磁共振动态增强扫描在诊断垂体微腺瘤中的应用

目的　评价MRI动态增强扫描诊断垂体微腺瘤的价值。方法　对 31例垂体微腺瘤患者的MRI平扫、常规增强扫描、动态增强扫描影像学资料进行回顾分析。结果　MRI平扫有 5例可见异常信号 ,占 16 % ;常规增强扫描显示病灶 19例 ,占 6 0 % ;而动态增强扫描微腺瘤未强化的低信号区与周围正常结构的强化形成明显对比 ,检出 2 8例 ,占90 3%。结论　MRI动态增强扫描能明显提高垂体微腺瘤的检出率 ,对垂体微腺瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

基层医院经蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤30例

目的探讨基层医院经蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤的手术方法与疗效。方法回顾性分析30例经蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体瘤患者临床资料。垂体微腺瘤7例，大型垂体腺瘤18例，巨大型及复发性垂体腺瘤5例。经单鼻孔蝶窦入路26例，唇下经鼻中隔蝶窦入路4例。结果术后早期（1周内）复查的CT或MR，垂体微腺瘤全切除率达86．7％，大型垂体腺瘤全切除率达83．3％，巨大或复发性腺瘤全切除率达60．0％。术后短暂尿崩4例，脑脊液漏2例，鼻中隔穿孔1例，经治疗全部治愈。无颅内感染、视神经损伤等。术后月经恢复、性功能改善25例，8例要求生育者有6例术后1—9个月怀孕；视力改善27例；18例垂体内分泌激素恢复正常。结论经蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤是一种理想的治疗方法，可根据术者的经验及习惯采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路或唇下经鼻中隔蝶窦入路显微手术，前者更具有损伤小、肿瘤全切除率高、术后恢复快、合并症少、生活质量高的优点。     

MRI半剂量动态增强对垂体微腺瘤的诊断价值

目的：分析MRI半剂量动态增强对于垂体微腺瘤的诊断价值。方法：搜集25例经随访证实的垂体微腺瘤患者，其中女22例，男3例，年龄20-68岁，均采取先MR平扫，再行半剂量Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描及延迟的常规增强扫描。结果：平扫与半剂量动态增强比较，平扫8例显示瘤灶，15例显示间接征象；半剂量动态增强22例显示效果好。结论：MRI半剂量增强扫描能够提高垂体微腺瘤的显示率。     

神经内镜下单鼻孔经蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术中的垂体功能保护

目的 总结神经内镜下单鼻孔经蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术中垂体功能保护的经验及体会.方法 48例垂体腺瘤患者,单鼻孔经蝶窦入路,在神经内窥镜下行垂体腺瘤切除术,术中注意保护垂体柄及正常垂体组织.结果 40例(83.3%,40/48)肿瘤全切除,6例(12.5%,6/48)次全切除,2例(4.2%,2/48)部分切除;术后随访10～36个月.38例激素水平异常患者中24例恢复正常,14例明显改善,38例均无垂体功能低下;术后多饮、多尿7例,均于3周内缓解.结论 神经内镜下单鼻孔经蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术,能够在彻底地切除肿瘤的同时注意保护垂体柄及正常垂体组织,可提高患者的生存质量.     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤28例分析

目的：探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路治疗垂体腺瘤临床意义。方法：对28例经CT扫描和MRI检查确诊为垂体瘤患者,采用经鼻蝶入路切除肿瘤。术中将扩鼻器直抵蝶窦前壁,将鼻中隔完整地推向对侧,凿除蝶窦前壁骨质,经鞍底切除肿瘤。结果：行肿瘤24例全切除,次全切4例。无严重并发症发生,无死亡。结论：经蝶窦手术治疗垂体腺瘤创伤小,操作简单,安全,肿瘤切除完全,住院时间短,费用低。     

单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤56例护理体会

目的:探讨单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的护理方法.方法:对2000年9月～2006年9月收治的56例垂体腺瘤患者,术前均行冠状TC、MRI扫描,并行内分泌学检查,肿瘤全切47例,次全切7例,部分切除2例,均行单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗.并给予精心护理,采用综合医院焦虑/抑郁(HAD)情绪测定量表评估护理前后患者的心理状态.术后随访6～36个月.结果:术后症状及内分泌检查改善54例,5例出现鼻中隔穿孔、鼻黏膜感染、脑脊液漏等并发症.经积极有效护理,患者心理状态得到改善.2例1年后复发.结论:经蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤,并给予积极精心护理可取得满意效果,降低住院费用,促进患者心理健康.     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窭入路切除垂体腺瘤的手术方法、操作要点,并评价其疗效。方法 回顾性分析6例经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤手术经验。结果 手术时间平均65min,肿瘤全部切除4例,次全切除2例。术后全部恢复良好,全部病人视力迅速好转。结论 经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤术缩短了手术路径,暴露所需时间短,创伤小,是一种处理鞍内和大部位于鞍内的肿瘤的有效的微侵袭手术方法。     

