肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的分析肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)合并胆管癌栓的CT及病理表现,以提高影像诊断准确性。资料与方法回顾性分析9例HCC合并胆管癌栓的临床、CT及病理表现。结果9例均在术前CT检查中发现HCC及胆管癌栓病灶。在CT像上肝内肿瘤呈现典型HCC表现。胆管癌栓在CT像上表现为扩张的胆管内填充有软组织块影,呈条索状或柱状,胆管远段扩张,胆管壁无增厚及肿瘤侵犯,在动脉期胆管癌栓呈现早期强化,无延迟强化改变。9例中有2例合并有门静脉癌栓。9例中低分化HCC8例,分化较好1例。胆管癌栓在显微镜下其细胞形态与肝内肿瘤原发灶相似。结论HCC合并胆管癌栓的CT表现有一定特点,CT对病灶的检出及定性诊断具有重要价值。     

胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的影像表现和形态分型

目的 探讨胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN-B)的CT、MRI特征及其形态分型.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的IPMN-B患者18例,16例行CT平扫+增强扫描,13例行MR增强扫描,其中11例同时行CT和MR检查.观察分析其影像和病理表现,结合影像及病理表现将IPMN-B分为典型IPMN-B、囊性IPMN-B、无肿块型IPMN-B和侵袭性IPMN-B共4种类型,确定其分型.结果 典型IPMN-B 9例,表现为沿胆管壁的肿瘤灶,肿瘤上游、下游胆管均明显且广泛扩张.囊性IPMN-B5例,胆管呈动脉瘤样扩张,内可见单发或多发瘤灶.无肿块型IPMN-B 2例,胆管呈广泛明显扩张,未见明确肿瘤病灶,胆管壁光滑.侵袭性IPMN-B 2例,病灶所在节段胆管扩张,肿瘤突向胆管腔内使胆管壁呈锯齿状,伴随胆管外异常密度或信号灶.18例均有胆管扩张,其中16例可见扩张胆管内肿瘤病灶,2例未见明确瘤体显示,仅表现为胆管扩张.CT扫描可见肿瘤密度低于肝实质,并高于胆汁和胆管内黏液.MR T2WI可见肿瘤信号高于结石,并低于胆汁和黏液.DWI肿瘤均表现为高信号.增强扫描肿瘤呈轻中度强化,三期增强扫描可见肿瘤的密度或信号均低于肝实质.结论 IPMN-B的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征性并有助于分型.     

MRCP结合MRI在胆管癌诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用

目的:讨论MRCP和MRI在胆管癌诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用。方法:回顾性分析18例胆管癌患者的MRI和MRCP表现,所有患者均行MR平扫及MRCP检查,其中4人做了MR动态增强扫描。18例中14例经手术病理证实,其余4例均经临床影像学资料全面综合分析确诊。结果:肝门部胆管癌9例,肝外胆管中段癌3例,肝外胆管下段癌6例。MRCP表现为胆管狭窄端呈不规则偏心性狭窄10例,向心性狭窄2例,阻塞或充盈缺损6例。MRI表现为扩张胆管末端不规则狭窄、软组织结节影或“双管征”,T1WI呈低、等信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,动态增强呈轻、中度强化。结论:MRCP是一种无创伤性的显示胰胆管腔形态的影像学方法,结合MR平扫加增强扫描,在胆管癌定位和定性诊断中有重要价值。     

胆管癌的MRI诊断(附32例报告)

