经鼻窦内窥镜治疗眶内壁骨折合并内直肌嵌顿

目的探讨眶内壁骨折合并内直肌嵌顿的治疗方法。方法经鼻窦内窥镜治疗眶内壁骨折合并内直肌嵌顿12例(12眼),术前,术中、术后7d及术后3月以双马氏杆试验和三棱镜检查原在眼位斜视度和内转眼位斜视度。结果术后3月原在眼位斜视度比术前减少(7.83±1.70)△(q=34.84,P<0.01);内转眼位斜视度比术前减少(11.83±1.80)△,(q=42.53;P<0.01);复视和代偿头位减轻。结论以鼻窦内窥镜修复眶内壁骨折合并内直肌嵌顿,手术简便,不遗留皮肤瘢痕,对眶内组织损伤小,可迅速安全的还纳疝入筛窦的眶组织,使内直肌复位。     

鼻内镜下经鼻窦治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折临床观察

目的探讨鼻窦内镜经鼻窦治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折的手术效果.方法对7例眶底骨折并发下直肌等软组织嵌顿,4例眶内侧壁骨折并发内直肌等软组织嵌顿,1例眶内侧壁骨折合并眶底骨折下直肌等软组织嵌入上颌窦病例,应用鼻窦内镜经上颔窦、筛窦回复窦内嵌顿或陷入的眶内软组织并用医用硅胶膜板植垫骨缺损区.结果术后经计算机体层摄影(computeoItomk-graphy.CT),12例眼眶爆裂性骨折软组织嵌顿或陷入复位完全.经患者术后随访3至18个月,平均8.2个月功能障碍性复视症状完全消失,眼位正常,未发现植垫物排斥现象,且视力均有不同程度提高.结论眼眶爆裂性骨折可应用鼻窦内镜经上颌窦、筛窦内回复固定嵌顿的眶内软组织,并具有术中眼部组织损伤小等优点.     

爆裂性眶内壁骨折的诊断与处理

目的：探讨轻重型爆裂性眶内壁骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法：对收治的32例依据眶内壁骨折的内陷程度及并发症分为轻，重两型，轻型者采用保守治疗，重型者早期采取保守治疗，10后天，进行手术治疗，手术方法为内直肌牵引或经眶筛窦开放术。结果：轻型18例，治疗后均无复视，斜视，眼球运动障碍或眼球内陷等并发症。重型14例，手术后复视均缓解，斜视及眼球运动障碍1例，眼球内陷4例。结论：轻型患者保守治疗效果满意，重型患者视病情行内直肌牵引或经眶筛窦开放术，效果亦较满意。     

眶底爆裂性骨折致眼球运动障碍的上颌窦手术进路治疗

目的 观察上颌窦进路手术治疗眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍的临床效果.方法 对12例12只眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折伴复视及眼球运动障碍者,眼眶CT显示:眼外肌眶内软组织嵌顿于眶下壁骨折区,伤后观察2周,复视及眼球运动障碍无明显改善,采用上颌窦进路行眶下壁骨折复位术.术后随诊3～6个月.结果 12例患者术中开放上颌窦后可清晰观察到眶下壁骨折区各个边界及眶内软组织嵌顿情况,术中均将嵌顿在眶底骨折处的眶内组织推送回眶内,眶底骨折复位.术后12例患者中10例各方向眼球运动不受限,无复视,2例正前方及下方无复视,向上方运动轻度受限.术后1例并发上颌窦炎,经上颌窦冲洗治愈.结论 上颌窦进路早期治疗单纯眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍是有效的.     

部分直肌转位治疗单条直肌完全麻痹斜视的疗效分析

目的：分析部分直肌转位术治疗单条直肌完全麻痹性斜视的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析22例25眼单条直肌完全麻痹性斜视患者行部分直肌转位术,手术前后眼位、复视、代偿头位及眼球运动情况。随访6 mo。结果：根据22例25眼患者的术前、术中检查结果,采用不同的术式组合：单纯部分直肌转位术2眼,麻痹肌的拮抗肌后退及部分直肌转位术20眼,麻痹肌的拮抗肌后退、部分直肌转位并对侧眼配偶肌后退术3眼。术后20例第一眼位完全正位,代偿头位及复视均消除,2例双眼外直肌麻痹患者轻度欠矫,分别配戴8△、10△三棱镜后复视及代偿头位均消失。斜视度术前100．23△±42．61△,术后0.82△±2．67△（ t＝10．797,P＜0．001）。眼球运动评分术前－4．52±0．51分,术后－2．68±0．63分（t＝－19．468,P＜0.001）。结论：部分直肌转位术治疗单条直肌完全麻痹性斜视能有效矫正第一眼位的斜视、复视,消除代偿头位,改善眼球运动,获得满意的临床效果。     

