CT血管造影评价静脉血栓栓塞的特征★

目的：介绍多排螺旋CT血管造影诊断静脉血栓栓塞的扫描技术和影像学征象，评价其在静脉血栓栓塞早期诊断中应用价值和优势。 方法：应用计算机检索Medline 1998-01/2007-10与静脉血栓栓塞和肺血栓栓塞的诊断相关的英文文章，检索词“venous thromboembolism，pulmonary thromboembolism，CT angiography”；同时通过手工和计算机检索万方数据库2000-01/ 2007-10相关中文文章，检索词“静脉血栓栓塞，CT血管造影，诊断”。通过检索得到228篇相关文献，纳入24篇完全符合要求的文献。 结果：多排螺旋CT利用多排采集技术，结合高质量的三维重建图像，能清晰地显示肺动脉远端分支，使肺栓塞的诊断进一步达到了亚段水平。薄层螺旋CT诊断肺栓塞的敏感性与肺动脉血管造影相比没有显著差异，其敏感性和特异性都高于肺通气/灌注核素扫描，且在排除急性肺栓塞时，螺旋CT有可能替代核素扫描成为检查的首选。 结论：螺旋CT扫描速度快，图像清晰，不遗漏小病灶。螺旋CT血管造影是静脉血栓栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

螺旋CT三维重建在膝关节骨折中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT三维重建及后处理在膝关节骨折中的应用价值。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/PubMed)及CNKI数据库(www.cnki.net/index.htm) 1995/2009有关螺旋CT三维重建修复膝关节骨折的文献,检索关键词为“膝关节骨折,三维重建,CT断层扫描”,限定语言种类为英文和中文。排除重复、较陈旧的文献以及综述、Mete分析类文献。共28篇文献符合标准,中文14篇,英文14篇。同时结合病例进行分析,50例膝关节骨折患者均接受了普通X射线平片检查,经多层螺旋CT扫描和后处理,比较三种方案的检查结果,并与术中及术后观察结果进行对照。 结果：螺旋CT三维重建及后处理功能在膝关节骨折的诊断和治疗中具有重要的临床应用价值,可利用多平面重建、表面遮盖、容积再现和最大密度投影对轴位像进行补充。病例分析结果显示,X射线确诊率为88%,多层螺旋CT确诊率为100%,通过螺旋CT三维重建能够明确诊断,更正分型。 结论：多层螺旋CT三维重建能更准确地显示普通X射线平片所不能直接显示的关节面骨折,在显示关节腔及关节面骨折、明确骨折分型和膝关节损伤情况方面要优于普通X射线平片检查。     

128层纳米四维螺旋CT在颅底骨折诊断中的应用

目的探讨128层纳四维螺旋CT在颅底骨折诊断中的作用。方法对128层纳米四维螺旋CT扫描确诊76例颅底骨折的图像进行回顾性分析。结果128层纳米四维螺旋CT薄层扫描,多平面多种方式三维重建,可直观的提供深部的细微骨折、不典型及特殊骨折的详细信息。结论128层纳米四维螺旋CT薄层扫描及多平面多种方式三维重建是目前诊断颅底骨折较有效的方法。     

脊髓造影螺旋CT重建颈椎病仿真解剖模型的意义☆

背景：随着螺旋CT及计算机图像后处理技术的进步，医学仿真影像学在复杂颈椎病的诊断与治疗中获得了良好的临床应用效果。 目的：观察脊髓造影螺旋CT扫描多平面重建及三维重建颈椎影像仿真解剖模型的效果及其临床意义。 设计、时间及地点：计算机三维重建，金标准对比实验，于2001-01/2006-01在苏州大学附属第二医院完成。 对象：接受手术治疗的20例病情复杂的颈椎病患者。 方法：对20例患者进行颈脊髓造影螺旋CT薄层扫描，分别行多平面重建和三维重建，建立颈椎CT仿真解剖模型。将扫描及其重建结果用于术前病情评估、模拟手术，并以手术直视所见为金标准评价仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 主要观察指标：仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 结果：仿真解剖模型可同步显示骨性椎管和膜性椎管，为术前评估和模拟手术提供了颈椎全面、细微骨性解剖结构和硬膜囊、脊髓、神经根袖等软组织受压等解剖信息，与患者实际解剖相符合。 结论：仿真解剖模型直观、逼真，准确再现了颈椎解剖，可应用于综合评估颈椎病病情并模拟手术。     