MRI半量动态增强在垂体微腺瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨MRI半量动态增强扫描在垂体微腺瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析对临床及实验室检查诊断并手术治疗或诊断性治疗为垂体微腺瘤的67例患者先行平扫（67例）,然后行全量（37例）及半量（30例）Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描,比较两种动态增强扫描方法在显示垂体微腺瘤的敏感性。结果：平扫、全量和半量Gd-DTPAMRI动态增强扫描的检出率分别为50.8%（34/67）、75.7%（28/37）和90.0%（27/30）,分别比较平扫与全量、全量与半量扫描有统计学差异（P〈0.01、P〈0.05）。结论：MRI平扫及全量、半量Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描比较,可依次增加垂体微腺瘤显示的敏感性。其中以半量Gd-DTPAMRI动态增强扫描对病灶检出率最高,可作为MRI诊断垂体微腺瘤的首选强化方法。     

MRI动态增强及TSE序列在垂体微腺瘤的应用

目的探讨MR（magnetic resonance）动态增强,尤其是TSE（Turbo SpinEcho）快速扫描序列对垂体微腺瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析28例已经确诊的垂体微腺瘤的MRI资料。结果平扫时显示病灶32．14％（9／28）,动态增强显示病灶82．14％（23／28）,常规增强扫描显示病灶57．14％（16／28）。平扫与动态增强对垂体微腺瘤的检出率间有统计学意义（P〈0．05）动态增强与常规增强扫描对垂体微腺瘤的检出率间无统计学意义（P〉0．05）平扫与常规增强扫描对垂体微腺瘤的检出率间有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论MRI动态增强,尤其是使用TSE快速扫描序列对垂体微腺瘤的检出率显著提高,因此,动态增强技术（TSE）应作为诊断垂体微腺瘤的常规检查方法。     

MRI动态增强扫描在垂体微腺瘤诊断中的价值

目的:观察25例脑垂体微腺瘤患者MRI动态增强扫描在垂体微腺瘤诊断中的价值。方法:25例垂体微腺瘤患者血PRL均>40ng/ml。采用德国Siemens Impact 1.0T超导型磁共振扫描仪,行垂体动态增强扫描时,用对比剂Gd-DTPA(马根维显),其剂量为0.1mmol/kg,采用快速自旋回波序列。结果:常规平扫25例中有15例可见异常信号改变,占60%,而动态增强扫描后22例可见正常垂体腺、漏斗、海绵窦逐一明显强化,微腺瘤则尚未强化仍呈低信号区,形成鲜明对比的图像特征,占88%。平扫垂体一侧饱满或T1、T2未见异常信号者并不干扰此特征的出现。结论:MRI动态增强扫描具有特征性征象,在冠状位上对垂体微腺瘤最具有诊断意义。     

垂体腺瘤的MRI表现与经蝶入路术中所见分析

目的　探讨垂体腺瘤的MRI表现对判断肿瘤质地的意义 ,侵袭性腺瘤的判断 ,以及经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的可行性和有效性。方法　回顾分析 2 0 0例经蝶入路手术垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料、MRI信号特点及手术情况。结果　 138例T2 像为高信号 ,肿瘤质软 ;T2 像呈稍高信号 2 4例 ,质地中等 ;T2 像呈等、低信号 38例 ,肿瘤质韧。术中发现有侵袭征象 12 6例 ,病理报告显示 139例鞍底硬膜被肿瘤侵袭 ,5 2例蝶窦粘膜有肿瘤侵袭。手术全切除肿瘤 170例 ,次全切除 17例 ,部分切除 13例。术前有视力障碍的患者 ,98%术后得以改善 ;功能性腺瘤患者术后 95 %以上激素水平恢复正常 ;无严重并发症。结论　MRI检查T2 像信号强度与垂体腺瘤的质地有关 ,显微镜下的侵袭性大多数在术中也可发现侵袭的征象 ;经蝶入路显微切除垂体腺瘤 ,即使是巨大腺瘤也是安全有效的。     

神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术及手术配合

目的探讨神经导航在经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除术中的应用及护理配合技术。方法应用导航技术经鼻蝶窦切除49例垂体腺瘤。术前行三维重建,确定手术入路,术中实时导航,监测肿瘤切除程度。做好患者心理护理,掌握神经导航仪的操作方法,备齐术中所需器械、物品和药物,熟悉手术配合过程,术中严格无菌操作。结果49例患者全切38例,次全切11例,术后原有症状均有明显改善,无严重并发症发生,均痊愈出院。结论神经导航辅助下经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除术是一种定位准、损伤小、反应轻、疗效好的微创手术,高质量的手术配合是手术成功的重要保证。     

Management of pituitary incidentalomas: according to a survey of pituitary incidentalomas in Japan.

