心脏MR在新型冠状病毒肺炎心脏受累评估中的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）属于重大公共卫生事件,大量研究显示COVID-19在损伤呼吸系统同时也存在心血管系统受累,心脏MR（CMR）在无创性心血管检查中发挥重要的作用。笔者就COVID-19常见的心脏受累表现及其CMR特征、特殊人群CMR的运用和CMR在随访中应用价值进行综述。     

心脏MR纵向弛豫时间定量成像评估新型冠状病毒肺炎康复患者心肌损伤的价值

目的:探讨心脏MR（CMR）纵向弛豫时间定量成像（T 1 mapping）评估新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）康复者心肌损伤的价值。 方法:前瞻性收集阜阳市第二人民医院2020年5月至6月COVID-19患者康复出院3个月后接受CMR检查的15例患者（9例普通型、6例重型）的临床及影像资料。另...     

糖尿病心肌病的CMR诊断及研究进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）成像技术具有多参数、多成像序列的特点,可以对糖尿病心肌病（DbCM）进行早期诊断,评价DbCM存在的心脏结构重塑、心脏整体和局部的收缩和舒张功能障碍、心肌灌注受损、心脏局部及弥漫性纤维化及心脏能量代谢和脂质异常,为病人的早期治疗及预后评估提供重要信息。就CMR对DbCM的心脏组织特征、风险评估和远期预后方面的诊断予以综述。     

重视MR组织学特征在心力衰竭中的临床价值

心脏MR（CMR）不仅是评估心脏结构及功能的金标准,而且其独特的组织特征成像（如钆对比剂延迟强化等）能够在体动态显示心肌充血、水肿、坏死和纤维化等病理学改变,特别是近年发展起来的参数定量技术能在心脏大体结构及功能改变之前更早地识别心肌微观结构重构。CMR这些特征对于心力衰竭病人的病因学诊断和预后风险评估有重要价值,对于临床前期心力衰竭高危病人的筛查也有巨大潜能。     

心脏磁共振评估肺动脉高压的研究进展

肺动脉高压（PH）是一组恶性进展性疾病,可以导致右心衰竭甚至死亡,因此对其进行早期诊断和评估至关重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）作为评估心血管的“一站式”检查,不仅可以采用多参数对PH病人心脏结构、功能、血流动力学及心肌组织特征等进行评价,还可以鉴别不同类型的PH,在PH的诊疗评估中发挥着重要作用,特别是基于CMR的人工智能的应用更是成为PH临床实践的新方向。     

急性心肌梗死后远程心肌MRI研究进展

急性心肌梗死（AMI）后,易被忽视的远程心肌会发生炎性反应、微循环改变及反应性纤维化。心血管磁共振（CMR）成像能够提供多参数信息,是目前在体评估远程心肌病理生理学改变的最佳成像方法,有助于指导AMI病人的分层管理,对治疗和预后有重要意义。介绍心肌评价常用的CMR技术及原理,并就远程心肌的CMR表现及预后价值的研究进展予以综述。     

心血管MR成像在缺血性心脏病中的应用

缺血性心脏病（IHD）不同阶段的病理组织学改变与病人预后和生活质量密切相关。心血管MR（CMR）成像技术具有多参数、多成像序列,能对IHD进行早期诊断,评价微血管阻塞、心肌内出血、瘢痕心肌和舒张末期心室壁厚度,通过对急慢性心肌梗死进行早期诊断和远期风险评估,为病人的早期治疗及降低预后风险提供信息。就CMR在急慢性IHD心肌组织特征、风险评估和病人远期预后方面的应用予以综述。     

2021心血管磁共振研究进展

心血管磁共振(CMR)作为重要的无创性影像学方法之一，可实现对心血管结构、功能、心肌灌注、组织特征及血流动力学等“一站式”全面检查，已广泛应用于心血管系统疾病的研究与临床诊疗。尤其近年来，CMR新技术集中涌现，相关临床与基础研究日渐推进，在各类心血管系统疾病的诊断、危险分层与预后评估等方面取得一系列重要成果。本文就2021年国内外CMR代表性研究进展进行系统综述。     

人工智能辅助影像学在新型冠状病毒肺炎诊治中的研究进展

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情仍在全球大流行,影像学检查可对疑似患者进行筛查、诊断、疗效评价及预后判断,并有利于科学地抗击疫情。人工智能（AI）技术有望克服影像学中人工阅片工作量大、主观性强、缺乏量化标准等不足,是COVID-19研究的热点之一。本文重点阐述AI辅助胸部X线和CT在COVID-19诊治中的...     

