胰腺癌治疗的Cochrane系统评价证据

目的评价胰腺癌治疗的Cochrane系统评价证据,以及纳入系统评价的临床随机对照试验（RCT）的方法学质量。方法检索Cochrane Library数据库（2009年第4期）中有关胰腺癌治疗的系统评价,并运用RewMan5.0.21对所纳入研究的偏倚进行评估。结果共检索到胆道支架置入术姑息治疗梗阻型胰腺癌的系统评价、放化疗治疗不能手术的进展期胰腺癌的系统评价共2篇系统评价,共纳入79个RCT。依照Cochrane协作网推荐的质量评价方法,对所纳入RCT的偏倚进行评估,表明均存在不同程度的偏倚,方法学质量普遍较低。结论 Cochrane系统评价是公认的最高质量的研究证据,但目前缺少足够强度的证据来支持胆道支架置入术姑息治疗梗阻型胰腺癌的疗效。其他治疗手段的疗效如胰腺癌围手术期的营养支持治疗等还需要通过进一步的完成系统评价来评估。建议推行临床试验透明化,实施临床试验注册制度以及按照CONSORT声明严格规范RCT的报告,以便于总结胰腺癌治疗的临床证据。     

康复新液治疗消化道溃疡随机对照试验的系统评价

目的对康复新液治疗消化道溃疡的疗效和安全性进行系统评价。方法计算机检索Pubmed数据库、中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中文生物医学期刊数据库(CMCI),检索日期为各数据建库时间起至2011年5月30日止。纳入的试验类型为随机对照试验,康复新液与三联疗法、抗菌药、抑制胃酸药比较的试验,或康复新液联合三联疗法、抗菌药、抑制胃酸药与后者比较的试验。采用Cochrane协作网的质量评价标准并用其提供的软件RevMan 5.1软件进行资料分析。结局的效应指标为胃镜下溃疡痊愈情况、临床症状痊愈情况、临床症状有效情况、幽门螺杆菌(HP)根除情况以及不良反应。结果共纳入22篇随机对照试验(2 224例患者)进行系统评价,所纳入的文献质量偏低。统计分析结果显示在溃疡痊愈、临床症状痊愈方面康复新液联合质子泵抑制剂或加用抗幽门螺杆菌药物与单用质子泵抑制剂或加用抗HP药物相比,结果均有统计学意义,单用康复新液与质子泵抑制剂或H2受体拮抗剂比较以及康复新液联合抗HP药物与抗HP药物比较,疗效相当,结果无统计学意义。结论康复新液可以更有效地促进消化道溃疡愈合以及改善临床各种症状,但方法学方面亟待提高。     

口腔卫生护理的Cochrane系统评价证据

目的总结有关口腔卫生护理的Cochrane系统评价证据。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library（2008年第3期）中有关口腔卫生护理的系统评价,并进行分析。结果共检索到4篇系统评价,内容涉及：手动与电动牙刷对维护口腔卫生的效果比较,应用牙问隙刷保持固定矫治患者口腔卫生的效果评价,初级121腔卫生护理的复诊间隔的选择,刮舌预防口臭的效果。结论目前缺乏高强度证据来支持牙间隙刷等口腔卫生护理的疗效。其他口腔护理方法的疗效如漱口水等尚需通过进一步的试验来评估。现有口腔卫生护理的系统评价纳入随机对照试验的方法学质量普遍较低,部分研究存在随机方法描述不清、无隐蔽分组、无样本量计算,以及无意向治疗分析等缺陷。建议推行临床试验透明化,实施临床试验注册制度,按照CONSORT声明规范报道随机对照试验,以便总结口腔卫生护理的临床证据,提高口腔卫生护理临床水平。     