目的：探讨胆管癌的MR表现及鉴别诊断,方法：收集32例经手术,病理证实的胆管癌,回顾性分析其MR表现,结果：肝内胆管癌2例,MR表现为肝内块状长T1长T2信号,可见中心瘢痕,卫星结节,增强后呈中度环形强化,肝门胆管癌18例,MR表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄,充盈缺损,肝门软组织肿块,中下段胆管癌12例,MR表现为肝内胆管扩张,病变以上胆总管扩张,病变胆总管狭窄,中断及周围软组织肿块,MRCP对扩张的肝内胆管,胆总管及狭窄端胆总管形态显示良好。结论：肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据MR表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析MR及MRCP表现,鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法:收集23例经手术、病理证实的肝内外胆管癌,回顾性分析其螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现。结果:肝内胆管癌5例,CT平扫为边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有高密度钙化影,增强扫描随时间延长病灶由边缘向中央逐步强化,最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质,病灶周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。肝门胆管癌6例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄、充盈缺损、轻中度强化的肝门软组织肿块。中下段胆管癌12例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张、病变以上胆总管扩张、病变处胆总管狭窄、中断,梗阻近端胆管壁不均匀增厚、腔内见软组织结节影或周围软组织肿块。结论:肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据CT动态增强表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析CT薄层放大增强表现鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨胆管乳头状腺瘤的CT和MRI影像特点,提高其诊断正确率.方法 回顾性分析10例经手术及病理证实的胆管乳头状腺瘤,10例均行CT平扫和增强扫描,其中8例同时行MR平扫和增强扫描检查,对其影像表现进行研究分析.结果 10例中发生于左侧肝内胆管6例,右侧肝内胆管2例,胆总管2例.CT上6例表现为乳头状、颗粒状或结节状肿块,呈低密度或等密度,增强后5例呈轻、中度强化,1例未见明显强化.4例CT未发现肿瘤占位,仅发现肝内胆管扩张伴胆管壁增厚,增强后胆管壁轻度强化.MRI上4例表现为等或稍长T1、稍长T2信号肿块,MRCP中发现胆管腔内类圆形或不规则形充盈缺损; 2例常规扫描中未见明显肿瘤,仅在MRCP上显示不规则充盈缺损; 2例仅表现为胆管壁增厚和胆管扩张.10例均伴有局限性或广泛性胆管扩张.结论胆管乳头状腺瘤CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性,可以做到术前正确诊断.     

胰腺浆液性微囊性囊腺瘤CT和MRI表现

目的 分析胰腺浆液性微囊性囊腺瘤(SMCA)的CT和MRI影像表现特征.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的17例胰腺SMCA的CT及MRI表现,包括肿瘤位置、长径、分隔、增强表现及有无钙化、中央瘢痕、胰胆管扩张等影像表现.结果 17例SMCA:1例同时行CT和MR检查,10例行CT检查,6例MR扫描(其中2例同时行MRCP).病变位于胰头2例,胰颈2例,胰腺体尾部13例.肿瘤长径1.7~14 cm,平均5.2 cm.16例可见分隔,1例分隔显示欠佳,9例可见中央瘢痕.增强扫描分隔及瘢痕强化,囊性成分均无强化.6例可见远端主胰管扩张.结论 胰腺SMCA有一定的影像学特征,多表现为分叶状结节或肿物,具有多发小囊,囊腔多<2 cm,囊与囊之间见多发纤维分隔,增强扫描后纤维分隔明显强化,但低于胰腺组织.中央瘢痕是其特征性表现,在MR上多表现为T1WI及T2WI等或稍低信号.典型的胰腺SMCA根据CT和MRI表现可以做出明确诊断.     

先天性胆管扩张症的影像学诊断(附6例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨先天性胆管扩张症的影像学诊断价值.方法收集6例先天性胆总管扩张症的临床及影像学(CT和超声)资料,结合文献加以回顾性分析.结果 按照Todani氏胆管扩张症的分型,Ⅰ型胆总管扩张症1例,表现为肝外胆管呈囊状低密度影,管壁薄而光滑;Ⅳ型胆总管扩张症4例,表现为肝外胆管囊状或梭形扩张伴有肝内胆管囊状或串珠状扩张;Ⅴ型胆管扩张症1例,表现为肝内胆管多发囊状扩张,增强可见中心点征.6例超声检查,均能提示肝内外胆管扩张,确诊为胆总管囊肿1例, 4例为提示性诊断,误诊1例.本组中合并胆囊炎和胆囊结石、胆管癌以及肝硬化各1例.结论 CT和B超在诊断先天性胆管扩张症中具有重要价值,是首选的检查方法.     

