内窥镜辅助腋下切口隆乳术的应用体会

目的:探讨应用内窥镜辅助,在腋下切口假体隆乳术中的临床应用与操作体会。方法:自2010年10月~2012年10月应用内窥镜辅助隆乳20例,40侧。手术均行腋下切口,内窥镜辅助,胸大肌下分离置入假体或胸大肌筋膜间分离置入假体。结果:20例均随访1年以上,一例一侧包膜挛缩变硬,再次内窥镜辅助经腋下切口切开包膜组织,扩大腔隙,重新置入假体,,术后恢复好。其余术后乳房形态良好,外形及手感好,无血肿及感染等并发症发生。结论:采用内窥镜辅助下,手术在直视下进行,安全性高,手术创伤小,出血少,术后包膜挛缩发生率低,是值得推广的辅助技术。     

腋下切口全程内窥镜隆乳术的临床体会

目的:探讨经腋下切口全程运用内窥镜隆乳术的临床体会和手术方法。方法:本科室于2012年3月~2013年10月间应用内窥镜经腋下切口隆乳手术64例(128侧),54例行胸大肌下分离腔隙植入假体,10例行乳腺下分离腔隙植入假体,均全程运用内窥镜隆乳设备。结果:64例手术患者经复诊和随访至少6个月,未发现包膜挛缩变硬案例,2例术后短期出现乳房外侧皮肤麻木感,术后半年感觉恢复正常;1例慢性疼痛两周后恢复,其余伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无二次手术,无血肿感染等并发症,双侧乳房外形对称圆润,手感柔软。结论:腋下切口全程内窥镜隆乳术,切口瘢痕隐蔽,避免在术中盲视下操作、减少术中血管神经的误伤,便于分离、止血、通过技术改良能达到创伤更小,恢复更快,达到效果更满意的目的,值得推广应用。     

经腋下切口入路内窥镜辅助下双平面假体隆乳术

目的:探索内窥镜辅助下经腋下入路行假体隆乳术的效果。方法:采用腋下切口入路,在内窥镜辅助下,直视分离手术腔隙,离断部分胸大肌,将乳房假体置于胸大肌下和乳腺筋膜下双平面腔隙中。结果:本组就医者56例,经过平均11个月的随访,患者术后恢复快,未出现血肿,包膜挛缩等并发症,乳房形态自然,受术者满意度高。结论:经腋下切口在内窥镜辅助下的双平面假体隆乳术,变盲视操作为可视操作,视野清晰,操作简便;可在直视下进行胸大肌的松解,减少胸大肌对假体的束缚,降低了疼痛和包膜挛缩的发生,术后外形美观、手感逼真,可获得理想的动态效果,获得持久、满意的效果。     

内窥镜在乳房假体包膜挛缩微创治疗中的应用研究

目的依托内窥镜技术,探索微创治疗包膜挛缩的新术式,以求获得满意的手术疗效.方法根据新设计的手术步骤的要求,按切口大小,不同切口的操作需要,以及挛缩部位与乳房的位置关系,在不取出假体的情况下,将内窥镜技术应用于临床包膜松解手术中.手术采用经原隆乳手术切口或乳房下皱襞切口,完成乳房假体的显露后,对于完好的硅凝胶假体或盐水假体,不必取出假体,而在包膜内壁与假体之间,应用内窥镜电刀进行切割及分离包膜,完成包膜的松解.结果应用内窥镜技术,完成包膜松解术4例.术后随访半年,效果良好.结论本术式在保证手术操作易行性的前提下,增加了包膜松解手术切口的选择性及不更换假体完成操作的可行性.微创包膜松解术主要适应于隆乳术后乳房假体包膜挛缩的患者,无论假体内注入的是硅凝胶,还是盐水,均可以采用此方法治疗.     

内窥镜辅助假体隆乳的术前精确设计和术中精准控制

目的:探讨内窥镜辅助假体隆乳手术,术前精确设计和术中精准控制的方法、技巧和作用。方法:采用笔者提出的"十一精确设计法",进行乳房假体选择和术前画线设计;术中全程用内窥镜进行精准控制,直视下剥离胸大肌后间隙,用针头穿刺精准定位剥离边缘;内窥镜直视下精准形成"高位双平面"。结果:2015年2月-2018年12月,采用此方法共完成内窥镜辅助假体隆乳1 658例,术后早期出血3例。随访6~24个月,Ⅲ级包膜挛缩8例,可触及假体边缘感21例,假体移位2例,无感染、血肿、血清肿、窗帘征、双泡畸形、Ⅳ级包膜挛缩等并发症发生。结论:假体隆乳术前精确设计,术中在内窥镜直视下精准控制,是保证内窥镜辅助假体隆乳取得良好效果的有效方法,是精准可控的假体隆乳方式,值得在临床上推广应用。     