选择性钙通道拮抗剂治疗肠易激综合征的系统评价

目的对选择性钙通道拮抗剂治疗肠易激综合征的临床疗效和安全性进行系统评价.方法通过计算机检索、手工检索及向药厂索取资料,全面收集全世界范围内选择性钙通道拮抗剂治疗肠易激综合征的随机对照试验/半随机对照试验,并按Cochrane协作网推荐的方法进行系统评价.结果纳入9个试验包括831例病人,对提供同类数据的6个试验进行Meta-分析显示,治疗组有效率(75%)显著高于对照组(48.9%)[Peto OR=4.54,95%CI=(2.38,8.66)];对腹痛、腹胀等主要症状的疗效也显著高于对照组,具有统计学差异.结论选择性钙通道拮抗剂在治疗肠易激综合征的总体有效率、主要症状的改善等方面均优于安慰剂,是一种安全有效的治疗药物.但所纳入试验的方法学质量均较低,因此进行高质量、大样本的随机对照试验是非常必要的.     

安体舒通治疗糖尿病肾病的系统评价

目的评价醛同酮受体拮抗剂安体舒通治疗糖尿病肾病的有效性及安全性。方法采用Cochrane系统评价方法,计算机检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验资料库（2008年第3期）、MEDLINE（1950～2008．8）、EMBASE（1984～2008．8）、CNKI（1994～2008．9）、VIP（1989～2008．8）;手工检索相关会议论文集、药厂资料及所有检索到的文献的参考文献,纳入安体舒通治疗糖尿病肾病的随机或半随机试验,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取有效数据进行分析。结果共纳入3篇随机对照试验,但3篇研究存在临床异质性,无法进行Meta分析,故仅进行描述性分析。RCT试验证实安体舒通对于减少尿蛋白可能有一定作用,但是对于改善肾功能和降低血压可能并无确切疗效。结论据现有研究尚不能证实安体舒通是否对糖尿病肾病患者有效和安全,需要今后有大样本、高质量的随机对照试验进一步证实。     

阿洛司琼与安慰剂对照治疗女性腹泻型肠易激综合征的临床证据

目的：对于5-HT3受体拮抗剂阿洛司琼治疗女性腹泻型肠易激综合征,进行了证据检索和评价,为临床医生和患者提供最新的临床证据。方法：计算机检索Pubmed（1996～2006）和Cochrane图书馆（2006年第三期）,查找阿洛司琼与安慰剂对照治疗女性腹泻型肠易激综合征的随机对照试验、系统评价和Meta分析,并对所搜集的证据进行评价。结果：高质量的临床证据表明,阿洛司琼治疗女性腹泻型肠易激综合征的近期及远期疗效均优于安慰剂,便秘是最常见的不良反应,严重不良反应发生率低,患者对于阿洛司琼治疗的满意度和健康相关生存质量均优于安慰剂。结论：阿洛司琼治疗女性腹泻型肠易激综合征安全、有效,遵循个体化原则,予以临床应用。     

胃癌术后鼻胃管减压的循证处理

目的:采用循症医学方法探讨胃癌术后鼻胃管减压的处理.方法:计算机检索Clinical evidence、Cochrane图书馆、ACP Journal Club(1990年～2007年12月)及Medline(1970年～2007年12月),收集关于胃癌术后鼻胃管减压的系统评价、临床随机对照试验等,并对所获证据质量进行评价.结果:检索并选择到5篇临床随机对照试验,1篇系统评价.根据临床问题,对所查证据进行了评价.结论:胃癌患者术后可以不必安置胃管,但在此过程中,若发生肠梗阻、呕吐、胃瘫等应该将胃管安上.     

应用抑酸剂与骨质疏松性骨折关系的Meta分析

背景：3年以上长期使用抑酸剂者是否会增加骨折的风险度,一直以来都是争议的焦点。目的：系统评价使用抑酸剂（包括质子泵抑制剂和H2受体拮抗剂）对骨质疏松性骨折的影响。方法：计算机检索MEDLINE、Cochrane、Embase、CNKI数字图书馆等数据库,并手工检索查找有关研究使用抑酸剂和骨折风险度之间关联性的临床试验研究。由2名评价员独立筛查试验、提取资料和评估方法学质量,采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果与结论：纳入11篇文献进行荟萃分析,3篇为队列研究,5篇为病例-对照研究,3篇为组内病例对照研究。使用质子泵抑制剂对骨折风险度的影响有统计学意义[OR=1.29,95%CI（1.18,1.41）,P〈0.001],而使用H2受体拮抗剂对骨折风险度的影响无统计学意义[OR=1.10,95%CI（0.99,1.23）,P=0.34]。长期使用质子泵抑制剂将使骨折风险度显著增高,该效应对于患骨质疏松症的老年人群尤为明显。     