爆裂性眼眶骨折68例临床分析

目的探讨爆裂性眼眶骨折的病因、病情、治疗。方法对68例爆裂性眼眶骨折病因、病情、治疗进行分析。对早期眶上壁和眶外壁骨折者根据视功能选择保守或手术治疗。对内侧壁和下壁骨折面积大、或已经出现眼球凹陷明显还有肌肉嵌顿于骨折缝隙者进行手术治疗。结果通过脱入于筛窦或上颌窦的眼眶软组织疝的还纳、骨折塌陷区适当体积MEDPOR材料的垫放,对眼球凹陷和复视治疗得到较满意效果。对视功能正常的眶上壁和眶外壁骨折早期不必施行手术。对已经出现视力丧失的眶上壁和眶外壁骨折致视神经挫伤者即使做视神经减压,效果不是很理想。     

多层螺旋CT在眼眶内壁骨折中的临床诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对眼眶内壁骨折的临床诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析57例眼眶内壁骨折患者多层螺旋CT扫描图像特征.结果 57例眼眶内壁骨折中,显示骨折线11例,眶内壁部分内陷39例,成角错位7例;内壁骨折同时伴有内直肌增粗37例,眼睑或眼眶内积气24例,筛窦积液42例,眼肌或眶内脂肪疝入8例.结论 多层螺旋CT能明确眶内壁骨折类型及周围组织变化情况,对眶壁骨折的诊断具有重要的临床价值,能为治疗提供可靠依据.     

合并斜视的先天性眼球震颤19例手术治疗观察

目的 探讨合并斜视的先天性眼球震颤手术设计及疗效.方法 回顾性分析手术治疗合并斜视的先天性眼球震颤19例.分别应用Anderson法,Parks法,并添加斜视手术量.手术设计既要考虑到其静止眼位的位置、方向和度数,又考虑到斜视的性质、和斜视度,在主导眼上矫正代偿头位,在非主导眼上矫正斜视.结果 代偿头位治愈17例,好转2例.斜视矫正:正位18例,外斜欠矫1例.视力提高19例.前方眼球震颤消失9例,好转10例.部分双眼视功能有所好转.结论 合并斜视的先天性眼球震颤在主导眼上矫正代偿头位,在非主导眼上矫正斜视.采用合理的手术设计,可获得较好地手术效果.     

复杂性眼眶骨折后眼球内陷的外科治疗

目的：探讨复杂性眶骨骨折后眼球内陷的手术治疗。方法 自1996年7月至2001年6月,共治疗复杂性眼眶骨折后眼球内陷畸形患者42例,术前常规X线检查,眶部轴面及冠状位CT扫描,了解眶骨骨折及眶内容物移位嵌顿情况。术中首先将移位的骨折块截骨复位,小夹板坚强内固定,重建正常的眶缘,然后用自体或人工材料植入,同时修复眶壁。结果 所有患者眼球内陷畸形的获明显改善或矫正。结论 复杂性眶骨骨折所致后期眼球内陷畸形可截骨复位及植骨的手段重建眶缘,修复眶骨各壁的缺损,缩小扩大的眶腔而得以有效矫正。     

鼻内窥镜下经筛窦治疗爆裂性眶内壁骨折

目的探讨鼻内窥镜下经筛窦治疗爆裂性眶内壁骨折的临床疗效。方法25例爆裂性眶内壁骨折在鼻内窥镜下切除筛窦房隔及外伤损伤的眶纸板，将制备好的多孔硅胶片，凸面向外填塞进筛窦术腔，对眶纸板进行施压复位。结果随访3月-2年，治愈22例，占88．00％。2例术后残留周边复视，总有效率为96．00％。术后无眶内感染或其他并发症。结论鼻内窥镜下经筛窦治疗眶内壁骨折是有效的方法，疗效稳定，创伤小、手术时间短而且面部不留瘢痕，硅胶片可以长期存留。     

Orbital floor implant migration across the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal septum

PURPOSE: To report an unusual case of orbital floor implant migration across the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal septum.METHOD: Case report. A 61-year-old woman with a history of right orbital floor fracture repair 25 years earlier is described.RESULTS: The patient presented with sinus congestion and difficulty breathing through the right nostril. Computed tomographic scan disclosed medial migration of the right orbital floor implant across the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal septum. The patient underwent transorbital and transnasal endoscopic surgery with removal of the implant.CONCLUSIONS: When an alloplastic orbital floor implant is required, size and fixation of the implant are important. Late paranasal sinus or nasal airway problems may be sequelae, and the possibility of implant migration should be considered.     

