内镜电化学治疗食管贲门癌近期疗效观察

目的 研究内镜电化学对食管、贲门癌及其术后食管胃吻合口狭窄的治疗作用。 方法 对6例食管癌、6例贲门癌及4例食管贲门癌术后食管胃吻合口狭窄患者,在纤维内镜监视导引下对癌肿及吻合口狭窄局部行电化学治疗。 结果 治疗后,6例食管癌达CR 2例,PR 3例,NC 1例总有效率83％(5/6);6例贲门癌达CR 3例,PR 3例,总有效率100％(6/6);4例吻合口狭窄明显扩张,吞咽困难明显改善。 结论 本法能使癌组织坏死,吻合口狭窄扩张,解除食管腔的机械性梗阻,使患者能经口进食。     

内镜下球囊扩张术治疗新生儿食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜下球囊扩张术治疗先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的可行性及疗效。 方法 回顾性分析郑州儿童医院新生儿外科2009年1月至2017年12月行手术治疗的218例Ⅲ型食管闭锁患儿资料,分析术后并发症发生情况,食管狭窄内镜下球囊扩张术治疗效果。 结果 218例患儿中,Ⅲa型92例,Ⅲb型126例。术后发生吻合口瘘46例（21.1％）,其中Ⅲa型29例（31.5％）,Ⅲb型17例（13.5％）;发生吻合口狭窄53例（24.3％）,其中Ⅲa型29例（31.5％）,Ⅲb型24例（19.0％）,食管闭锁不同分型吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄发生率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.383,P=0.001; χ2=4.497,P=0.034）。53例吻合口狭窄患儿行内镜下球囊扩张术123例次,每例（3.5±1.6）次,临床痊愈,无食管穿孔等不良事件发生。其中Ⅲa型扩张73例次,每例（4.0±1.8）次;Ⅲb型扩张50例次,每例（2.5±0.7）次;Ⅲa型患儿术后食管狭窄扩张次数更多（t=-4.053,P=0.027）。 结论 Ⅲa型食管闭锁较Ⅲb型术后吻合口狭窄及吻合口瘘发生率高,食管扩张次数更多。内镜下球囊扩张术是治疗食管闭锁术后食管狭窄安全、有效的方法。     

食管癌术后良性吻合口狭窄的内镜治疗探讨

食管癌术后良性食管吻合口狭窄因进食困难，患者痛苦，既往需再次手术治疗。随着内镜技术的发展，也可采用内镜下Savary—Gilliard探条扩张或球囊扩张治疗，但狭窄易复发，需反复治疗。镍钛记忆合金食管支架治疗良性吻合口狭窄则可显著提高临床疗效一为比较不同方法的疗效，选择我院近年来分别应用食管探条扩张术和镍钛记忆合金食管支架置入术治疗的食管癌术后良性吻合口狭窄患者116例和24例，现将结果报告如下.     

先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄的内镜下放射状切开术联合球囊扩张术治疗初探

目的 评估内镜下放射状切开术联合球囊扩张术治疗先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄的疗效及安全性。 方法 2017年1—6月,因先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄在济南市儿童医院接受内镜下放射状切开术联合球囊扩张术治疗的患儿共4例,采用回顾性分析方法,对4例患儿的治疗及随访情况进行总结和分析。 结果 内镜下放射状切开术用时35～65 min,其中3例术程顺利,另一例术中出现呼吸困难经停止内镜操作及加压给氧后好转,4例术后3周的吞咽困难评分在2～3分,较术前的3～4分均有降低。在内镜下放射状切开术后随诊过程中,1例术后3周吞咽困难再次反复,予球囊扩张治疗后吞咽困难缓解;其余3例均在内镜下放射状切开术后3周辅以球囊扩张术1～2次,球囊扩张术过程顺利,无不良反应发生。4例随访2～3个月,上消化道造影显示造影剂可顺利通过狭窄部位,吞咽困难评分下降至0～1分。 结论 内镜下放射性切开术治疗先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄的短期疗效显著,但易出现再次狭窄,联合球囊扩张治疗后,既能做到选择性切开狭窄又能对狭窄部位瘢痕组织进行均匀扩张,从而达到更好的扩张治疗效果,同时又能有效避免穿孔并发症的发生。     

