69例孤立性肺内肿块CT表现分析

目的：探讨肺内孤立性肿块CT征象，以提高肺内良，恶性肿块CT诊断的正确率。方法：搜集经手术证实，具完整临床及CT资料的肺内孤立性肿块69例，进行回顾性分析。重点分析肺内病灶的轮廓，边缘，形态，大小，内部结构及周围关系等。总结其CT征象在鉴别诊断良，恶性肿块中的价值。结果：69病例中，周围型肺癌40例，其中具棘状突起征27例，深分叶征24例，毛刺征16例，胸膜凹陷征10例，29例良性病变中，棘状突起征1例，分叶征4例，毛刺征7例，胸膜凹陷征1例，其中9例边缘出现尖刺状影。结论：合理利用窗宽，窗位，棘状突起征，分叶征，毛刺征，尖刺状影等，对鉴别良，恶性肿块具有重要价值。     

肺内孤立结节的HRCT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的：提高孤立肺结节ＣＴ诊断的正确性。材料与方法：前瞻性研究了６１例孤子肺结节的边缘、内部及其周围肺部变化的ＣＴ特征。讨论了良、恶性孤立肺结节的定性结果。结果：ＣＴ表现为毛刺、深分叶、细支气管充气征或（和）空泡征、胸膜凹陷或（和）尾巴征、棘状突起、增强ＣＴ值≥２０ＨＵ的结节恶性比良性大。ＣＴ表现结节内有钙化、边缘光滑、边缘环形增强良性比恶性大。结论：增强ＣＴ扫描可对孤立肺结节作出定性诊断。     

多层螺旋CT对局灶性炎症样周围型小肺癌的诊断

目的探讨局灶性炎症样周围小肺癌的多层螺旋CT影像特征。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的35例局灶性炎症样周围型小肺癌的多层螺旋CT表现,分析内容包括在2 mm薄层肺窗图上病变的大小、形态、密度、毛刺征、细支气管充气征、空泡征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征。结果 35例病变直径均小于2 cm,35例均形态不规则、密度浅淡,细短毛刺征23例,僵硬细支气管充气征30例,空泡征29例,血管集束征31例,胸膜凹陷征23例。结论局灶性炎症样周围型小肺癌具有边缘欠规整,有小空泡、细短毛刺、僵硬的细支气管充气征、血管集束征及胸膜凹陷征等多层螺旋CT征象,这些征象有助于其定性诊断。     

胸部CT对孤立性肺小结节的定性诊断价值

目的探讨胸部计算机断层扫描(CT)对孤立性肺小结节的定性诊断价值。方法选择我院就诊的120例孤立性肺小结节患者作为研究对象,采用胸部X线、CT对患者进行检查。以穿刺活检病理诊断结果为参照,比较X线、CT对孤立性肺小结节的定性诊断结果并分析其与穿刺活检病理诊断结果的一致性。根据穿刺活检病理诊断结果,将孤立性肺小结节患者分为良性病变组、恶性病变组,比较两组的CT表现。结果 CT对孤立性恶性肺小结节的诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确率均高于X线,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CT诊断结果与穿刺活检病理诊断结果具有高度一致性,Kappa值为0.859,而X线诊断结果与穿刺活检病理诊断结果具有中度一致性,Kappa值为0.634。恶性病变组的结节直径大于良性病变组,分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征发生率及钙化比例高于良性病变组,血容量、血流灌注量、强化峰值均高于良性病变组(P<0.05)。结论 CT对孤立性肺小结节的定性诊断准确性高,诊断价值良好。     

HRCT在肺单发性磨玻璃样病灶鉴别诊断中的价值分析

目的:探讨肺单发性磨玻璃样病灶(solitary pulmonary ground glass opacity,sp GGO)的计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)影像学表现与其良恶性的关系。方法:收集196例手术治疗的sp G G O患者的临床资料。回顾性分析病灶的CT影像学特征,包括肿瘤大小、内部结构(空泡征、支气管充气征)、毛刺征、病变分叶征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征。对照CT与病理结果,总结影像学特征与GGO性质的关系。结果:良恶性GGO患者的CT空泡征、支气管充气征表现的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在肿瘤的大小、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征的表现方面,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:GGO的影像学特征上,直径越大其恶性可能性越大,病变的分叶、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征和血管集束征可作为恶性GGO的特征。     

螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在早期周围性肺癌诊断中的应用

目的：通过螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在早期周围性肺癌诊断中的应用，进一步提高CT在早期周围性肺癌中的诊断价值，丰富CT的诊断手段。方法：对经手术、病理证实的23例早期周围性肺癌采用薄层螺旋扫描，围绕病灶进行观察。结果：具有分叶征的肿块大于1．0cm，20例；具有毛刺征的肿块大于1．5cm，9例，在周围有炎性反应的情况下．毛刺征不易显示；具有集束征的肿块大于1．2cm．18例；胸膜凹陷征的肿块大于1．8cm，2例，对于距离胸膜太近的肿块观察较难；空泡征在内窥镜技术中难以显示。结论：螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在周围性肺癌中的应用的价值是肯定的，对肿块的分叶征、集束征及毛刺征的显示非常直观、准确；胸膜凹陷征可以显示邻近胸膜向凹陷处集中的征象。     

孤立性肺结节胸部CT与病理的临床分析

目的分析孤立性肺结节胸部CT影像学特征与术后病理。方法对29例孤立性肺结节患者的胸部CT影像学表现、孤立性肺结节的直径进行分析,并与术后病理结果对照。结果胸部CT影像学如分叶征、边缘毛刺征、空泡征、支气管充气征、胸膜凹陷与血管聚集征等特点是恶性肺孤立性结节的特征性表现,而孤立性肺结节的直径对于疾病的诊断有一定的价值。结论早期充分认识孤立性肺结节的影像学特征,正确评价结节的性质,能提高手术治疗效果。     

周围性小肺癌的X线、CT诊断

目的 探讨周围性小肺癌(SPLC)的X线、CT影像表现，提高对SPLC的正确诊断。方法 经X线、CT初步诊断及手术病理证实的周围性小肺癌58例，全部病例均摄胸部正侧片及CT片。结果 (1)X线、CT征象特点：分叶征、边缘毛刺征、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征、毛玻璃样征及蜂窝征。小空洞及血管集束征为SPLC基本征象。(2)X线、CT表现差异：肿块密度、分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷、纵隔淋巴结肿大的观察CT优于胸片。病灶形态、边缘的显示胸片优于CT。(3)CT对SPLC定性诊断的准确性高于X线胸片。结论 X线胸片、CT征象显示3种边缘征象以上的肺周围型肿块应高度提示SPLC。增强扫描对鉴别肿块的良恶性很有帮助。     

CT三维重建技术对肺内孤立性结节的诊断价值

肺内孤立性结节的诊断及鉴别诊断一直是胸部影像学的重点和难点,充分显示其特征是诊断的关键。影像检查中常见的病变,因其缺乏典型的影像特征,以及影像检查设备的局限性和检查者体位与扫描方法的影响使其容易漏诊,尤以≤3 cm结节为甚。近年来随着CT三维重建技术的改革和发展,让很多学者对肺内孤立性结节的诊断和鉴别诊断有了进一步飞跃认识。通过多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维后处理技术(VR、MPR、CPR、MIP、SSD等方法)对肺内孤立性结节进行三维回顾性的重建,能够清晰地显示病灶的分叶征、空气支气管征、毛刺征、空泡征、血管集束征、棘突征、胸膜凹陷征等征象,为肺内孤立结节的定位、定性提供了更可靠的依据。     

肺部孤立结节CT影像学特征观察

目的探讨肺部孤立结节(SPN)CT影像学特征。方法随机选择50例SPN患者作为研究对象,应用螺旋CT机扫描,由2位高年资放射诊断医师进行阅片,确定有无结节以及结节的特点。结果 SPN的CT特征包括分叶、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、空泡、血管集束征、钙化及空洞等,统计学处理显示:周围性肺癌分叶、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征发生率高于结核瘤、炎性假瘤、肺错构瘤3种疾病(P<0.05);结核球钙化、空洞比率高(P<0.05);炎性假瘤病灶空泡、邻近胸膜反应多(P<0.05);肺错构瘤表现为爆玉米花样钙化。结论 CT能够较好显示SPN特点,是区分良、恶性SPN有效方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.