眼眶爆裂性骨折的CT评估

目的分析眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床表现及CT所见,探讨陈旧性眼眶骨折的CT征象鉴别。方法对239例（241眼）眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床症状和体征以及CT征象进行回顾性分析。结果本组单纯眼眶内侧壁骨折130例（132眼,55．77％）,单纯眶下壁骨折31例（31眼,12．86％）,双眶壁骨折63例（63眼,26．14％）,混合型骨折15例（15眼,6．22％）。眼外肌增粗182条,眼眶内容物疝入副鼻窦28例,眶内出血43例,眶内积气39例,副鼻窦积液142例,眼睑及眶周软组织肿胀176例。发生复视86例,发生眼肌活动障碍125例,发生眼球内陷27例。本组病例中,受伤超过3个月者复查22例（22眼）,发生眶壁骨质凹陷共30眶壁,眶腔扩大伴眼球内陷13例,眼外肌增粗共21条。结论CT扫描是评估眼眶爆裂骨折及其预后的首选检查方法。眼眶内侧壁骨折最为常见;眼眶陈旧性骨折眶壁呈凹陷性改变;骨折程度严重可致眶腔增大、眼球内陷;眼外肌增粗可长期存在。     

A case of retained wooden foreign body in orbit

A 41-year-old man visited our clinic complaining of esodeviation of the right eye. He had been operated on for corneal laceration 3 years before. One month later, exodeviation of the right eye had developed. The result of computed tomography (CT) was reported as orbital abscess and cellulitis. Although antibiotic treatment was administered for 2 weeks, the exodeviation didn't improve. On ocular examinations performed in our hospital in November-2001, his right eye was esotropic and had a relative afferent pupillary defect. Vision of the right eye was decreased to 0.02. Fundus examination showed optic atrophy. A new CT scan disclosed a foreign body introduced into the right medial orbital wall, nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinus. Although foreign body was surgically removed, vision and eye movement were not improved. In the case of a patient who has undergone orbital trauma, complete history taking and physical examinations must be performed. On suspicion of a foreign body, imaging study such as CT or MRI must be performed. However, because CT findings can be variable, careful follow-up is needed.     

Delayed enophthalmos following a minimally displaced orbital floor fracture

We describe a case of an orbital floor fracture resulting in obstruction of the maxillary sinus ostium by herniated orbital contents. Our patient had delayed enophthalmos in a manner similar to silent sinus syndrome or imploding antrum syndrome. Obstruction of the maxillary sinus ostium by orbital contents carries the potential for delayed-onset enophthalmos and therefore suggests an additional indication for orbital floor fracture repair.     

Orbital trauma inflicted by a butcher's knife without any injury of the eyeball

We present a 25 year old man, who suffered from an apparently serious orbital injury inflicted by a butcher's knife during a fight. The knife perforated the upper lid of the right eye, and than penetrated the orbita along its medial wall into the right maxillary sinus, the ethmoid sinus, finally reaching the left maxillary sinus. The eye bulb, as well as the optic nerve and the muscles remained intact. A major hemorrhage from the nasal cavity, which occurred immediately after the extraction of the knife, was managed successfully by means of anterior and posterior nasal packing. Intranasal synechias developed in the days following the injury, leading to obstruction of the nasal cavities. The synechias were later almost entirely eliminated through appropriate treatment, leaving the patient with practically no complications of this dramatic injury.     

A Cadaveric Study of the Morphometric and Geometric Relationships of the Orbital Apex

Introduction: To define the morphometric and geometric relationships which exist at the orbital apex.

Materials and Methods: Forty-seven orbits from twenty-four formalin-fixed Caucasian cadavers were exenterated and the relevant sutures, fissures and foramina identified. Measurements were taken from the optic canal to anatomical landmarks located along the medial wall, inferior wall and lateral wall of each orbit. Based on the mean results the geometric angles between the different anatomical structures were calculated and used to create three-dimensional models.