食管吻合口良性狭窄治疗方法的临床进展

食管恶性肿瘤术后,食管吻合口狭窄是常见的并发症,其严重影响患者生活质量,主要表现为吞咽困难,严重者无法进食,食管吻合口狭窄可分为良性狭窄和恶性狭窄。良性狭窄治疗方法可分为几类：吞咽康复训练、内镜下药物局部注射、微波凝固治疗,球囊扩张术、食管支架植入术、内镜下切开治疗、联合治疗;恶性狭窄主要通过手术方式进行治疗。本文对食管吻合口良性狭窄治疗方法的研究现状作一综述。     

食管贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄的内镜治疗

食管贲门部狭窄可由多种原因引起，如肿瘤浸润、术后瘢痕狭窄，放疗后病变段的狭窄及贲门失弛缓症等。近年来我院在无X线透视下经内镜对57例食管贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄患者进行160次扩张治疗，疗效满意。现报告如下。     

内镜直视下球囊扩张治疗食管狭窄21例

[目的]探讨内镜直视下球囊扩张治疗食管狭窄的疗效和安全性。[方法]经内镜直视下对21例食管狭窄患者行球囊扩张治疗,对比术前、术后狭窄部直径及狭窄程度分级,术后定期随访,观察临床症状及狭窄处直径改善情况。[结果]治疗后疗效评估为显效17例,狭窄口直径增至1．2cml有效4例,狭窄口直径增至1．0cm;总有效率100％。无一例出现食管穿孔、大出血等严重并发症。随访2年仅2例1年后复发,经2次扩张后至今未发,远期疗效达90．47％。[结论]内镜直视下球囊扩张治疗食管狭窄具有良好的临床疗效,操作简便、安全性好。     

内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放、化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄（附26例分析）

目的 评价内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床效果。方法26例食管癌病人中鳞癌23例，腺癌3例；未经手术15例，术后吻合口狭窄7侧，术后复发4例，其中并发食管气管瘘5例。均在内镜直视下应用支架置入器将带膜镍钛合金记忆金属支架送入病变部位。结果26例中经扩张治疗达到Stooler分级0级18例；达到1级6例；达到2级2例；5例食管气管瘘病人，术后进水无呛咳，进食无梗阻。治疗后0和1级共24例，显效率为92％。全部病人治疗后营养状况均有明显改善，结论内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄具有明显的临床效果。     

内镜下扩张治疗食管贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄43例

目的：总结食管-胃-空肠吻合口狭窄内镜下扩张治疗的疗效及经验．方法：对43例食管癌贲门癌术后食管胃和食管空肠吻合口狭窄患者行国产Savary-Gilliard探条扩张器胃镜下扩张术,术后进行局部活检,其中5例置放了食管支架．结果：所有病例扩张术后吞咽困难stooler分级明显提高,吞咽困难解除,近期有效率100%,扩张术后活检病理证实3例复发．12例行4-7次扩张,2例吻合口狭窄仍再发．结论：胃镜下探条扩张器治疗食管胃空肠吻合口狭窄安全有效,少部分经多次连续规则扩张仍狭窄再发者可置放食管支架,扩张术后应常规活检以排除局部癌症复发．     

超长时间扩张治疗食管吻合口狭窄

目的 探索食管术后吻合口狭窄的治疗方法。方法 对10例因食管良恶性疾病术后吻合口疤痕狭窄患者，采用内镜放置钛镍网状记忆合金支架对狭窄进行持续14天的超长时间扩张后取出支架，并随访观察12个月以上。结果 缓解梗阻有效率为100％，疗效稳定12个月以上。结论 该方法安全简便经济，病人痛苦小，缓解期长。     