1例颅内静脉窦血栓的循证治疗

目的为1例常规治疗效果不佳的颅内静脉窦血栓患者循证制定治疗方案。方法检索PubMed(1966-2005)、Cochrane图书馆(2005年第3期)、中国知识资源总库(1979-2005)及中文科技期刊数据库(1989-2005),获取并评价有关抗凝和溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓的系统评价、随机对照试验、临床对照试验及前瞻性队列研究。结果关于抗凝治疗共检索到1篇系统评价、3篇随机对照试验及8篇前瞻性队列研究;关于溶栓治疗共检索到2篇系统评价和1篇临床对照试验。无有力证据表明溶栓和抗凝治疗能降低患者的死亡和残疾率,但抗凝治疗可能安全性较好,并能预防肺栓塞的发生。结合本例患者的情况和意愿进行抗凝治疗, 治疗后症状缓解．未发生颅内外出血和肺栓塞。结论对颅内静脉窦血栓的患者,在监测新发颅内外出血和出凝血指标的情况下可进行抗凝治疗。尚需设计大样本的随机安慰剂对照试验来评价抗凝治疗的疗效和安全性。以及在高危患者中进行随机对照试验来评价肝素和血管内溶栓的疗效和安全性。     

诊断性腰穿术后卧床时间的循证护理

目的结合1例病例循证诊断性腰穿术后卧床时间对头痛的影响。方法根据病人情况提出问题,全面检索Cochrane Library of CDSR、CCTR、DARE,NGC,Medline及中国生物医学文献数据库,获取并评价相关的系统评价、随机对照试验证据及临床指南。结果共检索到2篇系统评价,1篇随机对照试验,1篇指南。证据表明：卧床并不能减少PDPH的发生。根据证据结果和病人意愿,该病人诊断性腰穿术后去枕平卧30min。术后4日未发生头痛。结论采用循证的方法可以为病人提供更科学、个性化的护理。     

Efficacy and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials

Purpose

Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is commonly prescribed in the intensive care unit. However, data from systematic reviews and conventional meta-analyses are limited by imprecision and restricted to direct comparisons. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to examine the safety and efficacy of drugs available for SUP in critically ill patients.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials through April 2017 for randomized controlled trials that examined the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), and sucralfate for SUP in critically ill patients. No date or language restrictions were applied. Data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias were abstracted by two reviewers.

Results

Of 96 potentially eligible studies, we included 57 trials enrolling 7293 patients. The results showed that PPIs are probably more effective for preventing clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding (CIB) than H2RAs [odds ratio (OR) 0.38; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.20, 0.73], sucralfate (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.13, 0.69), and placebo (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.10, 0.60) (all moderate quality evidence). There were no convincing differences among H2RA, sucralfate, and placebo. PPIs probably increase the risk of developing pneumonia compared with H2RAs (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.96, 1.68), sucralfate (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.20, 2.27), and placebo (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.95, 2.42) (all moderate quality). Mortality is probably similar across interventions (moderate quality). Estimates of baseline risks of bleeding varied significantly across studies, and only one study reported on Clostridium difficile infection. Definitions of pneumonia varied considerably. Most studies on sucralfate predate pneumonia prevention strategies.

Conclusions

Our results provide moderate quality evidence that PPIs are the most effective agents in preventing CIB, but they may increase the risk of pneumonia. The balance of benefits and harms leaves the routine use of SUP open to question.