混合型肝癌的CT和MRI表现

目的 探讨混合型肝癌的CT及MR表现.方法 回顾性分析23例经手术病理证实的混合型肝癌的CT和MRI表现.18例行CT平扫和动态增强扫描,5例行MR平扫和动态增强扫描,观察其影像特征.结果 18例行CT检查的患者平扫表现为边界不清楚的低密度肿块(15例),并有淋巴结肿大(5例)、血管侵犯(7例)、卫星灶(5例)、假包膜(9例)、肝内胆管扩张(1例)等恶性肿瘤的特征;5例行MR检查的患者平扫T1WI序列上表现为低或略低信号,T2WI序列表现为高或略高信号,1例伴有淋巴结肿大,1例伴有血管侵犯,4例伴有假包膜.在CT、MR的动态增强上,大部分肿瘤在动脉期表现为肿瘤内部或周边不均匀强化,在静脉期肿瘤部分区域可见不均匀性高密度或信号(在动脉期图像上相对应为低密度信号区),延迟期仍可见对比剂潴留而呈高低混杂密度或信号.结论 平扫和动态增强CT及MR扫描能反映混合型肝癌的影像特点,具有一定特征性,有助于提高该病的诊断准确性.     

肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI的综合诊断

目的 探讨CT、MRI对肝门部胆管癌的综合诊断价值.方法 收集31例肝门部胆管癌患者,均进行CT平扫、增强、MRI平扫及MRCP检查,10例进行MRI-LAVA检查.结果 浸润型18例,3例CT未明确,MRI全部显示;结节肿块型10例,乳头状型3例,CT、MRI均检出.CT平扫病灶以等低密度为主,T1WI为稍低或等信号,T2WI不均匀稍高信号.动脉期主要呈边缘线样强化,门脉期轻中度不均匀强化,延迟呈持续强化.MRI显示门静脉侵犯8例,CT 5例.MRCP清晰显示扩张胆管的形态,肿瘤管壁浸润表现为胆管走行僵硬、不规则狭窄或中断.LAVA扫描 6例受累胆管壁延迟强化.其他征象有肝内转移5例,淋巴结转移6例,病灶肝叶萎缩10例、肝叶低灌注1例.结论 CT及MRI均能有效检出肝门部胆管癌.MRI在显示肿瘤边界,诊断浸润型胆管癌、门静脉侵犯及管壁浸润较CT可能更有优势.两者综合应用对肝门部胆管癌诊断更可靠.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombi: Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging features to histopathologic manifestations

Purpose

This study was to analyze the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with bile duct tumor thrombi, and explore their correlations to histopathology to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

Materials and methods

21 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC with bile duct tumor thrombi was performed with a superconducting 1.5-T MR imager within two weeks before operation. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed on 18 patients. Images were retrospectively assessed for the size, location and MRI manifestations of HCC lesions and associated bile duct tumor thrombi. The differentiation of HCC lesions and the pathologic changes of bile duct tumor thrombi were retrospectively analyzed under microscope.

Results

The average diameter of HCC lesions was 5.8 ± 2.8 cm, and ≤5.0 cm in nine cases. Capsule formation was observed on MRI or pathology in 4 cases of HCC (19%). Of the 21 cases with bile duct tumor thrombi, 20 were clearly presented on MRI as cord-like or columnar masses in the bile duct with proximal cholangiectasis. The tumor thrombi showed slightly hypointense on T1WI and slightly hyperintense on T2WI. On enhanced scan, three cases of tumor thrombi, which were mainly consisted of necrotic tissue, did not show enhancement; 17 cases, which were mainly consisted of cancer cells, showed mild or moderate enhancement. On magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogram (MRCP), 14 cases of tumor thrombi presented as filling defect in the bile duct, abrupt obstruction of the bile duct, and cholangiectasis above the obstruction; four presented as dilated intra-hepatic bile ducts with missing common bile duct. Of the 21 patients, 16 had biliary hemorrhage; three also had tumor thrombi in the portal vein. Seventeen of the 21 HCC with biliary thrombi were poorly differentiated, unencapsulated and with an invasive growth. Nineteen of 21 bile duct tumor thrombi did not invade the bile duct wall and could be easily extracted.

Conclusion

MRI plays a valuable role in diagnosing HCC with bile duct tumor thrombi and identifying the extent of the thrombi; the MRI features of HCC with bile duct tumor thrombi are associated with its pathologic changes.     

