Modulatory effect of Cyclea peltata Lam. on stone formation induced by ethylene glycol treatment in rats

The inhibitory effect of the root of Cyclea peltata Lam. on nephrolithiasis induced in rats by feeding with ethylene glycolated water (1%) for 35 days was summarized. Ethylene glycol administration led to oxalate stone formation, as indicated by its high level in urine. Complementary to this anion, the cation calcium level in urine was elevated. These two ions may have contributed to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. In addition to high serum potassium, a low serum magnesium level contributed to stone formation. Simultaneous administration of the powdered root of Cyclea peltata resulted in decreased urinary oxalate and calcium. Likewise, serum potassium was lowered and magnesium was elevated. These observations provided the basis for the conclusion that this plant inhibits the stone formation induced by ethylene glycol treatment.     

Antilithiatic Effect of Melia azedarach. on Ethylene Glycol–Induced Nephrolithiasis in Rats

Abstract

The effect of the aqueous extract of Melia azedarach. Linn. (Meliaceae) against ethylene glycol–induced nephrolithiasis in male Wistar albino rats is summarized in this study. Lithiasis was induced in rats by administering 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days and was manifested by high urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, and low urinary magnesium content. Simultaneous administration of aqueous extract of Melia azedarach. (AEMA; 250 mg/kg body weight) orally for 28 days along with ethylene glycol (0.75%) reduced urinary calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and elevated urinary magnesium level. It also increased the urine volume, thereby reducing the tendency for crystallization. The histopathological studies confirmed the induction of lithiasis as microcrystal deposition was observed in sections of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol. This was reduced, however, after treatment with the extract. These observations enable us to conclude that AEMA is effective against ethylene glycol–induced nephrolithiasis.     

Antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activity of Hordeum vulgare seeds on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats

Objective:

The objective was to investigate the antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds (EHV) on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in Wistar albino rats.

Materials and Methods:

Urolithiasis was produced in Wistar albino rats by adding 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol (EG) to drinking water for 28 days. The ethanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds (EHV) was assessed for its curative and preventive action in urolithiasis. In preventive treatment, the EHV given from 1st day to 28th day, while in the curative regimen, the EHV was given from 15th day to 28th day. Various renal functional and injury markers such as urine volume, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, magnesium, urea, and oxalate were evaluated using urine, serum, and kidney homogenate. Antioxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were also determined.

Results:

The EHV treatment (both preventive and curative) increased the urine output significantly compared to the control. The EHV treatment significantly reduced the urinary excretion of the calcium, phosphate, uric acid, magnesium, urea, and oxalate and increased the excretion of citrate compared to EG control. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats were significantly lowered by curative and preventive treatment with EHV. It was also observed that the treatment with EHV produced significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, and increased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Conclusion:

These results suggest the usefulness of ethanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds as an antiurolithiatic and antioxidant agent.KEY WORDS: Antioxidant, ethylene glycol, Hordeum vulgare, urolithiasis     

Effect of Hygrophila spinosa in ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in rats

Objective:

Hygrophila spinosa (Acanthaceae) is traditionally used to treat urinary calculi. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of methanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa (Acanthaceae) in ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasic rats.

Materials and Methods:

Methanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa (HSME) (250 and 500 mg/ kg body weight) was administered orally to male Wistar albino rats. Ethylene glycol (EG) was used to induce nephrolithiasis. The parameters studied included water intake, urinary volume, urinary pH, urinary and kidney oxalate and calcium, urinary magnesium and serum uric acid.

Results:

Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and serum uric acid along with decreased excretion of urinary magnesium. Treatment with HSME significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, urinary calcium and serum uric acid with increase in reduced urinary magnesium. Ethylene glycol feeding also resulted in increased levels of calcium and oxalate in kidney which was decreased after the treatment with HSME. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of ethylene glycol treated rats was significantly lowered by treatment with HSME.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that the aerial parts of Hygrophila spinosa are endowed with antiurolithiatic activity, thereby justifying its traditional claim.KEY WORDS: Ethylene glycol, Hygrophila spinosa, kidney stones, nephrolithiasis     

Control of urinary risk factors of stone formation by Salvadora persica in experimental hyperoxaluria

Urolithiasis, the process of formation of stones in the kidneys and urinary tract, is the major clinical manifestation of hyperoxaluria. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria with increased renal excretion of oxalate, sodium, calcium and phosphate and a decrease in the excretion of magnesium. Supplementation with an aqueous and alcoholic extract of the leaves of Salvadora persica significantly reduced elevated urinary oxalate levels, indicating a regenerative action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The deposition of stone-forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats was also significantly lowered by curative and preventive treatments with the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Salvadora persica. The high serum creatinine level observed in ethylene glycol-treated rats was also reduced following treatment with the extracts. Histopathological findings showed signs of improvement after treatment with the extracts. These observations led to the conclusion that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of Salvadora persica are endowed with antiurolithiatic properties.     

Curative treatment with extracts of Bombax ceiba fruit reduces risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats

Context: Drawbacks of presently available treatments for urolithiasis necessitate finding the treatment of hyperoxaluria specifically aimed at reduction in oxalate excretion. Interestingly, many Indian tribes use Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae) fruits as a traditional medicine for the treatment of urinary stones.

Objective: The present study investigated the efficacy of B. ceiba fruit extracts as curative agents in experimentally induced calcium oxalate urolithiatic rats.

Materials and methods: Calcium oxalate lithiasis was induced in rats by oral administration of 0.75% ethylene glycol for 14 consecutive days. Treatments with aqueous and ethanol extract of B. ceiba fruit (400?mg/kg body weight) was performed in the same manner for further 14 consecutive days. Cystone (750?mg/kg body weight) was used as reference antiurolithiatic drug. The urinary excretion and kidney deposition of offending salt components, and serum biochemical parameters were investigated.