CMR对扩张性心肌病的应用价值

扩张性心肌病（DCM）的早期诊断及病情监测对其预后非常重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）可以无创性评估心肌的形态、功能及组织特性,有利于DCM的诊断和管理。就延迟钆增强、T₁ mapping、T₂ mapping及CMR特征追踪等CMR技术在DCM的早期诊断、病情监测与评估、预后预测以及鉴别诊断方面的应用价值进行综述。     

Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 related myocarditis: Clinical and imaging considerations

There is a growing evidence of cardiovascular complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. As evidence accumulated of COVID-19 mediated inflammatory effects on the myocardium, substantial attention has been directed towards cardiovascular imaging modalities that facilitate this diagnosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is the gold standard for the detection of structural and functional myocardial alterations and its role in identifying patients with COVID-19 mediated cardiac injury is growing. Despite its utility in the diagnosis of myocardial injury in this population, CMRI’s impact on patient management is still evolving. This review provides a framework for the use of CMRI in diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients from the perspective of a cardiologist. We review the role of CMRI in the management of both the acutely and remotely COVID-19 infected patient. We discuss patient selection for this imaging modality; T1, T2, and late gadolinium enhancement imaging techniques; and previously described CMRI findings in other cardiomyopathies with potential implications in COVID-19 recovered patients.     

Dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) provides superior imaging of cardiac structure and function that makes it a useful tool in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. The heart's response to stress has long been used as a diagnostic aid for identifying a cardiovascular etiology for patient symptoms or for cardiovascular risk stratification. Historically, this has been done with stress nuclear scintigraphy or echocardiography techniques. A distinct advantage of CMR over these modalities is greater image quality resulting in better test characteristics; this review summarizes the techniques and principles involved in dobutamine stress MRI. Electronic Publication     

Systemic arterio-venous thrombosis in COVID-19: A pictorial review

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Systemic complications include cardiovascular, neurological, hepatic, renal and altered coagulation. Derangements in haemostasis with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been termed COVID-19 associated coagulopathy (CAC). CAC is postulated to be one of the significant causes for sudden deaths in this pandemic, with infection of endothelial cells and subsequent endotheliitis through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors playing a key role in the pathogenesis. In this pictorial review, we describe the imaging findings in a multitude of extrapulmonary arterial (aorta, cerebral, mesenteric, renal and peripheral arterial system) and venous thrombotic phenomena detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of COVID-19 patients which could not be attributed to any other causes. Knowledge of incidence of these complications, lowering the threshold for diagnostic imaging in symptomatic patients and timely radiological detection can play a vital role in subsequent management of these critically ill patients.     

Imaging spectrum of abdominal manifestations of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to global public health with its rapid spread, high fatality, and severe burden on health care providers all over the world. Although COVID-19 has been established as a respiratory tract infection, it can manifest with gastrointestinal symptoms as a consequence of direct infection by the virus or due to inflammation-mediated cytotoxicity. It has been observed that COVID-19 patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms tend to progress to a severe form of disease with increased morbidity and mortality, thus indicating the need for timely management. COVID-19 manifests with a wide spectrum of radiologic findings on gastrointestinal tract imaging, encompassing bowel abnormalities, hepato-biliary and pancreatic involvement, vascular occlusion, and solid organ infarction. Early recognition of these imaging features can facilitate timely treatment of COVID-19 associated gastrointestinal tract complications and may prompt the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with atypical disease manifestations. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the various gastrointestinal imaging manifestations that can be encountered in patients with COVID-19, with an emphasis on early diagnosis of the disease as well as treatment related complications.     

Follow-up computed tomography scan in post-COVID-19 pneumonia

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic can be a severe illness that leads to morbidity and mortality. With the increasing number of COVID-19 pneumonia survivors, several long-term changes may persist, including abnormal imaging of lung parenchyma. In addition to the clinical course, it is vital to follow up on pulmonary imaging during the post-infectious period, which is not routinely required in other common pulmonary diagnoses. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest is an effective and diagnostic tool for pneumonia which gives an insight into structural abnormalities within the lungs, complications, and possible progression of the disease. Several studies have monitored COVID-19 pneumonia and its complications using serial CT chest imaging from the initial phase of infection, hospitalization, and post-discharge. Nonetheless, long-term follow-up imaging data in post-COVID-19 is still limited. We have summarized the findings utilizing a systematic review of the literature regarding COVID-19 pneumonia imaging, including long-term follow-up.     

