肝硬化失代偿期患者的胃肠动力学改变

１引言临床上,肝硬化失代偿期患者常伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀、纳差等症状,导致进食减少,营养不良,加重病情;肝硬化失代偿期患者小肠细菌过度生长发生率较高［１,２］,严重者导致自发性腹膜炎。近年来,国外学者研究发现,这些并发症的发生可能与肝硬化失代偿期患者的...     

肝硬化大鼠小肠壁结构改变与小肠细菌过度生长和细菌转位的关系的研究

目的:观察肝硬化大鼠小肠壁结构的变化、小肠细菌过度生长和肠道细菌转位的情况,并探讨其在肠源性内毒素血症中的作用。方法:采用CCl4诱导肝硬化大鼠模型,分别取外周静脉和门静脉血测血清内毒素水平,并获取肠系膜淋巴结、肝、脾和近端空肠内容物做细菌培养。部分空肠组织作病理切片。结果:所有的肠道细菌转位(BT)均发生在有小肠细菌过度生长(SIBO)的大鼠中,肝硬化大鼠的SIBO发生率为50%(10/20),BT的发生率为35%(7/20)。正常大鼠无一只出现SIBO。肝硬化大鼠的血清内毒素水平高于正常大鼠(P<0.01).在有SIBO的肝硬化大鼠的血清内毒素水平又高于其他的肝硬化大鼠,尤以发生BT的大鼠最高。病理检查发现发生BT的肝硬化大鼠空肠绒毛变短、破坏,炎症细胞浸润增多。结论:小肠细菌过度生长和肠道细菌转位是肝硬化肠源性内毒素血症发生的重要原因之一,肠内高内毒素浓度可能与肠黏膜结构改变有关。     

失代偿期肝硬化患者血脂变化分析

目的 :探讨肝硬化对血脂代谢的影响。方法 :观察失代偿期肝硬化患者血脂水平 ,包括甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (Tch)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL ch)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL ch) ,并以肝功能正常者作对照。结果 :肝硬化患者TG水平明显低于对照组 [(0 .76± 0 .3 6)mmol/L比 (1.3 1± 0 .41)mmol/L ,P <0 .0 0 1] ,Tch和LDL ch明显低于对照组 [Tch(2 .80± 0 .94)mmol/L比 (3 .95± 1.90 )mmol/L ;LDL ch(1.83± 0 .62 )mmol/L比 (2 .60± 1.2 5 )mmol/L ,P值分别 <0 .0 5 ] ,而HDL ch在两组间无明显差异 [(0 .64± 0 .3 9)mmol/L比 (0 .78± 0 .2 7)mmol/L ,P >0 .0 5 ]。结论 :血甘油三酯降低比胆固醇降低更能反映肝硬化患者肝功能受损的情况     

肝硬化失代偿期并发多器官功能衰竭

多器官功能衰竭(MOF)系指心、肝、脑、肺、肾、消化道和凝血等两个以上的生命器官或系统,同时或在短时间内发生功能衰竭的一种病理状态。我院自1994年1月至1998年12月收治肝硬化失代偿期患者130例,并发MOF46例,现分析如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 MOF诊断标准:我们采用Fry, Eissman及日本医科大学结合实践提出的诊断标准:①心脏:出现心源性或感染性休克,或心肌梗塞,一过性心脏停搏或心律不齐,心功能不全及低血压。②肺:呼吸障碍,     

肝硬化与小肠细菌过度生长

肝硬化患者由于胃肠道瘀血、胆汁酸和胃酸的相对缺乏、肠道运动障碍等因素，可导致肠腔需氧菌增多，结肠的细菌移行至空肠和十二指肠，引起小肠细菌过度生长（small intestinal bacterial overgrowth SIBO）。以空肠或十二指肠液细菌培养，菌落数成人〉10^5／ml，小儿〉10^4／ml为标准。     

失代偿期肝硬化与胆囊结石关系的相关性分析

目的　探讨胆囊结石与失代偿期肝硬化的相关性。方法　分别计算 92例肝硬化失代偿期患者的胆囊结石发病率与随机抽查的 135例非失代偿期肝硬化患者的发病率 ,将 2组对照 ,并进行统计学处理。结果　发现前者有 2 1例发病 ,发病率为 2 2 .83% ;对照组 14例被发现患有胆囊结石 ,发病率为 10 .37% (P<0 .0 1)。结论　失代偿期肝硬化患者胆囊结石的发病率明显上升。     

肝硬化失代偿期患者心理痛苦及影响因素的研究

目的了解肝硬化失代偿期患者心理痛苦水平,分析其影响因素。方法采用一般资料调查表、心理痛苦温度计对300例肝硬化失代偿期患者进行心理痛苦调查。结果肝硬化失代偿期患者心理痛苦评分≥4分176例,占58.67%;多元线性回归分析显示,婚姻状况、经济问题、医疗费用支付方式、肝硬化病程、疼痛、睡眠问题是肝硬化失代偿期患者心理痛苦水平的重要影响因素。结论肝硬化失代偿期患者中度以上心理痛苦发生率较高,护理人员应根据心理痛苦发生的影响因素,采取干预措施改善其心理健康水平。     

