficiency, SVI, and the MVO2 distribution pattern reach the level of patients with mild heart failure without LBBB. The unfavorable hemodynamic performance in heart failure with LBBB is effectively restored by long-term CRT to the level of an earlier disease state.     

多巴胺、地高辛、ACEI、呋塞米联合用治疗难治性心衰21例疗效观察

目的总结多巴胺、地高辛、ACE I、呋塞米合用治疗难治性心力衰竭的价值。方法对21例难治性心衰(心功能Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级12例)采用多巴胺静滴,地高辛、卡托普利或依那普利口服,呋塞米静注5~7 d,观察心功能、心脏每搏排出量(SV)、射血分数(EF)、心脏指数(C I)、心肌耗氧量变化情况。结果显效12例(57.1%),有效7例(33.3%),无效2例(9.6%);EF,SV,C I治疗后均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.01);心肌耗氧量治疗后较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01)。结论多巴胺、地高辛、ACE I、呋塞米合用治疗难治性心力衰竭,疗效佳、安全。     

Recovery of the cardiac adrenergic nervous system after long-term beta-blocker therapy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: assessment by increase in myocardial 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake.

In chronic heart failure, elevated plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels and a disparity between the neuronal release and the effective reuptake of NE lead to an increased concentration of NE in the presynaptic cleft, causing a downregulation of the myocardial beta-adrenoceptors. The clinical and prognostic effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy has been shown in patients with chronic heart failure in several large trials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term beta-blocker therapy on the cardiac adrenergic nervous system as assessed by the myocardial uptake of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), an analog of NE, in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). METHODS: In 10 patients with IDC and stable chronic heart failure the myocardial MIBG uptake was measured at baseline and at 1 y (median, 11.5 mo) after treatment with beta-blockers (metoprolol, n = 5; bisoprolol, n = 1; and carvedilol, n = 4) in addition to standard medication. In parallel with the changes in MIBG uptake, the New York Heart Association functional class, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) were documented before and after 1 y of therapy with beta-blockers. Results: During the 1-y follow-up, a significant increase in myocardial 123I-MIBG uptake (P = 0.005) in parallel with an improved LVEF (P = 0.005) and a reduced LVEDD (P = 0.019) was found. A trend toward an improvement of the New York Heart Association functional class under the beta-blocker therapy (P = 0.139) was also found. CONCLUSION: Assessment of the myocardial 123I-MIBG uptake is a useful noninvasive tool for evaluating changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity under medical therapy. Long-term treatment with beta-blockers in IDC causes a recovery of the cardiac adrenergic nervous system concomitantly with a clinical and hemodynamic improvement.     

Every second counts: signs of a failing heart on thoracic CT in the ED

Impending cardiac failure is often difficult to recognize and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Upon arrival in the emergency department, patients are promptly screened for potentially life-threatening conditions through a history and physical examination. In many cases, the diagnosis is not clear until confirmatory laboratory or imaging tests are performed. Unfortunately, patients can rapidly decompensate as this diagnostic information is being obtained. Emergent CT plays a key role in identifying conditions that may result in cardiovascular collapse, including severe congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac tamponade, and impending cardiac failure. Characteristic imaging findings can prompt the physician to take immediate action and prepare for resuscitation.     

Cardiac neurotransmission imaging.

Cardiac neurotransmission imaging with SPECT and PET allows in vivo assessment of presynaptic reuptake and neurotransmitter storage as well as of regional distribution and activity of postsynaptic receptors. In this way, the biochemical processes that occur during neurotransmission can be investigated in vivo at a micromolar level using radiolabeled neurotransmitters and receptor ligands. SPECT and PET of cardiac neurotransmission characterize myocardial neuronal function in primary cardioneuropathies, in which the heart has no significant structural abnormality, and in secondary cardioneuropathies caused by the metabolic and functional changes that take place in different diseases of the heart. In patients with heart failure, the assessment of sympathetic activity has important prognostic implications and will result in better therapy and outcome. In diabetic patients, scintigraphic techniques allow the detection of autonomic neuropathy in early stages of the disease. In conditions with a risk of sudden death, such as idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, PET and SPECT reveal altered neuronal function when no other structural abnormality is seen. In patients with ischemic heart disease, heart transplantation, drug-induced cardiotoxicity, and dysautonomias, assessment of neuronal function can help characterize the disease and improve prognostic stratification. Future directions include the development of tracers for new types of receptors, the targeting of second messenger molecules, and the early assessment of cardiac neurotransmission in genetically predisposed subjects for prevention and early treatment of heart failure.