支气管动脉栓塞术在急性大咯血中的临床应用

目的探讨支气管动脉栓塞术在急性大咯血中的临床应用价值。方法 28例急性大咯血患者,经内科非手术治疗无效,采用介入栓塞术,行患侧支气管动脉、内乳动脉、肋间动脉、膈下动脉及对侧支气管动脉造影,明确出血动脉后行超选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗。结果 28例患者中,22例1次栓塞成功,即刻止血;咯血明显减少5例,1例再次介入栓塞治疗后止血,有效率100%,无严重并发症发生。结论清晰的显示供血动脉、规范的导管操作、合理的栓塞剂选择是手术成功、减少并发症的关键;肺原发疾病的进展、侧枝血管的建立、开放是栓塞后复发出血的主要因素;熟悉支气管动脉解剖变异及侧支是介入治疗肺咯血安全、有效的保证。     

大咯血介入治疗失败的原因分析及处理

目的分析大咯血介入治疗后复发出血的原因,为改进大咯血介入治疗技术提供参考。方法2000年10月-2008年10月期间对22例大咯血介入治疗后复发出血患者行第2次介入治疗,术中行支气管动脉、病变侧支血管（胸廓内动脉、胸廓外动脉、甲状颈干、膈下动脉、肋间动脉等）造影,酌情选择栓塞剂（明胶海绵、PV颗粒、钢丝圈等）栓塞病变血管。结果22例患者中,4例因栓塞支气管动脉再通参与病变供血,3例除栓塞支气管动脉外第2、3支支气管动脉参与病灶供血,其余15例均找到其他侧支参与病灶供血。第2次介入治疗后（随访3个月～4年）,22例患者均未再发生出血。结论完全彻底的栓塞所有参与病灶供血的血管,积极处理原发疾病,可以有效地提高介入治疗大咯血的成功率。     

超选择性靶血管栓塞术治疗难治性大咯血的体会

目的回顾性评价难治性大咯血超选择靶血管栓塞术的方法和疗效,提高超选择插管治疗大咯血的成功率。资料与方法搜集我院1998年5月至2011年3月介入治疗大咯血病例中非典型支气管动脉供血、反复发作的难治性大咯血患者67例,行超选择病灶血管栓塞术。栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒、钢圈、聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒、Fe3O4微粒等。结果 67例难治性咯血患者中62例完成18个月随访,总体治愈53例,显效12例,基本有效2例,无效0例。发现除支气管动脉外,另有多种血管参与供血,其中单纯异常血管供血33例,复杂供血34例。结论超选择病灶血管栓塞不仅是介入治疗大咯血科学、有效、安全、不可替代的方法,而且还能够发现更多的解剖变异。超选择插管与否以及插管成功之后治疗细节的把握,对难治性大咯血的治疗有重要意义。     

The Experience of Superselective Target-Vessel Embolization in Curing Intractable and Massive Haemoptysis

目的 回顾性评价难治性大咯血超选择靶血管栓塞术的方法和疗效,提高超选择插管治疗大咯血的成功率.资料与方法 搜集我院1998年5月至2011年3月介入治疗大咯血病例中非典型支气管动脉供血、反复发作的难治性大咯血患者67例,行超选择病灶血管栓塞术.栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒、钢圈、聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒、Fe3O4微粒等.结果 67例难治性咯血患者中62例完成18个月随访,总体治愈53例,显效12例,基本有效2例,无效0例.发现除支气管动脉外,另有多种血管参与供血,其中单纯异常血管供血33例,复杂供血34例.结论 超选择病灶血管栓塞不仅是介入治疗大咯血科学、有效、安全、不可替代的方法,而且还能够发现更多的解剖变异.超选择插管与否以及插管成功之后治疗细节的把握,对难治性大咯血的治疗有重要意义.     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血26例分析

目的：评价支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的临床疗效。方法：26例大咯血患者，咯血量300～1200ml／24h，平均420ml／24h，其中肺癌12例，支气管扩张6例，肺结核2例，肺棘球蚴病1例，肺血管畸形5例。采用改良Seldinger方法行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗。栓塞材料使用明胶海绵颗粒或PVA，血管粗大者加用明胶海绵条。常规行患侧锁骨下动脉、肋间动脉及对侧支气管动脉造影。以了解有无多支供血，发现供血血管则尽量行超选择插管栓塞治疗。肺癌患者根据不同病理类型行常规化疗灌注。结果：18例一次栓塞成功，3例两次栓塞成功，5例肺癌咯血栓塞后出血量明显减少。栓塞术后即时止血率80．77％，近期复发率7．69％，中远期复发率23．08％。结论：支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血即时止血和近期疗效满意，中远期复发与栓塞材料吸收和原发病有关。     

