Critical cardiac tamponade in newborn, life-saving emergency interventions and possibility of parvovirus B19 congenital infection

The presence of pericardial effusion in neonates usually indicates a poor prognosis. Here, we report a case of isolation of cardiac tamponade in a newly born. This may be related to vertical human parvovirus B19, an infection with atypical clinical manifestation. Any neonate with unexplained fetal pericardial effusion should always be tested for parvovirus B19 infection, even in the absence of known and proved fetal exposure. Despite the etiology of a tamponade the only reasonable procedure is a surgical evacuation during diagnosis.     

心包穿刺置管治疗心包积液20例分析

目的探讨经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流心包积液的疗效及安全性。方法 20例中到大量心包积液的患者在超声引导下穿刺置管引流。结果 20例患者均穿刺置管成功,导管留置时间2～7d,均无组织脏器损伤及感染,心包积液引流彻底,心包压塞症状消失。结论经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流是一种安全有效,完全能替代以往常规心包穿刺术。     

ECHO and magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with high bleeding risk and ventricular perforation: a case report and literature review

Myocardial perforation is a complication following pacemaker implantation that may cause cardiac tamponade. We present an original case of myocardial lead perforation not complicated by acute cardiac tamponade. The patient with an acute myocardial infarct had a high bleeding risk both in the acute phase of lead insertion (anticoagulant and triple platelet anti-aggregation therapy) and after few days, the percutaneous extraction lead for the double platelet antiaggregant therapy. Torrent-Guasp's theory is considered for explaining the clinical course of patient. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation showed a diffuse pericardial non-hemorrhagic fibrinous effusion and guide the clinical management.     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac tamponade by the subxiphoid approach

Emergency cardiac surgery has been performed on 18 cases of acute cardiac tamponade whose etiologies were as follows: 11 cases of metastatic carcinoma, four cases of idiopathic pericarditis and three with other causes. In most cases, the chief complaint was dyspnea. In many cases, the cardiac silhouette of frontal chest X-ray films showed the shape of a water-filled ice-bag placed on a table. The electrocardiogram showed a low voltage and a flat T-wave in approximately half of the patients. In cases of an echo-free space 1 cm or larger on the M-mode echocardiogram, the average amount of pericardial fluid drained was 850 ml and in those in which the space was less than 1 cm, the average drained was 557 ml. The CT values were 9-40 for patients with malignant pericardial effusion and 20-22 for cases of idiopathic pericarditis. In general, pericardiocentesis was performed in almost all the patients with acute tamponade, but if the drainage was inadequate, the subxiphoid pericardial window procedure was performed under local anesthesia. Surgical invasion in this technique was minimal and the operative results proved effective. For the operation, we resected a 2 X 2 cm pericardial segment. Since two of the patients with malignant pericardial effusion developed postoperative reaccumulation, resection of a 4 X 4 cm segment in the future has been contemplated.     

成人心脏术后心包胸骨后固定后的出血患者70例临床分析

目的研究心脏手术关胸时渗血严重病例,用心包胸骨后固定方法,观察术后出血情况,了解此方法是否能够减少术后出血。方法选择同期心脏手术后渗血严重心包完整病例,对比心包胸骨后固定后出血量、术后感染、胸腔积液、心包填塞、呼吸机使用时间及血流动力学改变是否有明显差别。结果心包胸骨后固定在心脏手术后渗血严重心包完整病例中,能有效减少术后出血量,减少用血量,减少医疗费用,证明心包胸骨后固定不失为减少术后出血的一个办法。结论对比心脏手术心包完整创面渗血严重病例,关胸时,将心包胸骨后固定,以此将前纵隔和心包腔分隔开,心包紧贴于胸骨后,以此达到压迫止血目的。对比类似常规关胸病例,出血明显减少,证明心包胸骨后固定能够有效减少术后出血,减少术后用血量,降低医疗费用。     

