异丙酚配合小剂量芬太尼用于门诊吸脂术麻醉的临床观察

目的对32例门诊吸脂术患者采用异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼的麻醉效果进行观察.方法手术时先静脉注射芬太尼1μg*kg-1,5分钟后再静脉注射异丙酚0.8～1.0mg*kg-1,以睫毛反射消失为意识消失的标志酌情用药.后以0.1～0.2 mg*kg-1*min-1的速度持续输注,直至手术结束.结果麻醉效果满意,对循环功能影响轻微,对呼吸抑制明显,5分钟内患者均可自行恢复.结论异丙酚配合小剂量芬太尼静脉麻醉用于门诊吸脂术可靠易行,诱导苏醒迅速,且术后无循环、呼吸抑制,效果可靠.但术中应严密观察呼吸频率、SpO2及Bp的变化,确保患者的安全.     

异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼在小儿手术中的应用

目的 选30例小儿短小手术病人,观察异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼的麻醉效果及对呼吸、循环功能的影响。方法 诱导先静注芬太尼1μg/kg,接着静注异丙酚1mg/kg,继以0.2～0.4mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)的速率持续输入,直到手术结束。结果 麻醉效果满意,对循环功能影响轻,但对呼吸功能有一定抑制。结论 异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼用于小儿手术中,埘循环影响轻微,虽然对呼吸有一定的抑制,但经严密观察及时处理,是安全可行的。     

异丙酚辅助局麻在整形美容手术中的效果观察

自 2 0 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 5月我们应用小剂量异丙酚静脉注射辅助局部浸润麻醉实施整形美容手术 ,其镇静镇痛的效果良好 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料　本组患者 30例 ,均为女性。年龄 18～ 47岁 ,平均体重 5 7ｋｇ。其中隆颊术 8例 ,注射隆乳术 10例 ,乳房悬吊术 2例 ,隆鼻术 4例 ,隆颏术 2例 ,吸脂术 4例。本组患者均无手术禁忌症。2　方法　患者术前禁食 ,肌注鲁米那 0 .1ｇ +阿托品 0 .5ｍｇ。同时设计手术画线 ,建立静脉通道 ,并静脉注射异丙酚2 .0ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,注射时速度要慢 ,时间为 1～ 2分钟 ,待患者睫毛反射消失后开始行局部浸润…     

不同配方异丙酚麻醉在妇产科门诊手术的应用

通过比较单纯异丙酚、异丙酚复合氧化亚氮或芬太尼三种麻醉方法 ,探究妇产科门诊手术时更佳的异丙酚麻醉配方。资料和方法114例ＡＳＡⅠ级的妇产科门诊手术病人 ,禁饮、食 6ｈ ,无任何术前药。随机采用异丙酚 氧化亚氮 (Ｎ组 )、异丙酚 芬太尼 (Ｆ组 )和单纯异丙酚 (Ｐ组 )麻醉。麻醉方法 :用Ｇｒａｓｅｂｙ注射泵以 1ｍｇ·ｋｇ- 1 ·ｍｉｎ- 1 的速率静脉泵入异丙酚至病人睫毛反射和指令性反应消失 ,术中以 0 1ｍｇ·ｋｇ- 1 ·ｍｉｎ- 1 维持麻醉至手术近结束时 ,如病人术中出现四肢活动则追加异丙酚 0 2ｍｇ ｋｇ至活动消失。Ｎ组病…     

联合麻醉术中知晓与脑电双频指数关系的分析

目的　探讨硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉术中知晓的发生率以及脑电双频指数 (BIS)与镇静深度的关系。方法　选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的肝癌手术患者 2 40例 ,麻醉方法均为硬膜外阻滞加全麻。分为两组 :异丙酚组 (P组 ,n =12 0 ) ,术前 30分钟肌注苯巴比妥钠 0 1g、阿托品 0 3mg ,诱导用芬太尼 4μg/kg、异丙酚 1 5mg/kg、琥珀胆碱 2mg/kg ,维持用异丙酚 12mg·kg-1·h-1,持续 15分钟后改为 3mg·kg-1·h-1至术毕 ;硫喷妥钠组 (T组 ,n =12 0 ) ,术前 30分钟肌注咪唑安定 0 0 75～ 0 1mg/kg、阿托品 0 3mg ,诱导用硫喷妥钠 6mg/kg替换P组的异丙酚 ,其余药相同 ,维持用 6 0 %的N2 O吸入至术毕。两组均在诱导前 15分钟开始在硬膜外导管内注入 0 5 %布比卡因 4ml。术中持续监测BIS和边缘频率 (SEF)。结果　诱导前两组患者的EEG无差异 ;诱导后 15分钟和 30分钟 ,EEG抑制 ,BIS和SEF均降低 ,组间无差异 ;诱导后 6 0分钟和 12 0分钟 ,P组的BIS和SEF比T组低 (P <0 0 5 )。P组 1例术中知晓。结论　联合麻醉中 ,用BIS监测预防术中知晓的发生缺乏精确性。     