Results: The mean distances from the midpoint of the optic canal to the superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure and anterior ethmoidal foramen were 10.22?mm, 29.56?mm and 21.65?mm, respectively. The mean distances from the anterior ethmoidal foramen to the superior and inferior orbital fissures were 24.27?mm and 31.93?mm, respectively. The mean distance between the tips of the superior and inferior orbital fissures was 27.70?mm. The mean distances directly from the tips of the superior and inferior orbital fissures and the anterior ethmoidal foramen to the orbital rim were 39.23?mm, 17.11?mm and 18.94?mm, respectively. These values were used to calculate geometric values and create three-dimensional models.

Discussion: The orbital apex is a congested structure and the practicing orbital surgeon must have an intimate knowledge of its contents. We have presented novel data, which in conjunction with radiology may be used as both a navigational aid to plan orbital surgery and to guide the surgeon intraoperatively to assess proximity to key anatomical structures.     

Strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall versus lateral wall only orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relative incidence and time course of new-onset strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression versus decompression of the lateral wall alone for dysthyroid orbitopathy. METHODS: The study design was a retrospective nonrandomized comparative case series. Thirty-two consecutive patients underwent balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression or lateral wall orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy. The incidence, duration, and treatment of postoperative strabismus was recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Significant preoperative strabismus was present in 31% (4/13 patients) of the balanced decompression group and in 26% (5/19 patients) of the lateral wall decompression group. Only 25% (1/4) of cases of preexisting strabismus in the balanced decompression group resolved postoperatively without muscle surgery, whereas 60% (3/5) of cases in the lateral wall decompression group resolved postoperatively without surgery. Preoperative strabismus was absent in 69% (9/13) of patients in the balanced decompression group and in 74% (14/19) of patients in the lateral wall decompression group. New-onset, persistent postoperative strabismus developed in 33% (3/9) of patients in the balanced decompression group and in 7% (1/14) of patients in the lateral wall decompression group. CONCLUSION: Lateral wall orbital decompression may produce less new-onset, persistent postoperative strabismus than balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy.     

下睑缘入路治疗眶内下壁联合骨折

目的评价采用下睑缘切口治疗眶内、下壁联合骨折的效果。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象18例眶内、下壁联合骨折的患者。方法所有患者均经下睑缘切口行眶壁骨折整复术,术中充分游离、保护泪囊,于眶内、下壁浅面植入复合羟基磷灰石人造骨片,术前、术后行双眶水平及冠状位CT、头面部三维cT检查并进行比较。主要指标临床症状及并发症。结果术后随访3～18个月,所有患者下睑皮肤瘢痕不明显,术后均未出现人造骨片排异或移位,无一例患者术后出现溢泪,复视、眼球内陷等症状均得到改善。结论单独采用下睑缘切口治疗眶内、下壁联合骨折是可行的,但仅适于眶下壁联合眶内壁下份骨折,尤其是伴发眶内、下壁隅角骨折的复合型骨折。     

Orbital imaging demonstrates occult blow out fracture in complex strabismus.

BACKGROUND: While strabismologists are familiar with diagnostic evaluation of suspected blow out fractures, unsuspected blow out fractures may further complicate difficult cases of strabismus not clinically supposed to be related to orbital trauma. METHODS: According to a prospective protocol, we studied five adults presenting with diplopia, and one with convergence-related asthenopia. No patient recalled or had any clinical suspicion of orbital fracture at initial evaluation. Surface coil magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits was performed at 312 microm resolution, slice thickness 2 mm. Quasicoronal images in central gaze were supplemented with eccentric gaze positions, and sagittal and axial images as indicated. RESULTS: Five patients had incomitant hypertropia, and one had abducens paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed previously unsuspected blow out fractures in all six patients. Three patients had medial wall fracture, one bilaterally. Two patients had inferior wall fractures, and one inferomedial. Although only one patient had an extraocular muscle displaced into a sinus, all had evidence of orbital connective tissue distortion in the region of the rectus extraocular muscle pulleys influencing muscle paths. These effects altered the presentations of more familiar pathologies such as superior oblique palsy. After learning of the MRI findings, most patients then recalled orbital trauma from as early as childhood. CONCLUSION: Unsuspected blow out fractures occur and may confound the usual findings in complex strabismus. High-resolution orbital imaging can detect blow out fractures and clarify the pathophysiology, enabling appropriate surgical management.