Management of dysphagia in suspected esophageal motor disorders

Fifty-three patients suffering from dysphagia because of suspected esophageal motor disorders were treated by pneumatic dilatation using the Rider-Moeller technique. Fifteen had achalasia demonstrated by manometric studies. Forty-nine of them had remarkable clinical improvement after the procedure. During the mean period of follow-up (average 5 years, range 1-11), 75% of the patients needed a new dilatation, with a delay of two years. The results of the dilatation were excellent or good in 80% of the cases. Early complications consisted in two esophageal perforations surgically treated. There was no mortality. We did not observe late complications of the procedure. We conclude that pneumatic dilatation should be the initial procedure in the treatment of dysphagia in suspected esophageal motor disorders.     

Short‐ and long‐term effects of balloon dilatation on esophageal motility in achalasia

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of balloon dilatation on esophageal motility in patients with achalasia. METHODS: In 48 patients diagnosed with achalasia based on clinical observations, barium radio­graphy, endoscopy and esophageal manometry, the following parameters were evaluated before dilatation, and 4 and 12?24 weeks after dilatation: symptom score, maximal width of esophagus (MWE), lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), lower esophageal sphincter relaxation rate (LESRR), and contraction amplitude of esophageal body. RESULTS: The symptom score and MWE decreased significantly after dilatation (P < 0.05). The LESP decreased (P < 0.05) and LESRR increased (P < 0.05) significantly 4 weeks and 12?24 weeks after dilatation. The percentages of patients with LESP <2.67 kPa were 45.41% before dilatation, and 82.48% and 85.87% 4 weeks and 12?24 weeks after dilatation, respectively (P < 0.05). The percentages of patients with LESRR ≥80% were 6.74% before dilatation, and 55.97% and 43.78% 4 weeks and 12?24 weeks after dilatation, respectively (P < 0.05). Peristaltic waves were not observed after dilatation in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon dilatation may significantly improve the symptoms of achalasia and reduce esophageal distention by decreasing LESP and increasing LESRR. The mechanism by which balloon dilatation increases LESRR needs to be further studied.     

Cervical esophageal web and celiac disease

Background and Aim:  There is paucity of prospective data on association between cervical esophageal webs and celiac disease. It is not clear whether all patients with cervical esophageal web need screening for celiac disease. Hence, the present study was carried out to determine the association of cervical esophageal web with celiac disease.
Methods:  This prospective study included consecutive patients with symptomatic cervical esophageal web diagnosed over a period of 4.5 years. Tissue transglutaminase antibody was measured in serum of each patient. Patients with elevated tissue transglutaminase antibody titer were subjected to esophagogastroduodenoscopy and biopsies were obtained from the descending duodenum to look for histological changes of celiac disease. Esophageal web was treated with bougie dilatation. Celiac disease was diagnosed on the basis of elevated tissue transglutaminase antibody and suggestive duodenal histology.
Results:  Twenty one patients were diagnosed to have cervical esophageal web. Eighteen (85.7%) had evidence of iron deficiency. Five (23.8%) patients with cervical esophageal web fulfilled criteria for diagnosis of celiac disease. All five had evidence of iron deficiency. None of these patients gave a history of chronic diarrhea. All patients were treated with bougie dilatation. Patients with celiac disease were advised of a gluten-free diet. All five celiac disease patients are free of dysphagia without recurrence after a mean follow up of 10 months (range: 3 to 16 months).
Conclusions:  There is association between cervical esophageal web and celiac disease. All adult patients with cervical esophageal web and iron deficiency need screening for celiac disease even in the absence of chronic diarrhea.     