胆管癌误诊和漏诊的影像学分析

目的：分析胆管癌误诊和漏诊的原因，评价不同检查方法对肝门区胆管癌诊断的价值，提高胆管癌的影像学诊断和鉴别诊断水平。方法：收集31例临床和病理诊断为胆管癌的病例(ERCP检查31例，B超检查31例，25例CT检查，11例行MRCP检查)，回顾性分析不同检查方法的影像学表现。结果：31例中发生在肝门区的胆管癌25例。2例初次ERCP显示胆管内出血，再次行鼻胆管造影后诊断为胆管癌，4例合并有总胆管结石。6例为总胆管中下段癌。初次诊断准确性为90．3％。11例MRCP中9例显示病变，2例显示不满意，7例显示胆管或胆囊结石。25例CT中23例显示肝内胆管扩张，9例显示肝门区肿块，2例见后腹膜转移淋巴结，1例见肝内多发性转移瘤。12例初次诊断正确(48％)。B超检查23例提示肝内胆管扩张，6例提示总胆管结石，18例诊断为胆囊炎、胆囊结石，8例提示胆管占位(25．8％)。结论：良好的直接胆管造影是诊断胆管癌的金标准，MRCP可以在一定程度上准确显示病变的范围，是ERCP的良好补充，很大程度上取代了诊断性ERCP；CT诊断的关键在于显示扩张的胆管和梗阻的定位，肝门区梗阻多为胆管癌所致。多种影像检查方法的结合明显提高了诊断的准确性，对胆管癌治疗方案的选择有重要价值。     

胰头癌的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨磁共振成像对胰头癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析28例经手术病理及其它方法证实的胰头痛变的MRI表现。扫描序列包括SE序列T1WI、FSE序列T2WI、T1WI FS、T2WI FS、25例行MRCP,12例行增强扫描。结果：26例MRI诊断为胰头癌,23例诊断正确。2例为胰头炎性病变误诊为胰头癌。23例胰头癌T1WI、T2WI肿瘤信号呈多样性,T1WI FS肿瘤组织低于正常胰腺组织,MRCP呈“双管征”,胆总管下端呈截断征象。结论：应用MRI多序列成像结合MRCP、能够对胰头癌进行准确定位,并有较高的定性价值。     

MRI及MRCP在胆管癌中的诊断价值

目的 探讨MRI及MRCP在肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值.方法 收集2010年6月～2012年8月33例来医院就诊并经病理诊断证实了的胆管癌患者,其中男15例,女18例,年龄45-85岁,平均年龄62.3岁,所有患者均行常规MRI扫描、MRCP扫描、全部33例均行强化扫描.扫描采用GE SIGNA HDe 1.5T超导全身磁共振扫描仪.结果 浸润型13例,肿块型17例,乳头状型3例,MRI及MRCP均清楚显示,MRI表现为T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2 WI呈等或稍高信号,增强MR扫描病灶呈延迟强化;MRCP显示扩张胆管的形态及走形的中断或狭窄.结论 MRI及MRCP均能明显的检测出肝门区胆管癌,并且在显示肿瘤的边界、胆管扩张的程度及对门静脉的侵犯有重要的临床价值,较其它影像学检查有一定的优势.它不仅提高肝门区胆管癌的诊断率,而且又为临床治疗提供证据.     

CT and MR cholangiography: advantages and pitfalls in perioperative evaluation of biliary tree

Recent developments in imaging technology have enabled CT and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to provide minimally invasive alternatives to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the pre- and post-operative assessment of biliary disease. This article describes anatomical variants of the biliary tree with surgical significance, followed by comparison of CT and MR cholangiographies. Drip infusion cholangiography with CT (DIC-CT) enables high-resolution three-dimensional anatomical representation of very small bile ducts (e.g. aberrant branches, the caudate branch and the cystic duct), which are potential causes of surgical complications. The disadvantages of DIC-CT include the possibility of adverse reactions to biliary contrast media and insufficient depiction of bile ducts caused by liver dysfunction or obstructive jaundice. Conventional MRCP is a standard, non-invasive method for evaluating the biliary tree. MRCP provides useful information, especially regarding the extrahepatic bile ducts and dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced MRCP may facilitate the evaluation of biliary structure and excretory function. Understanding the characteristics of each type of cholangiography is important to ensure sufficient perioperative evaluation of the biliary system.     