Ebstein畸形矫治术的麻醉管理

本院2004年3月至2005年12月手术治疗Ebstein畸形患者22例,男女各11例,年龄3个月-52岁,体重5-80kg。16岁以下患者诱导前肌肉注射氯胺酮6-7mg·kg-1、东莨菪碱0．01 mg·kg-1,意识消失后静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg·kg-1、泮库溴铵0．1-0．2 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导;16岁以上患者麻醉前30min肌肉注射吗啡10mg、东莨菪碱0．3mg,口服安定10mg,静脉注射咪达唑仑0．03-0.05 mg·kg-1、依托咪酯0．2-0.3 mg·kg-1、舒芬太尼1-2μg·kg-1、哌库溴铵0.08-1．0 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导。气管插管后行机械通气,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)30-35mm Hg。吸入1.0％-1．5％异氟醚,间断静脉注射舒芬太尼和哌库溴铵维持麻醉。连续监测心电图、有创血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、PETCO2、中心静脉压、体温和经食管超声心动图。术中麻醉管理要点为减轻右心室前、后负荷,避免肺血管阻力增加,保护心功能,维持血液动力学稳定。所有患者术后症状明显缓解,右心房内径、右心室内径低于术前,围术期无1例患者死亡。     

在小儿整形外科手术中异丙酚与氯胺酮复合静脉麻醉最佳搭配的研究

目的　在小儿整形外科手术中寻找异丙酚与氯胺酮复合静脉麻醉最佳搭配方案。方法　选择 36例外耳再造术患儿 ,随机分为四组 ,各组均用异丙酚和氯胺酮不同搭配比例维持麻醉。观察各组病人的麻醉过程中的血流动力学变化情况和麻醉恢复情况 ,同时记录异丙酚与氯胺酮的平均用量。结果　与第二、三、四组相比 ,第一组的异丙酚与氯胺酮用量多、麻醉恢复拔管时间较长、同时麻醉后出现头晕、复视等并发症发生率也较高 (P <0 0 5 )。第二、三组异丙酚用量无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而氯胺酮用量则有统计学差异 (P <0 0 5 )。第三组血流动力学不稳定 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　在小儿整形外科手术中选用适当搭配比例的异丙酚与氯胺酮 (手术前期用异丙酚 6mg·kg-1·h-1、氯胺酮 1 2mg·kg-1·h-1麻醉维持 ;手术中后期用异丙酚 6mg·kg-1·h-1、氯胺酮 0 8mg·kg-1·h-1维持 ;手术后期用异丙酚 6mg·kg-1·h-1维持并根据病人具体情况逐步减少异丙酚的输注速率 )复合静脉麻醉是一理想而且经济的麻醉方案。     

异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼麻醉在门诊短小手术的应用

目的：在２８例门诊短小手术病人观察异丙酚加小剂量芬太尼的麻醉效果及其对呼吸、循环功能的影响。方法：先静注芬太尼１μｇ／ｋｇ接着静注异丙酚１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，并继以０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ＾－１．ｍｉｎ＾－１的速率持续输注。结果：麻醉效果满意，对循环功能影响较轻，但对呼吸功能仍有明显抑制，呼吸频率减慢发生为５３．６％，ＳＰＯ２下降发生率为６０．７％，但在５ｍｉｎ内均自行恢复。结论：异丙酚配合小剂量芬太尼用于门     

气管内硬膜外联合麻醉下的超前镇痛

目的研究气管内硬膜外联合麻醉下,硬膜外给药时间不同、全麻诱导药物不同对术后镇痛产生的影响。方法开腹行切除肝癌、胃癌的病人120例,随机分为A、B、C、D4组,每组30例。A组:在T8-9经硬膜外注入1%利多卡因和0.25%布比卡因混合液6～8ml,再经硬膜外注入含吗啡2mg、氟哌利多2.5mg的生理盐水10ml;全身麻醉诱导药物为芬太尼3μg·kg-1,异丙酚1～1.5mg·kg-1,琥珀胆碱2mg·kg-1。B组:诱导药物中不使用芬太尼,用利多卡因1～1.5mg·kg-1代替,术中也不使用芬太尼,其余条件同A组。C组:在T8-9行硬膜外穿刺,之后行全身麻醉诱导,诱导药物为芬太尼3μg·kg-1,异丙酚2～2.5mg·kg-1,琥珀胆碱2mg·kg-1,必要时可加芬太尼2～3μg·kg-1。切皮后90min,经硬膜外注入1%利多卡因和0.25%布比卡因6～8ml,再经硬膜外注入含吗啡2mg、氟哌利多2.5mg的生理盐水10ml。D组:诱导药物中不使用芬太尼,用利多卡因1～1.5mg·kg-1代替,术中也不使用芬太尼,其余条件同C组。分别于术毕后4、8、24、48h观测VAS、镇痛药消耗量、恶心、呕吐、骚痒等指标。结果A组的药物消耗量最少、镇痛效果最好;B组和C组次之;D组的药物消耗量最大,镇痛效果最差。结论硬膜外复合气管内麻醉时,硬膜外麻醉与芬太尼同时使用,术后镇痛效果最好。     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉的临床应用

目的观察雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉的效果。方法全身麻醉下腰椎手术患者60例,随机均分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉组(Ⅰ组)和静吸复合麻醉组(Ⅱ组)。雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚的负荷量分别为1μg/kg和1mg/kg,雷米芬太尼以0.5μg·kg-1·min-1速率输注。麻醉中通过增减雷米芬太尼0.1μg·kg-1·min-1输注速率调整麻醉深度。丙泊酚按5∶4∶3方案输注,即5mg·kg-1·h-1输注10min,4mg·kg-1·h-1输注10min,20min后3mg·kg-1·h-1恒速输注。观察两组气管插管反应、麻醉效果、苏醒质量。结果两组麻醉效果相同,均可抑制气管插管反应(P<0.01),且Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组明显(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组苏醒质量较Ⅱ组好(P<0.01),不良反应较Ⅱ组高(P<0.01),术中无知晓。结论雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚用两个注射泵静脉麻醉,采用负荷量加两种以上速率输注全凭静脉麻醉简便易行。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.