Home self‐dilatation for esophageal strictures

Esophageal strictures secondary to caustic ingestion, head and neck radiation and at the anastomosis post‐esophagectomy tend to be refractory to one or several dilatations. One option for these strictures is home self‐dilatation. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of home self‐dilatation for a refractory esophageal stricture. A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients from 1997 to 2009 that performed home self‐dilatation for an esophageal stricture. Patients with proximal strictures without tortuosity or a shelf proximal to the stricture were selected for self‐dilatation. The patients were taught self‐dilatation by the surgeon and an experienced nurse, and an appropriate sized Maloney dilator was provided to the patient and returned when no longer needed. There were 16 patients (11 male and 5 female) with a median age of 60 years (range 38–78). The stricture was related to the anastomosis after esophagectomy in 12 patients, caustic injury in 3 patients and cervical chemoradiotherapy in 1 patient. Prior to initiation of self‐dilatation patients had a median of four endoscopic dilatations. Self‐dilatation was done with a Maloney dilator ranging in size from 45 to 60 French. The median duration of self‐dilatation was 16 weeks. No patient had a perforation or complication related to self‐dilatation. No patient required stenting or repetitive endoscopic dilatations because of failure of self‐dilatation. Strictures recurred in two patients after cessation of self‐dilatation and both responded to endoscopic dilatation followed by additional self‐dilatation. Self‐dilatation effectively resolves refractory esophageal strictures. It was well tolerated, and there were no complications in this series. Home self‐dilatation should be considered the treatment of choice in appropriate patients with refractory esophageal strictures in the cervical esophagus.     

Impact of dominant stenoses on the serum level of the tumor marker CA19-9 in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have an increased risk of developing hepatobiliary tumors. The tumor marker CA19-9 was claimed to indicate the occurrence of bile duct carcinoma. This study aimed to assess whether increased serum levels of CA19-9 in PSC patients with dominant stenoses indicate bile duct carcinoma. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 106 patients treated over a median time of 5.0 years (range 0.5 - 13 years). All patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and whenever they developed dominant stenoses by endoscopic dilatation of these stenoses. In endoscopically treated patients, CA19-9 levels were measured before and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after endoscopic dilatation. RESULTS: Of the 106 patients, 22 carcinoma-free patients and 3 patients with bile duct carcinoma had elevated CA 19 - 9 levels. In 14 out of 25 patients with elevated CA19-9 levels, dominant stenoses were diagnosed and treated by endoscopic dilatation. In 71.4 % of the endoscopically treated patients, CA19-9 levels decreased following the endoscopic intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In PSC patients, increased serum levels of CA19-9 are rarely due to the development of bile duct carcinoma. In patients with dominant stenoses, the relief of biliary obstruction by endoscopic dilatation may lead to a decrease of the serum levels of CA19-9.     

Assessment of benign esophageal stricture dilated by balloon using liquid scintigraphy

Benign esophageal strictures with a diameter of less than 10 mm were dilated by balloon catheter in 15 patients. Liquid esophageal transit scintigraphy was performed before, the day after, and 3 weeks following dilatation. Before treatment the mean esophageal transit was 38 s (range, 8.0–120). The day after dilatation the mean transit time was 20 s (range, 7.5–120), which differed significantly (p<0.01) from the pretreatment value. At the 3 weeks check-up, the mean transit time was 16 s (range, 4.5–120), which did not differ (NS) from the result obtained the day after treatment. Thus, esophageal liquid transit improves rapidly and lasts for at least 3 weeks. Improvement in esophageal liquid transit did not always accord with the clinical outcome after dilatation, which was significantly (p<0.05) related to the postdilatation stricture width as measured radiographically.     

The Rigiflex TTS: A New Method to Dilate Benign Esophageal Stenosis

Abstract: This paper dicusses the use of esophageal dilatation with a Rigiflex TTS balloon. This method was used 45 times on 11 patients affected by anastomotic or a severe grade peptic esophageal stenosis. Fluoroscopic guidance was used in 36 procedures (80%) without effecting the mean duration of the treatment (12 minutes). The results were considered satisfactory when these goals had been achieved: a) dilatation of the stenosis over 15 mm; b) a dysphagia free-time of more than 6 months. A satisfactory result was achieved in 10 patients (90.9%), without deaths and major complications. 5 patients received 1 dilatation and the other 5 needed, 3-3-4-7–11 procedures respectively to obtain a satisfactory result. On these basis we consider that its great efficacy, security and tolerability depend on the following characteristics of the Rigiflex TTS balloon: 1) “radial” dilatation; 2) the possibility of introducing the balloon through the operative channel of the fiberscope; 3) direct visualization of the stenosis during dilatation. The following disadvantages with this method are: the absence of a tactile sensation of dilatation and the elevated cost of the instrument. We conclude that the Rigiflex TTS balloon is an important alternative to guide-wire techniques, especially for the treatment of severe esophageal strictures.     