多排螺旋CT血管造影评估静脉血栓栓塞的扫描技术及影像学特点★

学术背景：影像学检查在静脉血栓栓塞诊断中起了重要作用，以往应用动脉血管造影、核素扫描及磁共振扫描等方法，但均存在一定缺陷。 目的：评价多排螺旋血管造影对静脉血栓栓塞早期诊断的价值，并介绍多排螺旋CT的扫描技术及影像学特点等方面的最新进展。 检索策略：由第一、二作者应用计算机检索Medline1998-01/2007-10与静脉血栓栓塞诊断相关的文章，检索词“venous thromboembolism，(pulmonary thromboembolisis，CT angiography”， 限定语言种类为“English”。同时通过手工和计算机对万方数据库2000-01/ 2007-10的相关文章进行检索，检索词“静脉血栓栓塞，CT血管造影，诊断”， 限定语言种类为中文。纳入标准：内容与静脉血栓栓塞和肺血栓栓塞的诊断有关。排除标准：较陈旧的文献和重复研究。 文献评价：初检得到228篇相关文献，其中机检172篇，手检56篇；包括中文74篇，英文 154篇。阅读标题和摘要进行初选，排除因研究目的与本文无关的144篇，内容重复者38篇，保留56篇中英文文献进一步查找全文，纳入24篇完全符合要求的文献进行综述，其中6篇是综述和述评类文献，其余18篇是关于静脉血栓栓塞临床、影像和病理诊断方面的研究。 资料综合：多排螺旋CT利用多排采集技术，结合高质量的三维重建图像，能清晰地显示肺动脉远端分支，使肺栓塞的诊断进一步达到了亚段水平。薄层螺旋CT诊断肺栓塞的敏感性与肺动脉血管造影相比没有显著差异，其敏感性和特异性都高于肺通气/灌注核素扫描，且在排除急性肺栓塞时，螺旋CT有可能替代核素扫描成为检查的首选。总的来讲CT灌注扫描已成为肺栓塞影像诊断研究的新方向。 结论：螺旋CT扫描速度快，图像清晰，不遗漏小病灶。螺旋CT血管造影是静脉血栓栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

双源CT结合多平面重建与容积再现三维重建技术评价肋骨骨折

背景：依靠胸部摄片诊断肋骨骨折常导致误诊和漏诊。 目的：分析双源CT结合三维重建技术在肋骨骨折中的应用价值。 方法：使用双源CT对65例肋骨骨折患者进行薄层扫描,将数据发送至工作站行多平面重建、容积再现技术,得到肋骨骨折高清晰度的三维图像后,从不同角度观察骨折线走行、骨折移位及成角情况。 结果与结论：双源CT结合三维重建图像清晰显示65例患者286根骨折,其中52例保守治疗,其余13例行切开复位、内固定治疗。制定手术方案时均参考了三维重建图像,所显示的骨折部位、移位、成角等情况与术中所见一致。提示双源CT能明确诊断肋骨骨折,多平面重建和容积再现技术互相补充对诊断肋骨骨折及指导治疗方案有明显的优势。     

1000/基于PC机上颅脑CT二维图像的三维重建

目的: 在普通个人计算机上利用颅脑CT二维图像实现对颅骨的三维重建。方法: 利用正常人颅脑CT扫描数据集，采集二维图像数据，利用Amira软件对二维图像数据进行颅骨的图像分割、提取其轮廓线、三维可视化重建。结果：利用颅脑CT二维图像数据在普通计算机上得到了颅骨精细的三维模型。此模型能够多个视角显示和观察，并能单独显示某一分离的结构，同时可对其进行编辑和精确距离测量。结论：在普通计算机上应用软件进行三维重建可以获得颅骨精细的三维模型，解决了传统上只能依赖螺旋CT机进行三维重建的难题，为科研、教学及建立颅脑模型数据库提供方法和积累了资料，为三维重建技术在普通计算机上的广泛应用提供重要理论依据。     

螺旋CT多平面重建三维重建技术在小儿隐性脊柱裂诊断中的临床应用

目的探讨螺旋CT多平面重建技术(MPR)及三维重建(3D)技术在小儿隐性脊柱裂诊断中的应用。方法使用GEprospeedAI型螺旋CT机对80例小儿隐性脊柱裂扫描后进行MPR、3D重建观察,并与二维CT(2DCT)比较。结果MPR、3D重建图像清晰显示了脊柱裂的裂隙缝位置、范围及程度。结论螺旋CT的MPR、3D是诊断小儿脊柱裂的有效手段,有助于病变的早发现早治疗。     

螺旋CT三维重建颌骨内埋伏牙位置形态及与周围组织的关系

目的 应用螺旋CT三维重建技术对颌骨内埋伏牙进行术前定位评估。方法23位埋伏牙患者使用传统平片和螺旋CT（SCT）进行术前检查。SCT横断面扫描后应用表面阴影遮盖技术（shaded surface display ,SSD） 和多平面重建技术（ multiplanar reformation 、MPR）对埋伏牙进行三维重建。使用传统平片和螺旋CT三维重建图像分别对埋伏牙位置、形态、牙根弯曲、与周围组织结构的解剖关系进行定位研究,评价诊断的准确性。 结果 SCT三维重建能够清楚呈现埋伏牙的位置,形状及其与邻近组织结构的关系。传统平片和SCT对埋伏牙位置评估的准确性分别是37.0% 和 100%,对牙根弯曲诊断的准确性为44.4％和88.9％。 结论 SCT三维重建技术能够清楚的显示颌骨内埋伏牙的位置,形态及与周围组织结构的关系,从而有利于制定个性化,恰当的口腔治疗方案。     

螺旋CT多平面重建三维重建技术在小儿隐性脊柱裂诊断中的临床应用

目的探讨螺旋CT多平面重建技术（MPR）及三维重建（3D）技术在小儿隐性脊柱裂诊断中的应用。方法使用GE prospeed AI型螺旋CT机对80例小儿隐性脊柱裂扫描后进行MPR、3D重建观察，并与二维CT（2DCT）比较。结果MPR、3D重建图像清晰显示了脊柱裂的裂隙缝位置、范围及程度。结论螺旋CT的MPR、3D是诊断小儿脊柱裂的有效手段，有助于病变的早发现早治疗。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.