肺外体循环动脉栓塞在肺结核咯血诊治中的临床意义

目的：探讨肺外体循环动脉在肺结核咯血中的供血特点及肺外体循环动脉栓塞治疗肺结核咯血的价值,以提高介入手术治疗疗效。方法：70例肺结核咯血患者经内科治疗无效,采用Seldingers技术行股动脉穿刺,将导管插至胸主动脉和锁骨下动脉,探查病灶供血动脉,针对靶血管行栓塞治疗。结果：70例患者共行195支血管造影,有54例（77.14%,54/70）存在病灶多血供,总共179支供血血管。54例患者中支气管动脉81支,肋间后动脉74支,胸廓内动脉16支,甲状颈干4支,锁骨下动脉2支,胸外侧动脉2支。支气管及肋间后动脉共干38例,根髓动脉显示27例。一次性栓塞后即刻止血48例（82.85%,48/70）;出血明显减少,经内科保守治疗1周内出血停止19例（24.29%,19/70）;经2次介入手术止血3例。结论：约77%的肺结核咯血患者病灶存在多支动脉供血特点,仔细寻找肺外体循环靶血管并进行规范栓塞是提高肺结核咯血介入手术治疗疗效的有效途径。     

经皮穿刺动脉栓塞术治疗支气管扩张合并急性大咯血(附4例报告)

目的探讨支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)治疗支气管扩张合并急性大咯血的疗效.方法4例支气管扩张合并急性大咯血的患者均急诊行BAE,栓塞剂采用明胶海绵颗粒(1.0mm×1.0mm×1.0mm)及2mm长真丝微粒,其中2例行2次BAE治疗;所有患者随访8～21月.结果所有患者支气管动脉栓塞后即刻止血,近期疗效显著,单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞的1例患者在2月后咯血复发.结论支气管动脉栓塞术是目前治疗支气管扩张合并急性大咯血的首选治疗方法,尤以真丝微粒作为栓塞材料为佳.     

支气管动脉CTA检查在咯血介入治疗中的临床价值

目的探讨CTA检查在咯血介入治疗中的价值、局限及应用策略。方法 53例咯血患者行支气管动脉CTA检查,随后行支气管动脉栓塞术。统计CTA与栓塞术中DSA检查显示支气管动脉、异常支气管动脉、侧支供血动脉的数量。所有病例术后随访1年。结果 CTA检查与术中DSA检查分别显示支气管动脉152支、123支。以DSA检查结果为标准,CTA检出的支气管动脉、异常支气管动脉、侧支供血动脉符合率分别为100%(123/123),82.3%(79/96),53.8%(21/39)。51例患者成功行支气管动脉栓塞治疗,术后1年内复发6例。结论 CTA检查发现支气管动脉敏感度高,有助于介入术中快速查找出血动脉和优化介入治疗方案。CTA显示异常支气管动脉及侧支供血动脉效果不够理想,介入术中应充分利用CTA提供的信息,但确认出血血管仍需要DSA检查。     

咯血的多支血供及其栓塞治疗

目的探讨咯血病灶的多支血供特点,以及应用明胶海绵栓塞供血动脉治疗顽固性咯血的临床价值。方法128例内科治疗无效的咯血患者,包括支气管扩张70例,肺结核23例,肺癌27例,肺隔离症2例,真菌感染2例,外伤1例,胸部术后3例。采用Seldinger技术行股动脉穿刺,将导管插至胸主动脉和锁骨下动脉,探查病灶供血动脉,并行数字减影血管造影(DSA)。针对供血动脉用明胶海绵进行栓塞。所有病例均随访6月以上。将具有2支或2支以上病灶供血动脉的病例作为统计对象。结果89例存在病灶多支血供,占69.5%(89/128),总共233支多支供血动脉中包括支气管动脉157支,肋间动脉54支,胸廓内动脉18支,甲状颈干2支,迷走供血动脉2支。上述动脉呈不同程度增粗。除2例支气管扩张和1例肺癌外,其余86例栓塞后咯血症状改善,有效率96.6%(86/89),其中15例复发,复发率为17.4%(15/86)。无严重的栓塞后并发症出现。结论部分咯血患者的病灶具有多支动脉供血,栓塞前全面探查病灶供血动脉是必要的;针对病灶的多支供血动脉栓塞是治疗顽固性咯血的一种安全、有效的方法。     

