剖宫产瘢痕憩室腹腔镜手术治疗

剖宫产瘢痕憩室(cesarean scar defect,CSD)是剖宫产术后远期并发症之一,通常由于憩室内经血引流不畅出现相应的临床症状,同时易导致继发性不孕、瘢痕妊娠、子宫破裂等。经阴道超声、宫腔声学造影术、宫腔镜检查等可作为CSD的辅助诊断方法。CSD通常选择手术治疗,包括宫腔镜手术、阴式手术及腹腔镜手术。腹腔镜下瘢痕憩室修复术能从根本上解决子宫下段肌层薄弱问题,改善临床症状,提高生育力,降低远期妊娠子宫破裂等不良结局风险。     

剖宫产切口憩室及其相关临床问题

近年来剖宫产切口憩室(cesarean scar diverticulum,CSD)发病率逐渐增加,引起临床关注。CSD作为剖宫产术的一种远期并发症,临床上主要表现为经期延长、阴道出血淋漓不净,另可能引起下腹隐痛、不孕甚至发生再次妊娠晚期子宫破裂等。临床上诊断主要根据患者典型临床表现结合辅助检查,超声检查最为常用。磁共振成像(MRI)是最准确的辅助检查,宫腔镜下检查最为直观,另有子宫输卵管造影(HSG)等。目前治疗措施主要为激素保守治疗和手术治疗,手术包括经腹、经阴道手术、宫腔镜手术、腹腔镜术或联合手术。经腹手术已少用,宫腔镜治疗微创且直观,适用于MRI测量憩室距离子宫浆膜层2 mm者,憩室处子宫肌壁厚度2 mm者多采用腹腔镜或经阴道手术或联合手术。就目前临床上CSD及其具体相关临床问题进行综述。     

剖宫产切口瘢痕缺损手术方式选择

剖宫产切口瘢痕缺损(cesarean scar defect,CSD)目前尚无国际统一的定义和治疗方法.对于药物保守治疗无效、症状严重又有生育要求的CSD患者,如有手术意愿可选择手术治疗.手术主要有经阴道、宫腔镜、腹腔镜及宫腹腔镜联合4种方式.几种术式各有优缺点,术者应根据患者临床症状、瘢痕缺损的大小和位置、所在医院手...     

剖宫产切口愈合不良的治疗方法

剖宫产切口愈合不良亦称剖宫产切口憩室（previous cesarean scar defect,PCSD）,是剖宫产术后远期并发症之一,可以引起经期延长、不孕、瘢痕妊娠等临床表现,发病率有增高趋势。常用的辅助检查为经阴道超声或盐水灌注宫腔声学造影。治疗方法以微创手术为主,包括宫腔镜、腹腔镜、阴式手术。宫腔镜是最微创的手术方式,通过电切憩室周边的瘢痕组织利于憩室内经血引流,同时电凝憩室内膜组织减少不规则出血,还可改善子宫内膜环境有利于妊娠,但因有电损伤及子宫穿孔等风险,适合于残余肌层大于2 mm的患者,术后妊娠者需要按照子宫破裂高危人群进行管理。而对于瘢痕憩室处子宫肌壁厚度＜2 mm的患者建议采用腹腔镜手术或经阴道手术,通过切除瘢痕憩室后再次缝合,可有效改善症状。     

剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕缺陷的宫腔镜手术治疗

剖宫产瘢痕憩室(CSD)是剖宫产术后远期并发症之一,CSD实际上是剖宫产子宫切口愈合不良所致,其形成的原因比较复杂。关于CSD有不少认识上的误区,对于没有症状的CSD一般不需要治疗,对于有症状的CSD如何治疗在认识上也比较混乱,如何选择合适的治疗方式不仅关系到医务人员对于CSD的认识也直接影响了CSD的治疗效果。有一种特殊类型的CSD是切口瘢痕下缘存在活瓣作用且由于活瓣作用而阻止了憩室内的经血顺利流出而出现症状(常见为经期延长),同时憩室内的异位子宫内膜也可能与宫腔内在位的内膜生长不同步也导致异常阴道流血,这种特殊的CSD学术界有个专业的名称即剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕缺陷(PCSD)。对于残余子宫壁肌层不是很薄的PCSD,可以采用宫腔镜手术切除活瓣并电凝破坏憩室内异位子宫内膜的治疗方法。而对于没有PCSD特点的CSD,宫腔镜手术的疗效较差,一般不采用宫腔镜手术治疗。文章将深入阐述PCSD的宫腔镜手术治疗的相关问题。     

宫腹腔镜联合治疗剖宫产瘢痕憩室

剖宫产瘢痕憩室（CSD）是剖宫产的远期并发症。宫腹腔镜联合憩室修补术在宫腔镜的辅助下准确定位憩室,腹腔镜下完整切除,全层缝合修补,是治疗CSD的有效方法。CSD治疗方法多样,术前需全面评估,准确把握手术指征;术后需随访患者月经症状改善及解剖修复情况。     