Bacterial Pericarditis

Bacterial pericarditis occurs by direct infection during trauma, thoracic surgery, or catheter drainage, by spread from an intrathoracic, myocardial, or subdiaphragmatic focus, and by hematogenous dissemination. The frequent causes are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (rheumatic pancarditis), Haemophilus, and M. tuberculosis. In AIDS pericarditis, the incidence of bacterial infection is much higher than in the general population, with a high proportion of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. Purulent pericarditis is the most serious manifestation of bacterial pericarditis, characterized by gross pus in the pericardium or microscopically purulent effusion. It is an acute, fulminant illness with fever in virtually all patients. Chest pain is uncommon. Purulent pericarditis is always fatal if untreated. The mortality rate in treated patients is 40%, and death is mostly due to cardiac tamponade, systemic toxicity, cardiac decompensation, and constriction. Tuberculous infection may present as acute pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, silent (often large) relapsing pericardial effusion, effusive-constrictive pericarditis, toxic symptoms with persistent fever, and acute, subacute, or chronic constriction. The mortality in untreated patients approaches 85%. Urgent pericardial drainage, combined with intravenous antibacterial therapy (e.g. vancomycin 1g twice daily, ceftriaxone 1-2g twice daily, and ciprofloxacin 400 mg/day) is mandatory in purulent pericarditis. Irrigation with urokinase or streptokinase, using large catheters, may liquify the purulent exudate, but open surgical drainage is preferable. The initial treatment of tuberculous pericarditis should include isoniazid 300 mg/day, rifampin 600 mg/day, pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg/day, and ethambutol 15-25 mg/kg/day. Prednisone 1-2 mg/kg/day is given for 5-7 days and progressively reduced to discontinuation in 6-8 weeks. Drug sensitivity testing is essential. Pericardiectomy is reserved for recurrent effusions or continued elevation of central venous pressure after 4-6 weeks of antituberculous and corticosteroid therapy.     

A case of traumatic cardiac tamponade showing sudden spontaneous disappearance of the pericardial fluid

Traumatic cardiac tamponade must be treated by pericardial drainage as soon as possible. We recently encountered a rare case of traumatic cardiac tamponade in which the pericardial fluid disappeared spontaneously immediately before the planned drainage. This case is reported in this paper. The patient was a 22-year-old male who was transported to our hospital after he sustained injuries in a traffic accident. The patient was diagnosed to have a facial bone fracture, bilateral lung contusions, myocardial contusion (suspected), injury to the spinal cord at the L3-L4 level, injury to the left kidney and pelvic fracture. After TAE was performed to deal with the bleeding from the injured pelvis, the patient was immediately hospitalized. About 6 hours after the injury, pericardial fluid accumulation began to be noted, and about 18 hours after the injury, the patient went into shock, responding poorly to fluid resuscitation and treatment with pressor agents. At this time, a diagnosis of cardiac tamponade was made and emergency operation was arranged for. However, just before this could be executed, the patient's blood pressure showed a sharp rise, accompanied by disappearance of the pericardial fluid. He continued to show steady improvement and could eventually be discharged from the hospital.     

介入术后急性心脏压塞的护理策略

目的 探讨经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影介入治疗患者并发心脏压塞的早期征象,诊治流程及护理策略,从而改善预后、降低病死率.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年10月年北京安贞医院抢救中心采用经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影介入治疗5 595例患者临床资料.结果 心脏压塞的早期征象为胸痛、极度烦躁、面色苍白、大汗,呼吸困难、血压下降,特别是收缩压下降、心率增快,早期诊断手段为超声心动图;护理工作应认真观察患者生命体征,及时上报,做好心包穿刺护理工作,避免心包穿刺并发症发生.本研究结果显示在5 595例介入检查患者中8例发生心脏压塞,发病率为0.14%,经及时发现积极抢救,救治成功率为100%.结论 早期发现经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影介入治疗后心脏压塞,正确诊断,积极护理,可以改善预后、降低病死率.     

急性心肌梗死并发症的超声心动图表现及临床意义

目的总结急性心肌梗死并发症的超声心动图特征,为临床采取合理治疗措施提供依据。方法随机抽取急性心肌梗死患者186例,回顾性分析和总结发生并发症的急性心肌梗死患者的超声心动图特点。结果室间隔穿孔5例,心包积液20例,心脏压塞3例,真性室壁瘤53例,附壁血栓21例,同时并发2种或2种以上的上述并发症9例。结论超声心动图可及时、准确诊断急性心肌梗死的并发症,为临床诊断及治疗提供有价值的依据。     

PCI术后急性心包填塞早期识别抢救与护理

目的 探讨PCI术后急性心包填塞早期识别抢救与护理对策.方法 回顾性分析7例心脏介入术后并发急性心包填塞的临床资料,严密观察病情,及早识别,穿刺过程中严密监测生命体征、心包引流管的护理,停用抗凝药物,做好心理护理.结果 本组5例患者均经心包穿刺引流并留置引流管抢救成功;1例因病情重,家属主动放弃抢救治疗.1例因合并大片脑梗死,经抢救无效死亡.结论 立即行心包穿刺术排除心包积血,解除心脏受压是介入术后发生急性心包填塞抢救成功的关键.加强病情观察及引流管的护理,是预防术后其他并发症的重要措施.     