内窥镜辅助假体置入矫正乳房下垂

目的探讨通过内窥镜辅助假体置入在胸肌筋膜下或双平面层次(部分胸大肌下、乳腺下)纠正乳房下垂的可行性。方法本组患者共18例,均为轻度乳房下垂,经腋下切口,通过内窥镜辅助将硅凝胶乳房假体置于胸肌筋膜下或双平面层次。结果所有患者术后获随访3~18个月,平均6.5个月。乳房外形良好,下垂基本矫正,未见假体包膜挛缩,无血肿、感染等并发症发生。结论内窥镜技术与双平面胸肌筋膜下隆乳技术相结合,通过腋窝切口使乳房表面不遗留瘢痕,在降低并发症的同时提高了手术效果,是矫正乳房下垂的一种较好方法。     

内窥镜在乳房假体包膜挛缩微创治疗中的应用研究

目的依托内窥镜技术，探索微创治疗包膜挛缩的新术式，以求获得满意的手术疗效。方法根据新设计的手术步骤的要求，按切口大小，不同切口的操作需要，以及挛缩部位与乳房的位置关系，在不取出假体的情况下。将内窥镜技术应用于临床包膜松解手术中。手术采用经原隆乳手术切口或乳房下皱襞切口，完成乳房假体的显露后，对于完好的硅凝胶假体或盐水假体，不必取出假体，而在包膜内壁与假体之间，应用内窥镜电刀进行切割及分离包膜，完成包膜的松解。结果应用内窥镜技术，完成包膜松解术4例。术后随访半年，效果良好。结论本术式在保证手术操作易行性的前提下，增加了包膜松解手术切口的选择性及不更换假体完成操作的可行性。微创包膜松解术主要适应于隆乳术后乳房假体包膜挛缩的患者，无论假体内注入的是硅凝胶，还是盐水，均可以采用此方法治疗。     

内窥镜辅助胸肌筋膜后假体置入矫正乳房下垂

目的:探讨通过内窥镜辅助假体置入在胸肌筋膜下纠正乳房下垂的可行性。方法:本组患者共18例,均为轻度乳房下垂患者,经腋下切口,通过内窥镜辅助将硅凝胶乳房假体放置于胸肌筋膜后。结果:术后随访3~18个月(平均6.5个月),乳房外形良好,下垂基本矫正,未见假体包膜挛缩,无血肿、感染等并发症发生。结论:通过内窥镜技术与胸肌筋膜下隆乳技术相结合,将原本通过乳晕切口才能完成的手术,通过腋窝切口完成,使乳房表面不遗留瘢痕,满足了求美者的需求,同时降低了并发症,提高了手术效果,是矫正乳房下垂的一种较好方法。     

内窥镜辅助隆乳术

目的 养活常规隆乳术盲视下操作分离假体置入腔隙而赞成的创伤,提高隆乳术效果,探讨内镜在隆乳术中的应用。方法 自1996年5月起在内窥镜辅助下行胸大肌下置入腔隙的分离,止血及肌肉,筋膜的剥离,切割,17例置入假体34个,其中经腋切口7例,乳晕旁切口9例,乳房下皱臂切口1例。结果 应用内间辅助进行隆乳术可以减少组织损伤,经乳晕旁切口可以更直接和准确地分离和切割胸大肌内下份起点,腹直肌前鞘和腹外斜肌筋膜,形成分离彻底的置入腔隙和良好的乳房下皱襞形态,防止乳房假体上移及位置不正,术后无出血,感染等并发症,10例术后经随访3－12月,均无包膜挛缩,外形及手感良好,结论 内窥镜 乳术对置入腔分离,止血彻底,可减少血肿,感染等并发症,降低包膜挛缩的发生率,有助于获得良好的手术效果。     

经脐入路奥美定囊袋假体隆乳术

目的探索假体隆乳的一种新方法.方法用特制的手术器械,经脐入路,通过腹壁脂肪层向上分离,越过乳房下皱襞,在胸大肌下分离隆乳腔隙,采用奥美定假体隆乳.结果临床应用32例,随访6个月,乳房外形满意,1例1侧只乳房出现早期包膜挛缩.结论与传统手术相比,切口更加隐蔽,胸部、腋窝处无切口瘢痕.与内窥镜下经脐隆乳术相比,方法简单,容易操作,值得推广.     