有生育要求的剖宫产瘢痕憩室患者的临床管理

剖宫产瘢痕憩室（cesarean scar diverticulum,CSD）作为剖宫产术后并发症之一,是由于剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕愈合不良所致。CSD主要的临床表现包括异常子宫出血、盆腔痛和继发性不孕等。CSD患者再妊娠时可能发生瘢痕妊娠、胎盘植入和子宫破裂等严重并发症。CSD的治疗方式众多,对于无明显临床症状的无生育要求、憩室较小的CSD患者,可选择保守治疗,如宫内缓释系统、避孕药和中药等。而手术治疗作为治疗CSD的主要手段,主要用于改善患者的临床症状、降低CSD合并继发不孕及复发性流产的发生风险。目前对于有生育要求的CSD患者,妊娠前是否需要治疗、治疗方式、妊娠时机及分娩方式等尚无统一意见。     

剖宫产瘢痕憩室经阴道手术治疗

近年来,随着剖宫产率的不断升高,剖宫产的远期并发症--剖宫产瘢痕憩室的发生率也逐渐上升。目前,关于剖宫产瘢痕憩室有药物治疗、宫腔镜手术、开腹或腹腔镜手术及经阴道手术治疗等多种治疗方式,其中经阴道手术具有手术简单、治疗彻底、创伤小等优点,被认为是值得推广的剖宫产瘢痕憩室的有效治疗方案。文章就采用经阴道手术治疗剖宫产瘢痕憩室的观点进行阐述。     

剖宫产术后子宫切口疤痕憩室的诊治

子宫切口疤痕憩室（CSD）是由剖宫产术引起的一种子宫切口愈合不良的疾病。近年,随着剖宫产率的增高,CSD的发病率也呈增高趋势。CSD患者主要表现为以月经期延长为主的月经紊乱,还可能发生憩室妊娠及不孕等,严重影响患者的身心健康和家庭和谐。CSD的诊断主要依赖于B超及宫腔镜等影像学检查。目前对治疗方法,特别是手术指征及手术方法,并未达到共识,国际上无临床对照研究。本文现对CSD的病因、诊断方法及现有的几种手术方法做一综述。     

经阴道剖宫产切口瘢痕缺损修补手术临床结局

剖宫产切口瘢痕缺损(cesarean scar defect,CSD)形成的肌层缺陷可能导致月经出血时间延长的症状,甚至影响下次妊娠.文章阐述了8项经阴道CSD修补手术后阴道流血、肌层厚度的变化,以及对后续妊娠影响的研究.其中3项研究还对比了经阴道手术和腹腔镜、宫腔镜修补方式的临床结局.整体上经阴道修补手术能够显著增厚...     

宫、腹腔镜联合手术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕憩室

目的:探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕憩室应用宫、腹腔镜联合手术治疗的临床效果。方法:选择经彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫瘢痕憩室,有手术指征的患者17例,在全麻下进行宫、腹腔镜联合手术,分离子宫膀胱反折腹膜,切除憩室病灶,重新缝合子宫肌层。结果:17例患者手术顺利,平均手术时间为69.2±28.7(35~110)min,术后临床症状消失,6个月后复查超声肌层连续,肌壁厚度为1.35±0.28(0.8~1.8)cm,与术前的肌壁厚度0.33±0.10(0.17~0.5)cm相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:宫、腹腔镜联合手术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕憩室安全,微创,效果确切。     

Obstetric and Gynecologic Outcomes after the Transvaginal Repair of Cesarean Scar Defect in a Series of 183 Women

Study ObjectiveTo analyze retrospectively the effect of hysteroscopy combined with transvaginal repair on the cesarean section diverticulum (CSD) and explore the clinical significance of this procedure.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity-affiliated hospital and a gynecology hospital.PatientsA total of 183 patients with scar diverticulum after cesarean section were recruited from the Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan and Shenzhen In Vitro Fertilization Gynecological Hospital.InterventionsIn this study, we reported a surgical method for repairing uterine scar through uterine therapy and explored its clinical efficacy and pregnancy outcome.Measurements and Main ResultsThe time of operation, volume of bleeding, and duration of hospitalization were recorded. The size of the scar diverticulum and the remaining myometrium were examined by B-mode ultrasonography before and after the operation. The length of the menstrual cycle and pelvic pain were recorded during follow-up to check the recovery of patients after surgery. The pregnancy of patients with pregnancy needs was recorded to check the pregnancy outcome. All 183 patients successfully completed the repair of the transvaginal uterus scar diverticulum with the help of a hysteroscopy examination. The mean (± standard deviation) operation time was 58.61 ± 18.56 minutes. The mean blood loss was 36.97 ± 22.32 mL. The mean hospital stay was 6.08 ± 1.89 days. In 57.14% of patients, the CSD completely disappeared, whereas the volume of CSD shrank by at least 50% in 88.95% of patients. The mean menstrual period of patients after surgery was 7.72 ± 2.68 days, which was significantly shorter than that recorded preoperatively (13.45 ± 3.69 days) (t = 19.62, p = .00). The pelvic pain disappeared in 81.08% of the patients. The mean postoperative thickness of the remaining muscular layer was 5.30 ± 1.27-mm, which was significantly higher than the preoperative value of 2.25 ± 0.92-mm (t = 28.21, p = .00). The mean postoperative thickness of the remaining muscular layer of patients with improved menstrual cycle was 5.40 ± 1.27-mm, which was significantly higher than the thickness of 4.88 ± 1.11-mm in patients without improved menstrual cycle (t = 2.31, p = .025). A total of 124 patients attempted to become pregnant, 83 of whom were successful. The pregnancy rate was as high as 66.95%, which included 2 scar pregnancies, 4 ectopic pregnancies, and 87 intrauterine pregnancies. No uterine rupture occurred.ConclusionThe transvaginal repair of the uterine diverticulum improved the symptoms and probability of a successful pregnancy effectively. This process is a surgical procedure to increase the thickness of the residual uterine muscle wall effectively.     