Management of diffuse esophageal spasm with balloon dilatation.

Of 1200 patients referred to the esophageal laboratory at Guy's Hospital for investigation of suspected esophageal motility disorders, 61 (5.1%) were diagnosed as diffuse esophageal spasm. Twenty of these patients whose symptoms were severe did not respond to conservative treatment and were treated by balloon dilatation. Results were good in 14 and poor in six patients, which included one esophageal perforation. Diffuse esophageal spasm was diagnosed where more than 30% nonperistaltic activity was demonstrated by manometry. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure and relaxation were normal in all cases except one. Gastroesophageal reflux was present in four of five poor responders who were examined by 24-h ambulatory pH monitoring, and in only one of 10 good responders. Three of the six patients in whom balloon dilatation was successful proceeded to full-length myotomy, with relief of symptoms in two. The indications for, and results of, balloon dilatation in this condition are discussed, and a new radiological sign is described.     

Development of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid: outcome after endoscopic treatment

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterized by progressive fibrotic inflammation and obliteration of intra- and/or extrahepatic bile ducts. METHODS: In a prospective study of 106 patients treated for up to 13 years with ursodeoxycholic acid, the development of major bile duct stenoses and the efficacy of endoscopic measures have been evaluated. RESULTS: Of 106 patients ten had major duct stenoses at entry, and during a median follow-up period of 5.0 years another 43 developed a dominant stenosis. Fifty-two patients with dominant stenoses were treated endoscopically by repeated balloon dilatations and five patients were temporarily stented. Complications of endoscopic procedures were pancreatitis (5.2%), bacterial cholangitis (3.3%) and bile duct perforation (0.5%). Five years after the first dilatation of a dominant stenosis the Kaplan-Meier survival rates free of liver transplantation were 100% in stage 2, 72% in stage 3 and 50% in stage 4 disease. The actuarial survival free of liver transplantation of the whole group at 3, 5 and 7 years were 0.987, 0.935 and 0.891 and the corresponding survival rates predicted with the Mayo multicenter survival model were 0.860, 0.775 and 0.737 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In advanced disease, occlusion of major bile ducts with time occurs in the majority of patients. Endoscopic opening of dominant stenoses is effective and appears to be a valuable addition to the medical treatment of such patients.     

Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter

The purpose of this study was to determine if botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter improves symptoms in patients with nonachalasia spastic esophageal motility disorders. Fifteen patients with nonachalasia spastic esophageal motility disorders (diffuse esophageal spasm, nonspecific esophageal motility disorders, and lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction) unresponsive to medical therapy underwent endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin at the level of the gastroesophageal junction. Symptoms were scored (0=no symptoms, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe and 4=very severe) before treatment, at seven days and every 30 days after treatment. There was significant improvement in chest pain, dysphagia, and regurgitation at 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after treatment. At one month after treatment, 11 of 15 (73%) patients had a good or excellent response to treatment. At the last patient interview (mean follow-up of 10.6 months), five (33%) patients continued to have a good to excellent response, whereas 10 (67%) underwent subsequent treatment with repeat botulinum toxin, pneumatic dilation, or bougienage. We conclude that botulinum toxin injection at the gastroesophageal junction leads to significant symptom improvement in patients with nonachalasia esophageal motility disorders. These results suggest that botulinum toxin may be an effective treatment option in some of these patients not responsive to conventional medical therapy.