HIV-associated parotid lymphoepithelial cysts

BACKGROUND: An outstanding feature of the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, or DILS, a subset of HIV-1 disease, is asymptomatic bilateral parotid swelling. Recognition of the entity is important because people with this disease will seek routine dental care. CASE DESCRIPTION: The authors present a classic case of DILS. The patient exhibited bilateral parotid swellings caused by lymphoepithelial cysts, cervical lymphadenopathy, a CD8 circulating lymphocytosis and a CD8 lymphocytic infiltration into the labial salivary glands. A right superficial parotidectomy had been performed several years previously. However, no intervention was advised for the remaining left parotid because of its benign course. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Since patients with DILS can develop lymphomas, periodic observation is mandatory. Any change in the growth pattern requires that a fine-needle aspiration biopsy be performed.     

Oral findings in coeliac disease and Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Both coeliac disease (CD) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have an autoimmune background and increased risk of oral mucosal and dental abnormalities. Individuals suffering concomitantly from CD and SS could even be at a higher risk. STUDY DESIGN: Oral mucosal and dental abnormalities were examined in 20 patients with CD + SS (mean age 61 years) and compared with age- and sex-matched controls with either CD or SS. RESULTS: Oral mucosal changes were most common in SS (80%), followed by CD + SS (65%) and CD (40%). Coeliac-type dental enamel defects were found in 89% in CD + SS and in 88% in CD compared with only 25% in SS (P < 0.001). The median number of teeth was six in the CD + SS, 24 in the CD and 22 in the SS group. The DMF index was higher (P < 0.005) in the CD + SS than in the CD group. CD + SS was characterized by higher salivary flow rate (P < 0.001) and lower inflammatory focus score in the salivary glands (P < 0.01) than SS. CONCLUSIONS: The co-occurrence of CD and SS should be recognized because of its effects on dental and oral mucosal health. A lower salivary gland inflammatory focus score and higher salivary flow rate in CD + SS than in SS suggests that a gluten-free diet treatment may alleviate autoimmune inflammation.     

Immunological studies on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in metal allergy patients

Recently, the number of patients with dental metal allergy has risen significantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical availability of the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) using metal reagents as a method for diagnosing metal allergy. In vitro, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 18 patients with metal allergy and five healthy volunteers were examined by LST using 12 metal reagents (HAuCl4, PdCl2, NiSO4, CoCl2, CuSO4, SnCl4, K2Cr2O7, MoCl5, H2PtCl6, IrCl4, AgBr, FeCl3). To define metal allergy, a patch test (PT) was performed with metal reagents, and then the components of dental alloys in their mouth were analyzed. The expressions of CD 4, CD 8, CD 25, and CLA of metal-specific T cells were determined by flow cytometric analysis (FACS). PBMC from patients with positive PT showed LST positive for nickel sulfate (Ni), gold chloride (Au), palladium chloride (Pd) and cobalt chloride (Co). The results of LST in other metals indicated negative in spite of the positive result by PT. FACS results indicated the increase of CD 4 + T/CD 8 + alpha 4 + T cells, CD 4 + T/CD 8 + CLA+ T cells by stimulation with metal reagent. Thus, metal-specific T cells were stimulated in PT positive patients, so LST could be a more specific test for diagnosing dental metal allergy.     

Elevated T cell subpopulations in dental students

The absolute numbers of circulating white cells and lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 25 final-year dental students and compared with a control group of 28 medical students. The total lymphocyte count, total T cell numbers (CD3), T helper/inducer (CD4), and T suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) numbers were significantly elevated in the dental students as compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in the T helper/inducer to T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratios or the circulating B cell (CD21) and natural killer cell (CD16) numbers between the study and control groups. Patch testing to mercury and mercuric compounds in both the study and control groups showed no evidence of cutaneous hypersensitivity to mercury. The reason for the observed elevations in T cell subpopulations in dental students is not clear. However, one possible explanation is the dental student's occupational exposure to mercury. Further work is underway to examine this possible relationship and it is suggested that dental personnel take adequate measures to reduce their exposure to mercury until the results of these studies are available.     

Atypical Hallerman-Streif syndrome: a case report

Hallerman Streif syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by dyscephaly, dental anomalies, proportionate nazism, hypotrichosis, cutaneous atrophy limited to the head, bilateral congenital cataracts and bilateral microphthalmia. Despite the marked craniofacial characteristics and oral findings, a relative lack of reports in the dental literature has been noted. In this article, a case of a 8 year old boy with dental problems is described.     

"Moebius syndrome": a case report

Moebius syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by a lifetime facial paralysis, involving sixth and seventh cranial nerves with malformations of orofacial structures and the limbs. In this case, an 8 year old girl with Moebius syndrome is presented, clinical findings are described and management aspects are discussed. Early dental evaluation and parental counselling as a part of preventive dental regimen can go a long way in providing complete psychosocial rehabilitation for such physically disabled children.     