肋间动脉辅助栓塞治疗咯血的临床价值

目的探讨肋间动脉栓塞在动脉栓塞治疗咯血中的价值。方法16例肋间动脉参与供血的患者,予真丝线段栓塞支气管动脉和肋间动脉。结果16例经19次治疗,行支气管动脉、肋间动脉联合栓塞15例,单独栓塞肋间动脉1例。即刻止血13例,即刻止血率81.3%,总有效率87.5%,无效2例,复发2例,无严重并发症发生。结论支气管动脉栓塞治疗咯血时,同时栓塞供血的肋间动脉能提高疗效,降低复发率。     

合并支气管动脉-肺循环瘘大咯血的介入治疗

目的 探讨大咯血患者合并支气管动脉-肺循环瘘介入栓塞治疗策略及临床疗效. 资料与方法 66例大咯血患者经DSA检查显示20例合并支气管动脉-肺循环瘘,采用长效栓塞剂PVA和丝线对靶血管进行栓塞治疗,部分辅以明胶海绵颗粒(条). 结果 16例1周内咯血消失,4例首次治疗无效者均为病变广泛分流量大或主干血管细小扭曲,1例病变血管栓塞不全,3例1～3天复发再次造影显示瘘口完全或部分再通,栓塞后2例仍咯血改行手术治疗.术后5个月及11个月复发各1例,首次治疗有效率80%,1年内复发率26.3%. 结论 介入栓塞治疗合并支气管动脉-肺循环瘘的大咯血安全、有效,但主干血管细小扭曲及病变广泛分流量大者瘘口易早期再通复发咯血.     

Peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms and massive hemoptysis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and etiology of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms in patients undergoing bronchial angiography for massive hemoptysis and to assess patient outcome after the embolization of these pseudoaneurysms. CONCLUSION: Peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms occur in up to 11% of patients undergoing bronchial angiography for hemoptysis. These are often most easily appreciated on bronchial and/or nonbronchial systemic arterial angiograms because of complete reversal of flow in pulmonary artery branches in the diseased lung. Embolization of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries alone may not be sufficient therapy to control hemoptysis, and occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm itself via a pulmonary artery approach is recommended.     

Bronchial arteriography and transcatheter embolization in the management of hemoptysis

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the effect of bronchial artery embolization in treating massive hemoptysis and the value of bronchial arteriography in the evaluation of patients with hemoptysis.Methods Thirty-five patients with acute hemoptysis were evaluated by means of bronchial arteriography and treated with transcatheter embolization. Specific causes for bleeding were bronchiectasis (17), lung cancer (9), tuberculosis (4), tetralogy of Fallot (1), and idiopathic hemoptysis (4). The materials used for embolization were gelatin sponge in 33 patients, dextran microspheres in 2, and stainless coils in 1.Results The angiographic signs of hemorrhage encountered were extravasation of contrast media (14.2%), hypervascularization (94.5%), bronchopulmonary shunts (34.2%), and bronchial artery aneurysms (14.2%). Immediate control of bleeding occurred in 32 (91.4%) of 35 patients after embolization. The rate of recurrent hemoptysis was 20.0% after 2 weeks of the procedure, but the hemorrhage was less severe than before treatment.Conclusion The data suggest that bronchial artery embolization is an effective method for managing patients with hemoptysis. Minor bleeding recurrences appear to be relatively frequent.     

Transcatheter embolization in the management of pulmonary hemorrhage

A group of 306 patients with acute pulmonary hemorrhage were evaluated by means of bronchial arteriography and treated with transcatheter embolization. Specific causes for bleeding included lung abscess, chronic pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and bronchiectasis. In 120 patients the hemoptysis was massive, with volumes exceeding 500 ml/day. The majority (n = 225) were treated during peak hemorrhage. Embolization was performed with one of three methods: particulate embolization with polyurethane or velour, obturation with the angiographic catheter combined with peripheral embolization by means of infused albumin macroaggregates, and regional infusion of sclerosing agents. Effective hemostasis was obtained initially in 278 patients (90.8%), including 87.5% of those treated during peak hemorrhage. In 26 of 28 cases without initial response, the pulmonary artery was the source of bleeding. Recurrent bleeding, within 1-4 days, requiring surgery was observed in 39 patients with initially successful hemostasis. Of 158 patients who were treated without surgery, subsequent episodes of hemoptysis occurred in 36. Combined methods of embolization may improve the efficacy of treatment of operable and inoperable patients with lung disease complicated by hemorrhage.     