抗病毒治疗在失代偿期肝硬化患者治疗中的应用研究

收集120例失代偿期肝硬化患者相关资料,回顾兴分析患者并发症治疗后抗病毒治疗效果。C组ALT、Child-Pugh评分最低,差异显著具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。C组患者生存时间明显高于其他两组,肝癌人数明显低于A、B两组,差异显著具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯可有效提高失代偿期肝硬化患者并发症治疗后抗病毒治疗效果,值得临床推广与应用。     

酒精性肝硬化失代偿期与乙型肝炎后肝硬化失代偿期患者间临床特征比较

目的:探讨酒精性肝硬化(alcoholic liver cirrhosis,ALC) 失代偿期患者与乙型肝炎后肝硬化(hepatitis B cirrhosis,HBC)失代偿期患者间临床相关因素的异同点,协助两者间的鉴别及诊治.方法:收集2006年1月至2008年12月间温州医学院附属第一医院住院资料完整的ALC失代偿期患者72例(ALC组)和HBC失代偿期患者359例(HBC组)的临床资料,回顾性分析比较两组间的年龄分布、临床表现、实验室检查结果、并发症、合并症及预后等因素.结果:年龄小于30岁及女性HBC患者明显多于ALC患者(P ＜ 0.05).ALC组乏力、食欲减退、黄疸、右上腹痛、肝掌、蜘蛛痣、肝肿大患者明显多于HBC组(P ＜ 0.05),HBC组腹胀患者明显多于ALC组.ALC组的天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、血小板及平均红细胞容积均明显高于HBC组,HBC组丙氨酸氨基转移酶、白蛋白明显高于ALC组.ALC组肝性脑病、胆囊炎或胆石症、急性胰腺炎及肝源性糖尿病患者均明显比HBC组多(P ＜ 0.05).ALC组好转率明显高于HBC组(χ2=5.517,P ＜ 0.05).结论:ALC失代偿期患者主要分布于中年男性,而HBC失代偿期患者分布较平均.ALC失代偿期患者肝硬化相关的临床表现(如乏力、纳差等)、实验室检查(如γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、总胆红素等)及合并症(如肝源性糖尿病等)较HBC失代偿期患者突出.ALC失代偿期患者的整体预后虽较HBC失代偿期患者好,但两组患者后期预后及病死率相当.     

内镜下不同阑尾内口分型之间小肠细菌过度生长情况的比较

目的探讨内镜下不同形态阑尾内口的小肠细菌过度生长(SIBO)情况。方法从门诊健康体检人群中筛选出153例,进行葡萄糖氢呼气试验检查,记录SIBO情况,并进行结肠镜检查,记录阑尾内口形态,依据结肠镜下阑尾内口形态分为漏斗型、膜样型和裂隙型3组,将3组人群的SIBO情况进行对比分析。结果①体检人群中阑尾内口形态比例:漏斗型63.4%(97/153)膜样型22.2%(34/153)裂隙型14.4%(22/153);②漏斗型组人群SIBO阳性率明显高于膜样型组和裂隙型组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.01);③膜样型组人群SIBO阳性率明显高于裂隙型组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.01)。结论内镜下阑尾内口形态比例漏斗型远高于膜样型和裂隙型,临床上应高度重视阑尾内口漏斗型人群有易并发SIBO的可能。     

Unconjugated serum bile acids as a marker of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Non-invasive methods to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth often lack specificity in patients who have undergone an ileal resection or have an accelerated intestinal transit. Since elevated serum unconjugated bile acid levels have been found in patients with clinical signs of bacterial overgrowth, we studied the clinical value of unconjugated serum bile acids as a marker of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Patients with culture-proven bacterial overgrowth had significantly elevated fasting unconjugated serum bile acid levels (median and range: 4.5; 1.4-21.5 mumol l-1) as compared to healthy subjects (0.9; 0.3-1.7 mumol l-1, P less than 0.005), to persons with an accelerated intestinal transit (1.0; 0.3-1.9 mumol l-1, P less than 0.005) and to persons who have undergone an ileal resection (2.1; 0.7-3.6 mumol l-1, P less than 0.005). The same was true 30 and 60 min after ingestion of a Lundh meal. Serum unconjugated bile acid levels above 4 mumol l-1 were found in eight of 10 patients with culture-proven small intestinal bacterial overgrowth whereas serum levels above 4 mumol l-1 were found in none of the patients from the three control groups. These results suggest that determination of unconjugated serum bile acids is of clinical value in the evaluation of patients suspected of small intestine bacterial overgrowth.     