干细胞表面标志物在牙髓干细胞中的表达

目的:探讨磁珠分选后培养的人牙髓干细胞的表面标记抗原随培养代数增加的变化情况。方法:改良组织块法培养的人牙髓细胞,至第2代（P2）时,用磁珠方法分选出STRO-1阳性细胞,用流式细胞术分别检测P2、P3、P4、P5、P6、P7、P8代的干细胞表面标志物CD73、CD90、CD105、 CD166、STRO-1。取P3代细胞,分别进行成骨诱导和成脂诱导。21 d后,分别行茜素红染色和油红O染色,观察矿化物形成情况和脂滴形成情况,同时以未诱导细胞为对照。结果:STRO-1在牙髓干细胞表面随代数增加而下降,CD73、CD90、CD105、 CD166的表达比较稳定,茜素红染色可见矿化结节形成,油红O染色显示形成大量脂滴。结论:STRO-1在牙髓干细胞表面随代数增加而下降,其他干细胞标志物比较稳定。     

Kabuki syndrome: a case report

This article reports the case of an 8-year-old female with Kabuki syndrome and the oral/dental implications of this syndrome, namely hypodontia with interdental spacing, abnormal tooth morphology, malocclusion and a defect in the anterior midline of the palate. The oral findings will aid the clinician in diagnosing this syndrome, which was once thought to be seen exclusively in the Japanese population.     

Oral findings in DiGeorge syndrome

An 8-year-old female with DiGeorge syndrome was referred for dental treatment. Previous medical examination had disclosed heart and aortic arch malformations, hypoparathyroidism and an impaired cellular immune response. At dental examination, hypertelorism, a short philtrum, low-set malformed ears, a cleft palate and severe enamel hypoplasia were noted. The chronological distribution of enamel defects corresponded to the patients' age at known episodes of profound hypocalcemia occurring during treatment with vitamin D. Branchial dysembryogenesis should be considered in any case with dental changes related to hypoparathyroidism.     

Kabuki syndrome: a case report

Abstract

This article reports the case of an 8-year-old female with Kabuki syndrome and the oral/dental implications of this syndrome, namely hypodontia with interdental spacing, abnormal tooth morphology, malocclusion and a defect in the anterior midline of the palate. The oral findings will aid the clinician in diagnosing this syndrome, which was once thought to be seen exclusively in the Japanese population.     

Osteogenic distraction to treat solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome: a case report

Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome is a rare developmental disorder characterized by a single symmetrical maxillary central incisor. Only a small number of cases with comprehensive dental treatment have been reported in the literature. No surgical treatment has been proposed before. We report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented SMMCI syndrome associated with an Angle class II occlusion and a maxillary transverse deficiency. After the failure of two rapid maxillary expansions, a surgical option was proposed: osteogenic maxillary distraction. The distraction, associated with multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment, created enough space to place a prosthetic central incisor without dental extractions. Osteogenic distraction is an interesting option to treat patients with SMMCI.     

Dental and dentofacial problems in a female child with Toriello‐Carey ­syndrome: changes in 3 years

Toriello‐Carey syndrome is a rare disease whose clinical manifestations are midline facial defects, laryngeal and pharyngeal hypoplasia, cardiac defect, and corpus callosum hypoplasia. Literature states that clinical manifestations are more evident in males. This is the second report in the literature which describes the dental and dentofacial ­features in an 8‐year‐old female patient with Toriello‐Carey syndrome.     

Ellis‐Van Creveld syndrome: dental management considerations and description of a new oral finding

Ellis‐Van Creveld is a rare syndrome with characteristic dental and orofacial findings. Dental management of patients with Ellis‐Van Creveld syndrome can be complicated by the associated skeletal and cardiac abnormalities. Here, we present the dental and orofacial findings in a patient with Ellis‐Van Creveld syndrome, describe a new oral finding, and discuss the dental management considerations.     

脐静脉内皮细胞外泌体和内皮祖细胞外泌体对hDPSCs增殖及迁移能力的比较研究

目的 将人脐静脉内皮细胞外泌体(human umbilical vein endothelial cells-derived exosome,HUVECs-exo)和内皮祖细胞外泌体(endothelial progenitor cells-derived exosome,EPCs-exo)对人牙髓干细胞(human dental pulp stem cells,hDPSCs)增殖和迁移能力的影响进行比较研究,以期为外泌体在牙髓再生中的应用积累经验。方法 采用超速离心法分离提取外泌体,透射电镜观察外泌体形态,纳米粒子跟踪分析技术(nanoparticle tracking analysis,NTA)检测外泌体粒径大小,Western blot蛋白印迹检测外泌体标志蛋白CD9、CD63、TSG101的表达。将两种外泌体按照5、10、20 μg/mL浓度梯度分别作用于hDPSCs,通过CCK-8实验检测hDPSCs增殖能力,细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验检测hDPSCs迁移能力。结果 透射电镜下观察两种外泌体均呈圆盘状,粒径集中在30～150 nm,阳性表达CD9、CD63、TSG101三种标志蛋白。与对照组(Control组)相比,两种外泌体在不同浓度下均对hDPSCs增殖能力无显著促进作用,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验表明,与对照组相比,两种外泌体均可促进hDPSCs迁移,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中10 μg/mL外泌体浓度作用效果最明显(P<0.01)。相同浓度的两种外泌体组间作用效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 本实验成功分离提取到两种细胞来源的外泌体并进行鉴定,将不同浓度的两种细胞来源的外泌体作用于hDPSCs,发现对其增殖能力无明显促进作用,但可以促进其迁移,尤以10 μg/mL外泌体浓度促进迁移效果最为明显。     