咯血介入治疗后近期再出血的原因分析

目的 探讨急性大咯血介入栓塞治疗后1周内再次出血的原因.方法 回顾性分析经急诊介入治疗大咯血患者56例,均经股动脉穿刺行支气管动脉、肋间动脉及胸廓内动脉、胸廓外动脉、膈动脉等血管造影或/和栓塞术.结果 本组患者介入术后1周内再次出血6例,其中原发性肺癌栓塞后再出血2例,支气管扩张1例,肺结核1例,食管癌术后1例,食管癌放疗后1例,并再次行支气管动脉、肋间动脉及胸廓内外动脉、膈动脉等相关血管造影栓塞术.结论 介入术前应用血管收缩药物、肺脏供血动脉多样化、病变范围广、栓塞材料的选择不合适、造影图像质量欠清晰等均导致大咯血介入栓塞治疗后近期再出血.     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺大咯血

目的　探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的方法及疗效。方法　对 36例大咯血或长期反复咯血的病人用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞支气管动脉。 36例病人中 ,单侧 31例 ,双侧 5例。肺癌 1 7例 ,支气管扩张 8例 ,肺结核 1 1例。先行支气管动脉造影 ,确定出血血管后 ,用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞 ,直到支气管动脉闭塞为止。结果　即刻止血 31例 ,出血完全控制。 5例咯血明显减少 ,内科治疗后咯血完全停止。随访 3月～ 5年 ,再出血 2例。结论　支气管动脉栓塞是治疗大咯血的有效方法 ,效果确切 ,止血迅速     

3种不同支气管动脉栓塞方法治疗大咯血的疗效比较

目的 探讨3种不同支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的临床价值,观察不同的栓塞物质和栓塞方式对大咯血治疗的临床效果及与并发症的关系。方法 93例大咯血病例,26例行单纯明胶海绵栓塞,30例行夹心面包法栓塞,37例行四重夹心面包法栓塞。所有病例随访6～24个月。结果 3组病例近期（6个月内）有效率：单纯明胶海绵栓塞92％（24／26）,夹心面包法栓塞100％（30／30）,四重夹心面包法栓塞100％（37／37）;远期疗效（6-24个月）单纯明胶海绵栓塞和夹心面包法栓塞均有复发病例,四重夹心面包法栓塞无复发病例。结论 四重夹心面包法支气管动脉栓塞术是治疗大咯血的一种简便、创伤小,且高效的治疗手段。     

急性大咯血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗大咯血的临床价值。 方法回顾性分析27例咯血保守治疗无效行介入治疗患者的资料。包括支气管扩张（5例）、肺癌（10例）和肺结核（12例）。采用明胶海绵和聚乙烯醇颗粒进行支气管动脉栓塞治疗。 结果治疗后27例患者出血明显减少;2例患者1周后又出现大咯血,治疗失败。治疗有效率92.59%(25/27)。 结论支气管动脉栓塞术是急性大咯血安全、方便、有效的治疗方法。     

Massive hemoptysis from a pulmonary sequestration controlled by embolization of aberrant pulmonary arteries: Case report

A case of massive hemoptysis due to pulmonary sequestration is presented. Initially, the diagnosis of sequestration was unsuspected and bronchial artery embolization was done for management of hemoptysis from the left lower lobe, but 4 days later massive hemoptysis recurred. Repeat arteriography, including a thoracoabdominal aortogram, revealed two large abdominal arteries penetrating the left diaphragm and feeding the lower lung. Embolization of the aberrant artery from the celiac trunk and the left inferior phrenic artery resulted in complete hemostasis until elective surgical ligation of the two arteries was performed 2 months later. The massive hemoptysis from a pulmonary sequestration could only be controlled after embolization of the transdiaphragmatic aberrant pulmonary arteries.     

Bronchial Artery and Systemic Artery Embolization in the Management of Primary Lung Cancer Patients with Hemoptysis

Purpose To assess the safety and effectiveness of arterial embolization in lung cancer patients with hemoptysis. Methods Nineteen primary lung cancer patients with hemoptysis underwent bronchial artery and systemic artery embolization from April 2002 to March 2005. There were 17 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 59 years. Histologic analysis revealed squamous cell carcinoma in 10 patients and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 9 patients. The amount of hemoptysis was bleeding of 25–50 ml within 24 hr in 8 patients, recurrent blood-tinged sputum in 6, and bleeding of 100 ml or more per 24 hr in 5. Embolization was done with a superselective technique using a microcatheter and polyvinyl alcohol particles to occlude the affected vessels. Results Arterial embolization was technically successful in all patients and clinically successful in 15 patients (79%). The average number of arteries embolized was 1.2. Bronchial arteriography revealed staining (all patients), dilatation of the artery or hypervascularity (10 patients), and bronchopulmonary shunt (6 patients). The recurrence rate was 33% (5/15) and 11 patients were alive with a mean follow-up time of 148 days (30–349 days). Conclusion Arterial embolotherapy for hemoptysis in patients with primary lung cancer is an effective, safe therapeutic modality despite the fact the vascular changes are subtle on angiography.