     

Risk of serious opportunistic infections after solid organ transplantation: interleukin-2 receptor antagonists versus polyclonal antibodies. A meta-analysis

Background: We aimed to evaluate and quantify the risk of serious opportunistic infections after induction with polyclonal antibodies versus IL-2 receptor antagonists (IL-2RAs) in randomized clinical trials. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed and random-effects models were performed. Results: 70 randomized clinical trials (10,106 patients) were selected: 36 polyclonal antibodies (n = 3377), and 34 IL-2RAs (n = 6729). Compared to controls, polyclonal antibodies showed higher risk of serious opportunistic infections (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.34–2.80; p < 0.0001); IL-2RAs were associated with lower risk of serious opportunistic infections (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68–0.94; p = 0.009). Polyclonal antibodies were associated with higher risk of bacterial (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.00–2.50; p = 0.049) and viral infections (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.60–3.49; p < 0.0001), while IL-2RAs were associated with lower risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56–0.97; p = 0.032). Adjusted indirect comparison: compared to polyclonal antibodies, IL-2RAs were associated with lower risk of serious opportunistic infections (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.34–0.49; p < 0.0001), bacterial infections (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39–0.67; p < 0.0001) and CMV disease (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34–0.98; p = 0.043). Results remained consistent across allografts. Conclusion: The risk of serious opportunistic infections, bacterial infections and CMV disease were all significantly decreased with IL-2RAs compared to polyclonal antibodies.     

H2受体拮抗剂预防应激性溃疡出血的系统评价

目的评价H2受体拮抗剂(H2RA)对预防重危病人应激性溃疡出血(SUB)的有效性及安全性。方法按既定的检索策略,全面检索Cochrane临床对照试验数据库(2006年第4期)、MEDLINE光盘数据库(1980～2006年10月)、EMbase光盘数据库(1984～2006年10月)、中国生物医学文献数据库(1978～2006年10月)、维普中刊数据库(1989～2006年10月)和中文循证医学随机对照试验数据库。手工检索5种相关中文期刊、相关会议论文集及所有检索到试验的参考文献。纳入H2RA预防SUB的随机对照试验。由两位研究者独立地对纳入试验进行质量评价和资料提取,并交叉核对。如有分歧,通过讨论解决。结局指标包括SUB的发生率、医源性肺炎(nosocomial pneumonia,NP)发生率、病死率、药物不良反应的发生率、胃液pH值等指标评价药物预防SUB的效果和安全性。采用RevMan4.2.7软件进行Meta分析。结果共检索到18个可能符合纳入标准的临床试验,其中16个试验共包括2014例病人符合纳入标准,2个试验被排除。纳入试验的方法学质量高低不齐。提取数据后,进行Meta分析或描述性分析。①H2RA能降低SUB的发生率[RR0.39,95%CI(0.28,0.56);P<0.00001,NNT=6],H2RA(P=0.11),不能降低临床大出血的发生率[RR0.51,95%CI(0.17,1.53);P=0.11]。②H2RA与安慰剂相比较,NP发生率差别无统计学意义[RR1.02,95%CI(0.55,1.89);P=0.95]。③H2RA能降低病死率[RR0.68,95%CI(0.52,0.90);P=0.007,NNT=18]。④H2RA的安全性好。⑤药物预防SUB对胃内pH值的影响,由于所纳入的试验在pH值的测量方法、测量时间上的差异,无法提取资料进行合并分析。所有试验均未将住院时间作为观察指标。结论现有的有限证据表明,预防性使用H2RA均能降低SUB发生率、病死率但不能降低临床大出血的发生率。因所发表的临床研究方法学质量普遍不高,存在多种方法学局限性。故应谨慎看待以上结论。今后有必要进一步开展大样本、高质量的临床随机对照试验,为H2RA预防SUB提供更为可靠证据。     