肝移植后MR征象的探讨

目的:探讨原位肝移植术后MR征象形成及临床意义。方法:13例原位肝移植术后患者均用SE序列及FSE序列常规扫T1WI及脂肪抑制T2WI,部分选用磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)、钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)动态增强3D MRA检查,分析各序列图像特点。结果:13例患者均在脂肪抑制T2WI上出现门静脉周围间隙增宽,并伴有长T1、长T2信号;1例出现肝内胆管的弥漫性囊柱状扩张;10例出现移植肝周围及叶间裂少量积液,部分患者合并胸腔积液;10例MRCP示胆道明显或稍狭窄,其中5例为吻合口狭窄,2例为肝门部淋巴结压迫所致,3例ERCP结果与之相符;5例见可疑胆湖。2例ERCP发现吻合口胆漏而MRCP表现为阴性;4例追踪发现肝内肿瘤复发或出现远处转移灶;1例诊断为局灶性肝坏死。结论:通过对肝移植术后门周间隙增宽,弥漫性胆管扩张及胆汁瘤等征象进行探讨,为临床评价移植物功能,诊断胆漏提供了一定的信息。     

Early bile duct carcinoma: comparison of imaging features with pathologic findings

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the imaging features of early bile duct carcinoma and to compare these features with histopathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board did not require its approval or informed patient consent for this study. Twenty-one patients (13 men, eight women; mean age, 60 years; range, 48-75 years) with early bile duct carcinoma that was surgically resected and histopathologically confirmed were included. Ultrasonography (US) was performed in 15 patients, computed tomography (CT) in 21, cholangiography in 18, and magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography in six. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed imaging features by consensus; they compared growth pattern of tumors, integrity of the bile duct wall that harbored the tumor, and periductal infiltration with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Pathologic specimens showed intraluminal tumor growth in all cases. Tumors were confined to the mucosa in 11 patients and involved the fibromuscular layer in 10 patients. In four of the 10 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, four of the five hilar cholangiocarcinomas, and six of the six extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, there were intraductal tumor masses and the wall of the tumor-bearing bile ducts was preserved without periductal infiltration on US and CT images. On cholangiograms and MR cholangiograms, tumors were better delineated but the wall invasion could not be evaluated. No difference in image findings was found between carcinoma confined to the mucosa and carcinoma involving the fibromuscular layer. CONCLUSION: Imaging features of early bile duct carcinoma are a tumor mass in the bile duct lumen and integrity of the tumor-bearing bile duct wall without infiltration outside the wall.     

肝内胆管错构瘤5例的磁共振成像诊断及鉴别诊断简

目的：探讨成人肝脏胆管错构瘤的影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析5例经手术、病理证实的肝内胆管错构瘤的影像学表现。对所有患者均行磁共振成像（MRI）平扫、磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、增强扫描,并穿刺活检病理证实。结果 T1WI病变呈低于肝实质的信号,呈多发,沿血管胆管树分布, T2WI病灶显示清楚,呈明显的高信号,在MRCP序列上,多数病变显示为高信号,与T2WI比较,显示的病变数量有所减少。MRCP显示肝内多发类囊状高信号病变,与可见的胆管树不相通。增强扫描示各期病灶无强化,在增强扫描60 s,3 min肝实质明显强化,小囊状信号未见明显强化,形成明显的对比。结论成人肝内胆管错构瘤在影像学上无特征性表现,类似于肝转移瘤、肝脓肿、肝海绵状血管瘤等常见的肝囊性占位病变。     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病CT及MRI诊断

目的:探讨十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析25例经临床随访证实的十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI表现,其中21例行CT平扫及增强,9例行MRI平扫、增强以及MRCP。结果:十二指肠乳头旁憩室CT及MRI表现壶腹周围含液气囊性病灶。MRCP表现为十二指肠内侧间壶腹部突出高信号囊性病灶。25例患者中合并胆胰病变CT和/或MRI表现为胆总管及肝内胆管结石13例,胆管扩张及壁增厚强化8例,胰腺肿胀3例,胰周脂肪层模糊4例及渗出2例,肾前筋膜增厚5例,胰管串珠样扩张2例。结论:CT及MR能显示十二指肠乳头旁憩室同时显示胆胰疾病引起胆管及胰腺形态学改变,有助于十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病诊断。