Chronic inflammation around painless partially erupted third molars

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the histologic host response in chronic, symptomless pericoronitis. STUDY DESIGN: Gingival mucosal (n = 20) and dental follicle (n = 20) samples were collected during extraction from patients with pericoronitis and clinically healthy control subjects. Antibodies-recognizing macrophages (CD68), natural killer cells (CD56), T cells (CD2), helper T cells (CD4), suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (CD8), and neutrophils (lactoferrin) were applied in a labelled streptavidin-biotin method by using a DAKO TechMate staining robot. RESULTS: Macrophage was the most numerous kind of cell in pericoronitis, but CD2+ T lymphocytes, with a normal CD4/CD8 ratio, were also increased (P < .01). Neutrophils were not increased and did not show signs of activation. Dental follicles did not contain increased numbers of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION: This type of pericoronitis is a chronic/smoldering, rather than an acute/purulent, infection. Because of the chronic and often symptomless nature of pericoronitis, various long-term sequelae may result, which may lead to the need for extraction.     

The effect of dental alloys on mouse lymphocyte subpopulations

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of nickel‐containing alloys on lymphocyte subsets in an experimental setting. Plates of alloys containing nickel (Ceramalloy, Talladium, Cerillium, Rexillium) or gold (Orion) were implanted subcutaneously into mice. The levels of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T‐lymphocyte subpopulations and of Smig⁺ B lymphocytes were determined at various intervals following implantation, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. No changes were detected in the proportion of the lymphocyte subsets tested. One month after implantation, the mean fluorescence intensity of CD4, CD8 or Smig, in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of the nickel alloy‐implanted animals, was significantly higher than that prior to this procedure. Only a mild increase in CD4 and CD8 was noted after implantation of the gold alloy. The observed effects are most likely attributable to the surgical trauma, and do not indicate that nickel‐containing dental alloys influence T cell subsets in this murine model.     

Evaluating IL-2 levels in human pulp tissue

In murine and human CD4+ T cell populations, there are three subpopulations of T helper cell types. Hahn et al. demonstrated the ratio of CD4/ CD8 + cells significantly increases in inflamed dental pulps compared with normal pulps. Elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-2 have been detected in inflamed dental pulps and the level of IL-2 could be used as a marker for inflammation. In this study, levels of IL-2 were evaluated by using a human IL-2 cytokine assay kit on 80 samples of freshly extracted human pulp tissue. Applying standard diagnostic procedures, the tissue samples were clinically categorized into one of three experimental groups. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the concentrations of IL-2 in any of the experimental groups. Our findings are different from results reported previously. Further investigation is warranted to determine if a correlation exists between the concentration of IL-2 or other interleukins and the degree of inflammation present in the dental pulp.     

Dental characteristics of the Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: a case report

Little attention in the dental literature has been given to the dental characteristics of patients with the Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS). The syndrome is caused by deletions of the terminal portion of the short arm of chromosome 4. This case report provides information on dental anomalies noted in a child with WHS. The dental findings include agenesis of multiple permanent teeth, particularly premolars and molars, taurodontism, and over-retained primary teeth. This syndrome exhibits variable clinical expressivity, possibly due to the extent and the specific locus of the chromosomal deletion. Further studies are required to obtain a clearer view of the clinical oral/dental manifestations of this syndrome.     

骨形成蛋白复合牙本质陶瓷修复髓室底穿孔的实验研究

目的：用骨形成蛋白复合牙本质陶瓷修复髓室底穿孔，以氢氧化钙作为对照组。方法：术后６个月观察骨形成蛋白复合牙本质陶瓷修复髓室底穿孔的生物学作用。结果：骨形成蛋白复合牙本质陶瓷具有诱导骨样组织形成。结论：骨形成蛋白复合牙本质陶瓷可以用于修复髓室底穿孔。     

ARTICLE: Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome (ARS): A review and case report

Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare, autosomal dominant condition characterized by ocular, craniofacial, dental, and periumbilical abnormalities. Relatively little information exists on this syndrome within the dental literature despite the fact that midface hypoplasia and maxillary hypodontia are classical presenting features of this syndrome. This is a case report of a 7‐year‐old Caucasian female with ARS who presented with significant ocular and dental anomalies. She was also found to have osteopenia. Her dental condition is described, her immediate treatment is shown, and her long‐term treatment needs are discussed.