内镜下经腋路双平面法假体隆乳术128例分析：如何获得医患满意的临床效果

目的总结内镜下经腋路双平面法假体隆乳术的关键流程和操作要点，以期获得医患满意的临床效果，最大程度地防止不良事件的发生。方法自2011年3月至2014年3月，采用内镜下经腋路双平面法，对128例小乳症患者进行假体隆乳术。回顾病例术前、术中、术后的治疗经过，收集乳房组织评估数据、双平面类型、假体型号、术后专项护理记录及医患满意度问卷调查等，并将以上信息归类分析。结果对于治疗效果，医患均满意126例，满意率98．4％；医师不满意1例：单侧假体包膜挛缩Baker分级Ⅰ级；患者不满意1例：假体偏小。总结术前、术中、术后经验教训及预期达到医患双方均满意手术效果的基本流程。结论良好的沟通，可量化的决策依据，丰富的临床经验，精细解剖操作，专业术后指导及最少的并发症，是获得理想隆乳效果的基本保证；忽略任何一个环节都可能给患者带来不良后果。     

Endoscopic Transaxillary Capsular Contracture Treatment

Background Traditionally, breast implant extraction and capsular contracture treatment are performed using the transareolar approach. However, this approach is not acceptable to Chinese patients because of the additional scar formation. The authors present their experience using capsular contracture treatment using transaxillary endoscopic assistance without the need for an additional incision. Methods The former transaxillary incisional scar for augmentation mammoplasty is used. Blunt dissection to the outer surface of the fibrous capsule is performed. A 30° 10-mm endoscope is placed through the axillary incision for dissection of the capsule’s outer surface. After completion of this procedure, the capsule is cauterized open, and extraction is completed. Transaxillary capsulectomy is performed under endoscopic control. The reimplantation is performed with the no-touch technique after an adequate pocket has been created. Results From October 2005 to September 2006, 11 patients were treated with the described procedure. The results were favorable during a follow-up period of 4 to 6 months. No scar was left on the breast, and no additional scarring occurred. Conclusions Endoscopic transaxillary capsular contracture treatment through the axillary incision was possible, with successful removal of the fibrous capsule. The technique eliminated the incision on the breast and created one incision far from the breast area for completion of the procedure.     

Endoscopic Transaxillary Capsulectomy

Background Traditionally, breast implant extraction and capsulectomy have been performed using a transareolar approach. However, this approach is not acceptable to Chinese patients because of the additional scar formation. The authors present their experience with capsulectomy using transaxillary endoscopic assistance without the need for an additional incision. Methods The former transaxillary incisional scar for augmentation mammoplasty is used. Blunt dissection is performed to the outer surface of the fibrous capsule. A 30°, 10-mm endoscope is placed through the axillary incision to dissect the outer surface of the capsule. After this is finished, the capsule is cauterized open, and extraction is completed. Transaxillary capsulectomy is performed under endoscopic control. Results From 2003 to 2005, a total of 30 breasts involving 15 patients were treated. The follow-up period was 4 to 6 months, with favorable results. No scar was left on the breast, and no additional scar was made. No liquid accumulation was identified. Conclusions Endoscopic transaxillary capsulectomy can be completed through the axillary incision. The technique successfully removed the fibrous capsule, eliminated the needed for an incision on the breast, and created an incision far from the breast for completion of the procedure.     

内镜辅助下腋窝切口乳腺后间隙隆乳术

目的 减少常规隆乳术中因盲视分离对组织的损伤及术中出血,探讨在内镜辅助下经腋窝切口行乳腺后间隙隆乳术的可能性.方法 2005年以来,在内镜下经腋窝切口行乳腺后间隙隆乳术27例,术中出血显著减小,并大为减轻钝性分离的创伤.结果 27例术后除1例发生切口部分愈合不良外,均无血肿、血清肿及感染发生.16例术后随访6个月～1年,1例发生Baker分级Ⅱ度假体纤维包膜囊挛缩硬化,其余手感良好,外形满意.结论 内镜下隆乳术可降低对麻醉的要求,有效控制术中出血,减少术中创伤,便于置入假体的准确定位,减轻术后疼痛.     