The development of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has resulted in the discovery of unsuspected endocrinologically silent pituitary masses (pituitary incidentalomas). The aim of this study was to clarify the natural history of pituitary incidentalomas in order to establish an appropriate approach to them. Five hundred fifty patients with pituitary incidentalomas were analyzed in this study; 261 patients (47.4%) underwent surgery (surgical group; SG), whereas 289 patients (52.6%) were followed up conservatively (nonsurgical group; NSG) for a mean period of 27.3 months (range, 6-173 months). Clinical and biochemical assessment, CT or MRI of the pituitary, and visual field testing were assessed at baseline and at 6 months and yearly thereafter. A total of 261 tumors in the SG group consisted of 211 (80.8%) nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and 42 (16.1%) Rathke's cysts. During a follow-up period, of 289 tumors in the NSG group, 209 (72.3%) tumors stayed the same size as before, 35 tumors (12.1 %) increased in size, and 41 tumors (14.2%) decreased in size. The estimated diagnoses of the tumors that increased consist of 28 nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, 5 Rathke's cyst, and 2 others. The decreased tumors consist of 11 nonfunctioning adenomas, 21 Rathke's cysts, and 3 others. Pituitary incidentalomas usually follow a benign course. We recommend transsphenoidal adenomectomy for a solid mass attached to the optic chiasma estimated to be a pituitary adenoma by MRI. Other patients should be followed up by MRI and biochemical assessment. Especially asymptomatic cystic masses (including Rathke's cleft cysts) could be followed up without surgical intervention because they tend to stay the same size or sometimes be cured spontaneously.     

MRI在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的诊断价值,提高其术前正确诊断率。方法回顾性分析110例MR诊断并经手术病理结果证实的垂体腺瘤。结果MRI诊断52例侵袭性垂体腺瘤,表现为突破鞍隔向鞍上生长;侵入蝶窦;累及海绵窦、包绕颈内动脉。术中发现65例为侵袭性生长,MRI阳性预测值为86.5%。侵袭性垂体腺瘤以多功能腺瘤和泌乳素腺瘤多见,分别占33.8%、24.6%。结论MR诊断侵袭性垂体腺瘤具有较高的敏感性和阳性率,对治疗方案的选择有重要的指导意义。     

Section 4. Pituitary: New devices for direct transnasal surgery on pituitary adenomas

A micro-pressure-suction–irrigation system (MPSIS) is a surgical device that cleans the operative field of blood and tumor tissues with one-hand manipulation, dissects tumor tissue with its rapid flow, and removes debris by suction without injury to the normal tissue structures. Since 1997, good transnasal surgical results for pituitary adenomas have been achieved in Japan using this system. However, the surgical results for large, fibrous pituitary adenomas were unfavorable. Ultrasonic surgical aspirators with needle-type probes and an electromagnetic field system, all recently developed in Japan, are improving the results of direct transnasal surgery on pituitary adenomas. The MPSIS effectively dissects typical adenoma tissue with rapid irrigation and removes it by suction. A tumor in the cavernous sinus was removed by this system under direct vision in combination with pituitary mirrors. Fibrous adenomas were resected using ultrasonic surgical aspirators with needle-type probes. Thick mucosa and a firm tumor were vaporized with an electromagnetic field system. The sellar floor was reconstructed with combined ceramics, used in cases requiring additional surgery or drainage of cerebrospinal fluid leakage during surgery. Direct transnasal surgery with these devices was performed to remove 143 pituitary adenomas. Most of these pituitary adenomas could be selectively removed except for those lesions with extensive cavernous sinus invasion. There was no surgical morbidity or mortality. With the advancement of surgical technique and the development of surgical devices, most pituitary adenomas, even those that are fibrous or firm, can be removed via the transnasal route.     

Clinical aspects of pituitary incidentalomas

The development of computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has resulted in the discovery of unsuspected endocrinologically silent pituitary masses(pituitary incidentalomas). The management of these pituitary incidentalomas is controversial. Some lesions may increase in size, compress optic chiasm while others will remain unchanged in size. Five hundred and six patients with pituitary incidentalomas were obtained by questionnaire from March 1999 to May 2000 under the auspices of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. In thirty-three patients with pituitary incidentalomas (13.3%) developed tumor enlargement during the mean follow-up period of 45.5 months. Of 115 estimated non-functioning adenomas, 23(20.0%) tumor increased during mean follow up period of 50.7 months (range 10 to 173 months), while 5(5.4%) of 94 estimated Rathke's cysts increased in size during follow up. Pituitary apoplexy was occurred in one patient of 248 patients (0.4%). Pituitary incidentalomas usually follow a benign course. Transsphenoidal adenectomy is indicated for a solid mass attached to optic chiasma. For other patients, MRI every 6 months for the first 2 years, and then yearly may be recommended.     