Diet and intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Is there evidence?

The intestinal microbiota and its role in health and disease processes have been the subject of several studies. It is known that changes in the intestinal microbiota occur due to several factors, such as the use of medication, age, lifestyle and diseases, which can modify intestinal homeostasis and lead to excessive growth of bacteria in the small intestine, triggering a clinical condition called small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Individuals with SIBO may present gastrointestinal symptoms ranging from nausea, diarrhea and/or constipation, and flatulence to distension and abdominal pain, resulting from poor absorption of nutrients or changes in intestinal permeability. The gold-standard treatment is based on the use of antibiotics to eradicate bacterial overgrowth. Some studies have evaluated diets in the treatment of SIBO; however, the studies are of low methodological quality, making extrapolation of the results to clinical practice unfeasible. Thus, there is still not enough scientific evidence to support a specific type of diet for the treatment of SIBO.     

Helicobacter pylori infection and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth–more than what meets the eye

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is very common and affects a significant proportion of the world population. In contrast, the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in the general population is not well understood. There can be coexistence of both disease states in a given patient and their clinical symptoms may also overlap with one and another. There is no clear clinical guidelines for testing for and treating SIBO in patients with H. pylori infection. This review article explores the available evidence on the relationship between H. pylori infection and SIBO, diagnosis and treatment of these entities and also comments on associated non-gastrointestinal conditions.     

Breath testing and antibiotics for possible bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome

Keystone Symposium on Frontiers in HIV Pathogenesis, Therapy and Eradication

Whistler, BC, Canada, 26–31 March 2012

Although HAART can suppress plasma viral loads to undetectable levels, individuals infected with HIV-1 harbor latent reservoirs of integrated proviruses that re-emerge upon the cessation of drug treatment. The 2012 Keystone Symposium on Frontiers in HIV Pathogenesis, Therapy and Eradication highlighted the current understanding of latent infection and new methods to activate and target these reservoirs for eradication. This report focuses on a select few aspects of the discussion, including the extent that ongoing replication might contribute to the persistent viral reservoir, recent advances in activating the expression of latent proviruses, progress in developing effective animal models and potential avenues to eradicate the cells that constitute the latent reservoir.     

肝硬化失代偿期老年患者的营养管理

目的探讨肝硬化失代偿期老年患者的营养管理方法和效果。方法选择在本科室住院的肝硬化失代偿期老年患者33例为干预组;选择同期入院的其他科室肝硬化失代偿期老年患者33例为对照组。两组患者在进行临床常规对症支持治疗的同时,干预组再进行营养干预,两组观察时间均为一个月。在观察期满后,对两组患者的临床症状及体征进行观察并测量其生化指标的情况。结果两组患者临床症状及体征的比较,经统计学分析,均P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。两组患者的白蛋白、前白蛋白和总胆红素结果比较,经统计学分析,均P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义;血红蛋白结果比较,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义。结论对肝硬化失代偿期老年患者进行有针对性的营养干预,可延缓病程的进展,提高老年患者的生存质量。     

恩替卡韦治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化临床疗效分析

目的探讨恩替卡韦(ETV)治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化的临床疗效。方法选择失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者61例,随机分为2组。在综合性治疗治疗基础上,治疗组31例加用ETV,对照组30例加用阿德福韦酯(ADV)。观察症状减轻及复常情况,检测肝功能指标、血清透明质酸(HA)、乙肝五项标志物定量、乙肝病毒基因(HBV-DNA)以及肝脏磁共振扫描(MR)等。结果治疗组症状复常天数明显短于对照组,肝功能指标改善情况明显优于对照组。治疗组HBV-DNA阴转率、HBeAb阳转率、MR好转率明显高于对照组。结论 ETV治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者疗效确切,可不同程度逆转肝硬化,减少并发症,降低死亡率,且安全性好。     

Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients after total gastrectomy

The aim of this study was to elucidate the consequences of small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) after total gastrectomy. A total of 127 patients, evaluated for SBBO with a radiographically controlled H₂-breath test (subgroup I, without SBBO, n  = 80; subgroup II, with SBBO, n  = 47) after potentially curative total gastrectomy for gastric malignancy, were uniformly evaluated. Mean time since operation was significantly shorter in subgroup II than in subgroup I [370 days, confidence interval (CI) 96–645 days, vs. 687 days, CI 397–976 days; P  < 0.01]. Controlling for this difference, there were no other significant differences in symptoms and signs between the subgroups except for the medicosocial functioning measured with the Edinburgh Rehabilitation Status Scale (ERSS). The mean ERSS showed significantly better medicosocial functioning in subgroup I than in subgroup II [3.7 (CI 2.2–5.2) vs. 5.1 (CI 3.0–7.0); P  < 0.05]. After total gastrectomy, patients without SBBO did not differ significantly from patients with SBBO in most parameters. Medicosocial functioning was significantly poorer in the latter.