Submuscular Periareolar Approach to Augmentation Mammoplasty in Korean Women

Augmentation mammoplasty can be approached by various methods according to the type of implant and implantation site depending on the status of the patient or surgeon's preference. The advantage for submuscular placement is based on problems associated with subglandular placement, especially capsular contracture and sensory changes in the nipple, and interference with the interpretation of mammograms is avoided. There are fewer complications such as hematoma, infection, and extrusion of the implant with submuscular dissection and relatively avascular, minimal sensory changes in the nipple compared with subglandular approach. The submuscular periareolar approach to augmentation mammoplasty was first described in the 1970s. This approach provides easy access to both the subglandular and subpectoral planes. It also provides a central point of access for creation of the implant pocket, which allows for easier and more accurate dissection in all diameters. The resultant periareolar scar is usually minimal with less injury to breast parenchyme and eventual biopsy or mastectomy incision to be performed through or around the areola. During the period of March 1999 to January 2000, 19 cases of who received submuscular periareolar augmentation mammoplasty under general anesthesia resulted in favorable scars with accurate access to pocket margin, easier dissection, and less bleeding compared with submuscular transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty. In our experience with the submuscular periareolar approach to breast augmentation it was highly versatile, safe, and less painful; postoperative hematoma incidence was greatly reduced and breast tissue injury was minimized.     

局部注射肿胀液在全身麻醉下经腋窝切口隆乳术中的应用

目的 探讨在全身麻醉下经腋窝切口隆乳术向剥离层次中注入肿胀液的方法及其临床意义。方法 在203例全身麻醉隆乳术中，向腋窝切口及入路和胸大肌或乳腺下注入适量肿胀液后再剥离，并与未注射肿胀液的210例进行比较，分析其临床优势和意义。结果 在局部注射肿胀液的病例中，术中剥离时出血少，术后1～3d疼痛减轻，术后局部淤血、红肿发生率都大为降低。结论 在全身麻醉下隆乳术中局部注射肿胀液能明显减轻术中出血、术后早期疼痛及减少术后局部淤血红肿的发生率。     

The Feasibility of Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Patients with Previous Transaxillary Implant Breast Augmentation: Preliminary Results

Background: Transaxillary breast augmentation has gained popularity because of the good aesthetic results and scar placement in a less visible position. As breast-augmented patients age, an increasing number of breast cancer cases can be expected. Sentinel lymph node detection (SLND) is a well-established technique in breast cancer. To date, no information is available regarding the feasibility of SLND for patients with previous transaxillary implants.Methods: A 28-year-old women with bilateral breast hypoplasia underwent a bilateral breast augmentation by the transaxillary approach. One week earlier, SLND was accomplished through two periareolar injections of 0.1 mCi 99m-technetium-labeled fitate and lymphoscintigraphy. A 3.5-cm-long axillary incision was performed, and the dissection continued through the subfascial plane to create the implant’s pocket. A silicone gel implant (215 g round, low-profile, textured Silimed) was inserted.Results: A satisfactory aesthetic result was obtained. Two postoperative lymphoscintigraphies were performed (15 days and 7 months after surgery) with satisfactory SLND. No complication was noted.Conclusion: The initial data show that SLND in the setting of prior breast implant augmentation through the transaxillary approach is feasible. Additional prospective studies and larger clinical series are necessary to analyze the accuracy of SLND for patients with previous breast implants.     

腔镜技术在乳腺疾病中的应用

目的 探讨腔镜技术在乳腺疾病的诊断和治疗方面的安全性和可行性。方法 对近年来有关文献进行复习。结果 微创腔镜手术可以通过小切口完成，从而最大限度地减少术后疼痛，缩短恢复时间，而且切口位于隐蔽部位，具有较好的美容效果。通过乳腺腔镜可以进行细微的止血和解剖，并安全地完成乳房切除术和乳房即时重建、哨兵淋巴结活检以及腋窝淋巴结清扫手术；还可用于乳腺良性肿瘤的诊断和治疗，以及男性乳房肥大症患者的手术治疗；纤维乳管镜可用于乳头溢液患者的诊断。通过腔镜手术既可使乳腺疾病有满意的治疗效果，又保持术后良好的乳房外形与功能，而不遗留明显的瘢痕，从而可以增强患者的自信心，提高生活质量。结论 乳腺外科是腔镜技术一个很好的应用领域。     

隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸的临床应用15例

目的评介隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸的临床效果。方法2000年1月至2008年1月对15例女性轻度漏斗胸患者，年龄18-35岁，在双侧腋窝横皱襞内各作4cm切口直达皮下组织，随后向内分离至胸大肌外侧边缘，切开胸大肌肌膜，用手指钝性分出胸大肌后间隙，用乳房分离器捅入间隙广泛分离至设计范同再置入乳房毛面硅凝胶假体。结果15例患者通过腋下入路行隆胸术后，随访1-9个月，均未见局部皮肤坏死、感染等并发症，前胸壁漏斗胸状畸形明显改善。结论应用隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸，具有操作方便，手术损伤小，效果满意等优良，可在临床推广应用。