剖宫产瘢痕憩室的形成机制及诊断

剖宫产瘢痕憩室（CSD）是剖宫产术后的一个远期并发症。随着剖宫产率持续上升,CSD的发生率随之升高。部分患者因此出现异常子宫出血或剖宫产瘢痕妊娠,甚至发生大出血、孕期子宫破裂、凶险性前置胎盘等严重并发症危及母胎安全。CSD发病机制尚不明确,发生率也无确切数据。CSD的诊断目前国际上仍未形成统一定论。主要是根据病史,临床表现及辅助检查进行临床诊断。影像学检查以及宫腔镜检查已经成为临床上主要的诊断方法与确诊手段。     

Cesarean Scar Defects: An Underrecognized Cause of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Other Gynecologic Complications

The gynecologic sequelae due to deficient uterine scar healing after cesarean section are only recently being identified and described. These include conditions such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, and cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, as well as a potentially higher risk of complications and difficulties during gynecologic procedures such as uterine evacuation, hysterectomy, endometrial ablation, and insertion of an intrauterine device. The proposed mechanism of abnormal uterine bleeding is a pouch or “isthmocele” in the lower uterine segment that causes delayed menstrual bleeding. The prevalence of symptomatic or clinically relevant cesarean scar defects (CSDs) ranges from 19.4% to 88%. Possible risk factors for CSD include number of cesarean sections, uterine position, labor before cesarean section, and surgical technique used to close the uterine incision. There are no accepted guidelines for the diagnostic criteria of CSD. We propose that a CSD be defined on transvaginal ultrasound or saline infusion sonohysterography as a triangular hypoechoic defect in the myometrium at the site of the previous hysterotomy. We also propose a classification system to aid in standardized classification for future research. Surgical techniques for repair of CSD include laparoscopic excision, resectoscopic treatment, vaginal revision, and endometrial ablation.     

Four Surgical Strategies for the Treatment of Cesarean Scar Defect: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis network meta-analysis compared treatment via laparoscopy, hysteroscopy (HP), combined laparoscopy with HP (LH), and vaginal repair (VR) for reducing intermittent abnormal uterine bleeding and cesarean scar defect (CSD) diverticulum depth in patients with CSD.Data SourcesElectronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Integrated) were searched for articles published through June 13, 2018.Methods of Study SelectionThe search included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of surgical treatment for CSD. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RCTs were evaluated by the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, observational studies by Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Intervention, and overall evidence quality by grade. Data were analyzed by STATA (version 15.0; StataCorp, College Station, TX) and R software for windows (version 3.5.0; R Core Team, 2018).Tabulation, Integration, and ResultsTen studies (n = 858; 4 RCTs and 6 observational studies) were included. Patients who underwent uterine diverticulum resection by LH had a shorter duration of abnormal uterine bleeding than those by HP (SMD = 1.36, 95% CI, 0.37–2.36; p = .007) and VR (SMD = 1.58, 95% CI, 0.97–2.19; p <.0001). LH reduced the CSD diverticulum depth more than VR (SMD = 1.57, 95% CI, 0.54–2.61; p = .003). There was no significant difference in efficacy among the surgical procedures.ConclusionLH reduced intermittent abnormal uterine bleeding and scar depth more than the other surgical interventions. Larger clinical trials are warranted to verify this analysis.     

Treatment for Uterine Isthmocele,A Pouchlike Defect at the Site of a Cesarean Section Scar

An isthmocele appears as a fluid pouchlike defect in the anterior uterine wall at the site of a prior cesarean section and ranges in prevalence from 19% to 84%, a direct relation to the increase in cesarean sections performed worldwide. Many definitions have been suggested for the dehiscence resulting from cesarean sections, and we propose standardization with a single term for all cases—isthmocele. Patients are not always symptomatic, but symptoms typically include intermittent abnormal bleeding, pain, and infertility. Pregnancy complications that result from an isthmocele include ectopic pregnancy, low implantation, and uterine rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasound are the gold standard imaging techniques for diagnosis. Surgical treatment of an isthmocele is still a controversial issue but should be offered to symptomatic women or the asymptomatic patient who desires future pregnancy. When surgery is the treatment choice, laparoscopy guided by hysteroscopy, hysteroscopy alone, or vaginal repair are the best options depending on the isthmocele's characteristics and surgeon expertise.