砷剂诱导治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病临床疗效的系统评价

目的系统评价三氧化二砷(As2O3)与反式维甲酸(ARTA)等药物比较,诱导治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)的临床疗效.方法检索MEDLINE(1996～2005.7)、EMBASE(1984～2005.7)、Cochrane临床对照试验资料库(2005年第3期)、中国生物医学文献数据库(1978～2005.7),手工检索所有纳入试验的参考文献,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,采用RevMan4.2.7软件进行Meta分析.结果共纳入6个随机对照试验,323例患者.Meta分析结果显示,①病死率:2个研究报道As2O3组与ATRA组的病死率或治疗期间合并弥漫性血管内凝血或脑出血患者的病死率差异无统计学意义;②完全缓解率:4个研究的合并结果结果显示,As2O3组与ATRA组差异无统计学意义[RR0.98,95%CI(0.86,1.12)];1个研究显示,其在总用药量不变的情况下,将1次用药改为2次用药并延长用药时间能提高完全缓解率[RR1.31,95%CI(1.05,1.65),P=0.02];③不良反应:As2O3明显低于ATRA.结论当前的有限证据表明,As2O3与ATRA等药物比较降低APL患者的病死率、完全缓解率相当,但不良反应发生率更低;由于纳入研究质量较低需要高质量、大样本的随机、双盲对照试验加以证实.     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎的Meta分析

目的评价聚乙二醇干扰素α－2a与普通十扰素治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎的疗效。方法计算机检索MEDLINE、EBSCO、PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库等,并追查了所有纳入文献的参考文献。检索年限均从建库到2009年5月：纳入聚乙二醇十扰素α－2a与普通干扰素比较治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎的随机对照试验。采用Jadad评分法评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan5．0软件进行Meta分析,并根据疗程和观察时间的不同进行亚组分析。结果纳入6个随机对照试验（n=688）,其中4个研究疗程为48周,2个研究为24周,我们按疗程进行了亚组分析：Meta分析结果显示,聚乙二醇干扰素（180ug／d,48周）HBeAg阴转率、HBV-DNA阴转率、HBeAg血清转换率、ALT复常率均高于普通干扰素组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。聚乙二醇干扰素（180ug／d,24周）仅在HBV—DNA阴转率方面略高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[P=0．04,RR=1．44,95％CI（1．01,2．05）].但HBeAg阴转事、HBeAg血清转换率及ALT复常率与对照组无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论48周疗程的聚二乙醇干扰素效果优于普通干扰素,24周疗程的聚二乙醇干扰素在HBV－DNA阴转率方面优于普通干扰素,其他方面与普通干扰素相当。但由于纳入研究的方法学质量均不高,故上述结论在临床使用时应谨慎考虑。     

Acid-suppressive strategy against gastroesophageal reflux diseases and non-erosive reflux diseases: the alternative of proton- pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is categorized into three distinct entities: erosive reflux diseases(ERD), non -erosive reflux diseases(NERD) and Barrett's esophagus. In ERD, early symptomatic relief as well as healing of the esophageal mucosal injury to prevent complications is the goal of the treatment, whereas in NERD, alleviation of the symptoms leading to better quality of life is the main goal. According to the results of randomized controlled trials comparing proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) with H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) head-to-head, PPIs are superior to H2RAs in the treatment for ERD. However, H2RA was equally effective with PPI to the Japanese ERD patients with low-grade esophageal mucosal breaks and positive Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. PPIs are also more beneficial than H2RAs in NERD in Western literatures but overall therapeutic gains of PPIs in NERD are lower than those reported in ERD, indicating heterogeneity of NERD pathophysiology. Again, H2RA was reported to show equal effectiveness with PPI in NERD patients with positive H. pylori status in Japan. Thus, on -demand treatment with H2RA in NERD patients with positive H. pylori status could be an alternative option. In conclusion, optimal management of the Japanese GERD patients with acid suppressive therapies should be tailored to individual conditions.     

Do arrhythmia patients improve survival by participating in randomized clinical trials? Observations from the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)and the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators Trial (AVID)

It is debatable whether patients benefit directly from participation in a randomized clinical trial. We attempt to address this question for participants in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) and the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) studies. Survival rates were compared between eligible patients who enrolled in the trials and eligible patients who did not enroll, adjusting for baseline covariates. In CAST, despite that the active therapy was found to confer an almost threefold increased risk of death, survival was similar between the 3163 enrolled and the 1363 nonenrolled eligible patients. However, when patients were under study management, their risk of death was approximately 20% lower than when they left study management. In AVID, overall survival was similar between the 1016 enrolled and the 1246 nonenrolled eligible patients. However, mortality was substantially higher among patients not enrolled because the referring physician mandated the type of therapy. Overall these observational analyses suggest a net improvement in survival for the participants in these two trials.     

Effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonists on vitamin B12 absorption.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the potential of histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) to cause malabsorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified via a MEDLINE search. Journals and references cited in published articles also were used as data sources. STUDY SELECTION: Studies evaluating the effect of H2RAs on vitamin B12 absorption were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: H2RAs decrease acid secretion by the gastric parietal cells. Gastric acid and pepsin produced by these cells are required for the cleavage of vitamin B12 from dietary sources. Intrinsic factor (IF), also produced by gastric parietal cells, is required for vitamin B12 absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Although H2RAs have not conclusively been shown to decrease IF secretion, studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in food-bound vitamin B12 absorption secondary to decreased acid secretion in patients taking these drugs. CONCLUSIONS: H2RAs have the potential to cause vitamin B12 deficiency. This may be important in patients with inadequate stores of vitamin B12 (e.g., poor diet), particularly those receiving H2RA therapy continuously for more than two years. Healthcare providers should be aware of this potential adverse effect.     

Absence of tolerance in duodenal ulcer patients treated for 28 days with a bedtime dose of roxatidine or ranitidine

Summary— There is much experimental work on the occurrence of tolerance to the antisecretory effect of H₂-receptor antagonists in healthy subjects, while data on its development in patients with duodenal ulcer are poor and conflicting. Moreover, this phenomenon has not been studied previously with 24 h gastric pH-metry in patients with active duodenal ulcer. For these reasons, we carried out a prospective pharmacodynamic investigation in 48 patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer using the well-established once daily dosing schedule of H₂ blockers. They were studied by means of 24 h continuous endoluminal pH-metry which was performed before, on d1 and d28 after receiving an oral bedtime dose (2200 hours) of either roxatidine 150 mg or ranitidine 300 mg, given in randomized and single-blind fashion. Eight patients did not complete the study for various reasons and 82% of ulcers healed after 4 weeks of therapy. Gastric pH was higher ( P < 0.001) on d1 and d28 than basal values during all time periods, but the evening, with both H₂ blockers. There was no significant difference between pH values of d1 and d28 in any time interval with both roxatidine and ranitidine. There was also no difference in pharmacodynamic data between the two active treatments. We conclude that tolerance does not develop after 1 month's treatment with a bedtime dose of H₂ antagonist in patients with active duodenal ulcer and therefore data gathered on this phenomenon in healthy subjects are not applicable to ulcer patients.     

复治涂阳肺结核继续期治疗方案的循证评价

目的循证评价复治涂阳肺结核继续期治疗方案,为WHO基本药物目录(WHOEML)调整及国家指南更新提供依据。方法计算机检索官方网站和CBMdisc(1978～2006),Cochrane图书馆(2006年第4期),DARE(1994～2006),MEDLINE(1950～2006),EMBASE(1974～2006),BIOSISPreviews(1997～2006)等数据库,同时手检相关杂志和参考文献。按照纳入、排除标准严格选择文献。对纳入文献分类分级,循证分析。结果共纳入28篇RCT,4篇CCT,11篇叙述性研究和5篇WHO/国家指南。WHO及高结核负担国家结核防治指南中Ⅱ类结核治疗继续期均使用利福平、异烟肼和乙胺丁醇,但疗程、剂量有差异。此外,此3药也较多用于其它类型结核。结论建议将利福平(R)、异烟肼(H)和乙胺丁醇(E)固定剂量联用(FDC-RHE)纳入WHOEML2007用于复治涂阳肺结核的治疗;HRE剂量比例建议为1∶1∶2,剂量为H150mg,R150mg,E300mg。最佳剂量尚须根据更多高质量临床研究以指导调整。有必要开展对WHO及高结核负担国家结核防治指南有效性、安全性、经济性和适用性的临床研究,并对其进行系统评价,以考察结核用药方案效果,指导指南更新和资源合理配置,提高治疗绩效。有必要加强替代/备选药物研究,开发有效、安全、经济、适用的抗结核药物及药物组合用于耐药结核的防治。