Management of uraemic pericarditis.

Of 250 patients undergoing haemodialysis from 1967 to 1974 17 presented with uraemic pericarditis. Seven of these patients who had been transferred early enough to peritoneal dialysis treatment were cured without pericardiectomy (mean survival 18 months (range 6-36); no deaths). Only one patient was cured from his pericarditis by "aggressive haemodialysis." In seven out of 10 patients treated with haemodialysis, pericardiectomy finally had to be performed because of pericardial tamponade (postoperative survival 20 months (range 8-36); one death). Two patients died from pericardial tamponade before surgery. In patients with evidence of uraemic pericarditis frequent peritoneal dialysis with high fluid withdrawal is the treatment of choice, but in cardiac tamponade pericardiectomy should follow a preoperative pericardiocentesis with limited fluid aspiration. Of possible significance in the aetiology of pericarditis were the findings that 10 of the 17 patients had hypertension with cardiac enlargement and that 14 presented with evidence of underdialysis, possibly due to the reuse of dialysis components.     

小儿心包积液病因分析

目的探讨小儿心包积液的病因。方法回顾性分析小儿心包积液患儿95例,根据心包积液量多少分为2组:中等至大量心包积液组(A组)41例,少量心包积液组(B组)54例。结果(1)2组心包填塞的发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)2组病因构成比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病毒性感染44例占46.3%,居首位,其中急性病毒性心肌心包炎17例占17.9%。(3)2组治疗后,治愈率、好转率及病死率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论病毒感染是小儿心包积液最常见的病因;微小病毒B19是病毒性心包炎最重要的病原,且常合并心肌炎。     

心包穿刺置管注射香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的疗效观察13例

目的探讨和评价微创经皮心包腔内置管引流并注入香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的效果。方法 B超引导下,以心左浊音界及剑突下为穿刺点,将中心静脉导管置入心包腔,放液干净后注入香菇多糖。结果心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖与单纯置管引流控制心包积液有效率分别为61.5%及28.5%,差异具有显著性。结论心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖,疗效佳,不良反应轻,可控制心包填塞症状。     

心包积液73例病因分析

目的了解导致心包积液的病因及其年龄构成,以提高临床诊疗水平,降低误诊率。方法对73例心包积液患者按照年龄分为青少年组、中年组与老年组,分别分析其致病因素与病因的年龄构成特点。结果肿瘤、心力衰竭、结核、非特异性心包炎、非结核性细菌感染是主要致病因素,另外肾功能不全、外伤、心肌炎、急性心肌梗死、胶原组织病、甲状腺功能减退也是致病因素。三组患者致病因素构成的比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论心包积液的致病因素受多种因素的影响,且年龄构成差异大。     

阿糖胞苷致急性白血病患者心包积液、急性心包填塞死亡

1例36岁男性患者因急性白血病给予DA方案（柔红霉素100mg,1次/d静脉滴注,第1～3天;阿糖胞苷早100mg、晚150mg静脉滴注,第1～7天）化疗。入院第6天胸部CT检查示心包增厚;入院第11天患者出现咳嗽、气短、心悸。BP145/105mmHg,HR120次/min,心音遥远。结合超声心动图,考虑为心包积液、急性心包填塞。急行心包穿刺术,穿刺失败,患者于入院第12天因呼吸循环衰竭死亡。     