甲状腺功能减退性垂体增生的MRI评价

目的分析甲状腺功能减退症导致的垂体细胞增生的MRI表现,提高对继发性垂体细胞增生的认识及其与垂体肿瘤的鉴别。方法回顾性分析10例经临床证实为垂体细胞增生的甲状腺功能减退症病人的MRI影像,男3例,女7例,年龄9～15岁。MRI检查采用1.0T超导型磁共振仪,序列包括冠矢状SE T_1W、冠状T_2WI和T_1WI增强。结果垂体增大明显,平均高径15.5mm(11～23mm),全部呈中央性膨隆,3例垂体柄偏移,5例蝶鞍扩大。所有患者垂体MRI信号均匀,强化均匀。结论甲状腺功能减退症导致的垂体细胞增生表现为中央膨隆的垂体明显增大,信号和强化均匀,有一定的特点。     

Pathology of pituitary incidentaloma

With advance of neuroimaging technics, incidentally discovered pituitary masses (pituitary incidentalomas) are recently increased. In autopsy cases, pituitary adenomas have been discovered at the rate of 1.5-27% (mean 10%). More than 80% of these adenomas were smaller than 3 mm. Adenomas larger than 10 mm were extremely rare. Histologically autopsy adenomas were mostly PRL cell adenomas (PRLomas) and gonadotroph adenomas. Histology of autopsy PRLomas was different from that of surgically resected PRLomas. Clinically discovered pituitary incidentalomas include pituitary adenomas, Rathke's cleft cysts, and craniopharyngiomas. Most of incidental adenomas were histologically gonadotroph adenomas in our materials. Perphaps, autopsy adenomas may not grow to the clinically found incidentalomas.     

Pituitary Adenoma Incidence,Management Trends,and Long-term Outcomes: A 30-Year Population-Based Analysis

ObjectiveTo perform a population-based study of pituitary adenoma epidemiology, including longitudinal trends in disease incidence, treatment patterns, and outcomes.Patients and MethodsIn this study of incident pituitary adenomas in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2019, we identified 785 patients who underwent primary screening, 435 of whom were confirmed as harboring incident pituitary adenomas and were included. Primary outcomes of interest included demographic characteristics, presenting features, and disease outcomes (tumor control, biochemical control, and complications).ResultsAmong our 435 study patients, 438 unique pituitary adenomas were diagnosed at a median patient age of 39 years (interquartile range [IQR], 27 to 58 years). Adenomas were incidentally identified in 164 of the 438 tumors (37%). Common symptomatic presentations included hyperprolactinemia (188 of 438 [43%]) and visual field deficit (47 of 438 [11%]). Laboratory tests confirmed pituitary hormone hypersecretion in 238 of the 435 patients (55%), which was symptomatic in 222. The median tumor diameter was 8 mm (IQR, 5 to 17 mm). Primary management strategies were observation (156 of 438 tumors [36%]), medication (162 of 438 tumors [37%]), and transsphenoidal resection (120 of 438 tumors [27%]). Tumor and biochemical control were achieved in 398 (95%) and 216 (91%) secreting tumors, respectively. New posttreatment pituitary or visual deficits were noted in 43 (11%) and 8 (2%); apoplexy occurred in 28 (6%). Median clinical follow-up was 98 months (IQR, 47 to 189 months). Standardized incidence rates were 3.77 to 16.87 per 100,000 population, demonstrating linear expansion over time (R²=0.67). The mean overall standardized incidence rate was 10.1 per 100,000 population; final point prevalence was 175.1 per 100,000 population.ConclusionPituitary adenoma is a highly incident disease, with prolactin-secreting and incidental lesions representing the majority of tumors. Incidence rates and asymptomatic detection appear to be increasing over time. Presenting symptoms and treatment pathways are variable; however, most patients achieve favorable outcomes with observation or a single treatment modality.     

单鼻孔入路经蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤

目的总结我科经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微镜下切除垂体腺瘤患者75例的手术经验。方法对75例垂体腺瘤患者手术入路、术中操作和并发症进行临床分析。结果垂体腺瘤全切除60例，大部分切除14例，活检1例，无死亡病例。术后患者症状均有不同程度的改善。结论单鼻孔蝶窦入路损伤小、安全和并发症少，适用于切除绝大多数垂体腺瘤。