CMR在心房结构和功能评估中的应用进展

心房的结构和功能的改变对心血管疾病的诊断和预后具有重要意义。心脏磁共振（CMR）是定量评估心腔大小和功能的金标准,可以早期发现心力衰竭、房颤、缺血性心脏病以及先天性心脏病等疾病所致的心房结构和功能的异常。就CMR对心房结构和功能评估的临床应用及其研究进展进行综述。     

Brainstem stroke: A fatal thromboembolic event after new onset atrial fibrillation during covid-19 infection: A case report and literature review

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disease is a serious pandemic that put the world on an exceptional sanitary alert. It is a multifaceted disease, since it can affect the lung, the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system at the same time. A 66-year-old man, diabetic, hypertensive, admitted to the emergency room for medical management of acute dyspnea, diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. The evolution is marked by respiratory distress as well as new onset atrial fibrillation and a severe ischemic stroke of the brainstem. COVID-19 disease is associated with very serious thromboembolic complications of high incidence, and this is explained by the coagulopathy secondary to the alteration of the microcirculation after the hyper-inflammatory state. Ischemic stroke is one of these complications. The occurrence of new onset atrial fibrillation during COVID-19 infection makes the incidence of ischemic stroke very high and the prognosis more severe. The treatment is mainly based on antithrombotic therapy. Thromboembolic complications remain a real problem to manage in COVID-19 patients given the several mechanisms that promote this situation.     

A Multicenter Cardiovascular MR Network for Tele-Training and Beyond: Setup and Initial Experiences

PurposeTraining in cardiovascular MR (CMR) is an important topic in times of growing acceptance of the method for accurate diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. However, off-site training is becoming less acceptable with increasing cost and time pressures. We introduce a novel CMR network, capable of providing, remotely, part of CMR training and continuous expert support. By providing a technical and operational blueprint, we want to share our experience in building teaching networks.MethodsConceptual, technical, and content-related characteristics of our teaching methods are introduced. A total of 97 participants in traditional fellowship CMR teaching and novel module-based network teaching were surveyed to assess their CMR performance.ResultsThe number of hospitals in our CMR network increased from five in 2009 to 14 in 2014. A total of 79% of network hospitals conducted >100 CMR scans annually. Among these network hospitals are four small institutions (<400 beds), and five medium-sized hospitals (400-1,000 beds). Network teaching reduced off-site training to only five weeks. The time to the first independently conducted CMR scans was one week, with network teaching, but >1 month for 32% of participants in traditional CMR teaching. The CMR network enables experts from distant locations to supervise and control CMR scans in a distant hospital, in real time.ConclusionsCMR networks provide an efficient teaching platform with a minimum of off-site time for trainees. Real-time remote supervision and scan control capabilities support the decentralization of CMR expertise and enables even small and rurally located institutions to offer high-quality CMR scans.     

Appropriateness of cardiovascular computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with conotruncal defects

BackgroundTo promote the rational use of cardiovascular imaging in patients with congenital heart disease, the American College of Cardiology developed Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC), but its clinical application and pre-release benchmarks have not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) in patients with conotruncal defects and to identify factors associated with maybe or rarely appropriate (M/R) indications.MethodsTwelve centers each contributed a median of 147 studies performed prior to AUC publication (01/2020) on patients with conotruncal defects. To incorporate patient characteristics and center-level effects, a hierarchical generalized linear mixed model was used.ResultsOf the 1753 studies (80% CMR, and 20% CCT), 16% were rated M/R. Center M/R ranged from 4 to 39%. Infants accounted for 8.4% of studies. In multivariable analyses, patient- and study-level factors associated with M/R rating included: age <1 year (OR 1.90 [1.15–3.13]), truncus arteriosus (vs. tetralogy of Fallot, OR 2.55 [1.5–4.35]), and CCT (vs. CMR, OR 2.67 [1.87–3.83]). None of the provider- or center-level factors reached statistical significance in the multivariable model.ConclusionsMost CMRs and CCTs ordered for the follow-up care of patients with conotruncal defects were rated appropriate. However, there was significant center-level variation in appropriateness ratings. Younger age, CCT, and truncus arteriosus were independently associated with higher odds of M/R rating. These findings could inform future quality improvement initiatives and further exploration of factors resulting in center-level variation.