妊娠期甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期糖尿病对妊娠结局的影响及相关性分析

目的 探讨妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退(甲减)对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病率、糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响.方法 选择2014年1月-2016年2月海军总医院收治的孕妇1865例,均于首次产检行甲状腺功能检查,孕24 ～ 28周行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)筛查,根据检查结果将其分为正常组1538例、单纯甲减组131例、单纯GDM组168例、甲减合并GDM组28例,观察甲减对GDM发病率、糖代谢和胰岛功能、脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响.结果 甲减组GDM患病率高于甲状腺功能正常组(P＜0.05);甲减合并GDM组OGTT 2 h和糖化血红蛋白水平高于单纯GDM组(P＜0.05);甲减合并GDM组空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数均高于单纯GDM组,胰岛素敏感指数水平低于单纯GDM组(P＜0.05);甲减合并GDM组胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均高于单纯GDM组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于单纯GDM组(P＜0.05);单纯甲减组和单纯GDM组妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局均明显高于正常组,且甲减合并GDM组均明显高于单纯甲减组、单纯GDM组及正常组(P＜0.05);甲减合并GDM与妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局发生率呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 孕早期甲减可增加GDM发生率,对妊娠结局有不良影响,在临床中要重视孕早期甲状腺功能筛查及血糖监测并合理干预,从而改善妊娠结局.     

胸腔镜手术治疗心包积液

目的 总结电视胸腔镜技术心包开窗术治疗心包积液的经验.方法 对12例进行胸腔镜下心包开窗和心包切除术治疗的心包积液病人临床资料进行回顾分析.结果 2例出现术中心律失常、急性心功能衰竭,术后胸引管保留时间3～14天,全部治愈,随访1年以上无复发.结论 电视胸腔镜下心包开窗术和心包切除治疗心包积液效果满意且创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快.     

心脏介入术并发症的探讨分析

目的探讨心脏介入术并发症并进行分析。方法 2007年2月至2012年2月我院开展的心脏介入手术2032例了解心脏介入术中并发症发生率,并发症种类及构成比。结果 2032例心脏介入手术发生并发症65例,并发症发生率3.20%,并发症包括出血血肿、拔管综合征、血管内膜损伤、血栓形成或栓塞、严重心律失常、心包填塞等。结论心脏介入术并发症与术中操作有直接关系,但术前进行全面的检查发现隐患,积极控制避免发生并发症,并制定详细的救治预案,准备好各种抢救物品,尽量避免并发症发生,对发生并发症能够正确、及时处理,避免发生恶性事件。     

Paroxetine for the treatment of depression: a critical update

Disorders of thyroid function are common among women of childbearing age. It is known that thyroid physiology normally alters during gestation. Clinicians, often, overlook thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women because of nonspecific symptoms and the hypermetabolic state of normal pregnancy. After all, the clinician must consider thyroid dysfunction as a possibility in pregnant women and differentiate normal physiological changes from thyroid disease. Abnormalities of maternal thyroid function can affect the fetus directly or indirectly. The fetal thyroid begins to produce thyroid hormones after the first trimester, so the critical thyroid hormones for fetal brain development must be supplied by the mother. It is of interest how sensitive the fetus is to decreases in circulating maternal thyroid hormones and in maternal thyrotoxicosis. Over recent years there has been an expansion of knowledge regarding thyroid disease in pregnancy and subsequently controversies about management of thyroid disease in pregnancy. This review focuses on maternal overt and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy, suggesting guidelines for appropriate treatment for this disease due to its frequency, especially the subclinical manifestation, and the controversy that exists. It also reviews the complications in mother and fetus when hypothyroidism is untreated. On the other hand, with respect to other differing opinions, some recommendations should be given by the authors about supplying thyroxin to pregnant women with thyroid disease other than hypothyroidism.     

Recommendations for thyroxin therapy during pregnancy

Disorders of thyroid function are common among women of childbearing age. It is known that thyroid physiology normally alters during gestation. Clinicians, often, overlook thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women because of nonspecific symptoms and the hypermetabolic state of normal pregnancy. After all, the clinician must consider thyroid dysfunction as a possibility in pregnant women and differentiate normal physiological changes from thyroid disease. Abnormalities of maternal thyroid function can affect the fetus directly or indirectly. The fetal thyroid begins to produce thyroid hormones after the first trimester, so the critical thyroid hormones for fetal brain development must be supplied by the mother. It is of interest how sensitive the fetus is to decreases in circulating maternal thyroid hormones and in maternal thyrotoxicosis. Over recent years there has been an expansion of knowledge regarding thyroid disease in pregnancy and subsequently controversies about management of thyroid disease in pregnancy. This review focuses on maternal overt and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy, suggesting guidelines for appropriate treatment for this disease due to its frequency, especially the subclinical manifestation, and the controversy that exists. It also reviews the complications in mother and fetus when hypothyroidism is untreated. On the other hand, with respect to other differing opinions, some recommendations should be given by the authors about supplying thyroxin to pregnant women with thyroid disease other than hypothyroidism.