Results: Oral administration of ethylene glycol resulted in hyperoxaluria and increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. However, supplementation with aqueous and ethanol extracts of B. ceiba fruit significantly (p?<?0.05) reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The increased deposition of stone forming constituents in kidneys of calculogenic rats was also significantly lowered with curative treatment of aqueous and ethanol extract.

Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the fruit of B. ceiba is endowed with lithontriptic activity warranting further development for curative treatment of urolithiasis.     

Alcea rosea root extract as a preventive and curative agent in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats

Introduction:

Alcea rosea L. is used in Asian folk medicine as a remedy for a wide range of ailments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Alcea rosea roots on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats.

Materials and Methods:

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, ethylene glycol (EG), curative and preventive groups. Control group received tap drinking water for 28 days. Ethylene glycol (EG), curative and preventive groups received 1% ethylene glycol for induction of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculus formation; preventive and curative subjects also received the hydroalcoholic extract of Alcea rosea roots in drinking water at dose of 170 mg/kg, since day 0 or day 14, respectively. Urinary oxalate concentration was measured by spectrophotometer on days 0, 14 and 28. On day 28, the kidneys were removed and examined histopathologically under light microscopy for counting the calcium oxalate deposits in 50 microscopic fields.

Results:

In both preventive and curative protocols, treatment of rats with hydroalcoholic extract of Alcea rosea roots significantly reduced the number of kidney calcium oxalate deposits compared to ethylene glycol group. Administration of Alcea rosea extract also reduced the elevated urinary oxalate due to ethylene glycol.

Conclusion:

Alcea rosea showed a beneficial effect in preventing and eliminating calcium oxalate deposition in the rat kidney. This effect is possibly due to diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects or presence of mucilaginous polysaccharides in the plant. It may also be related to lowering of urinary concentration of stone-forming constituents.KEY WORDS: Alcea rosea, malvaceae, kidney calculi, ethylene glycol, calcium oxalate     

连钱草提取物对肾结石模型大鼠的防治作用

目的观察连钱草提取物对肾结石模型大鼠的防治作用。方法大鼠饲饮含乙二醇和氯化铵的水建立肾结石模型,测定给药后各组大鼠24h排尿量,血清钙的含量,以及肾组织钙和草酸的含量。观察肾组织病理学变化。结果连钱草提取物可显著增加肾结石大鼠24h排尿量,明显降低肾组织草酸含量,以及血清和肾组织中钙含量,减少草酸钙结晶在肾组织中的沉积。结论连钱草提取物可以增加尿量,降低血清及肾组织中钙含量;减轻大鼠肾组织因结石引起的损伤和病变,减少’平内草酸钙结晶,从而防治肾结石。     

Antilithiatic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of cactus prickly pear in chemically induced urolithiasis in rats

This study investigated the antiurolithiasic effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of cactus prickly pear fruit in male Wistar rats. The effect of oral administration of cactus fruit extracts were studied on calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Forty-two rats were used for the study. The animals were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Control group maintained on regular rat food and drinking water throughout the study period, whereas in other groups nephrolithiasis was induced by ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. Rats in kidney stone group were sacrificed after 28?days and all remaining groups after 58?days. Treatment groups were treated with 1?mg/kg and 100?mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cactus fruit for 30?days. Urinary calcium level was decreased significantly by ethanolic extracts of cactus fruit and urinary creatinine, magnesium and citrate levels were increased significantly by aqueous and ethanolic extracts of cactus fruit dose dependently. Serum phosphorus level was decreased significantly in treatment groups dose dependently and serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels were found to be similar as in control group.     

Acute and chronic diuretic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diles in normal rats

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic diuretic effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diles. Methods The ethanolic extract was administered (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) in Wistar rats. In the acute study, rats received drugs orally and urine was collected after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h. The chronic study involved repeated administration of ethanolic extract for 28 days and urine was collected on day 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The parameters were total urine volume, concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions, creatinine in urine and serum. Urine output, electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions) and creatinine were determined on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Key findings The highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the ethanolic extract significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced urine output. Excretion of cations (Na⁺ and K⁺ ions) and anions (Cl^‐ ions) increased significantly with respect to the control (gum acacia 2% dissolved in saline, 10 ml/kg) group. The increase of cations in the urine after treatment with ethanolic extract was dose dependent. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) did not significantly change the concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions in serum. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) increased the excretion of creatinine in urine but with a corresponding decrease in serum. Conclusions It was concluded that the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (400 mg/kg) had significant diuretic effect in rats.     

Studies on the antilithic effect of Rotula aquatica lour in male Wistar rats

The decoction of Rotula aquatica lour was screened for antilithic activity in male Wistar rats and the results were summarized based on the ionic changes in both urine and serum. Nephrolithiasis was induced in rats by feeding them 3% glycolic acid mixed feed for 45 days, which resulted in high urinary calcium, oxalate and high serum potassium. Simultaneous treatment with the decoction reduced calcium and oxalate ion concentration in urine, confirming the stone inhibitory effect. Histopathological studies of kidney tissue samples further substantiated the findings. The decoction was found to be nontoxic over the 45-day treatment period.     

Physico-chemical alterations of urine in experimental hyperoxaluria: a biochemical approach with fucoidan

Urinary supersaturation-induced crystal formation has been attributed as one of the key factor for the pathogenesis/progression of lithogenesis. This study was aimed at investigating whether fucoidan, a naturally occurring sulfated glycosaminoglycan, could ameliorate the biochemical changes in urine induced by stone formation. Two groups of male albino Wistar rats (120+/-20 g) received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) for 28 days to induce hyperoxaluria, and one of them received sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus, 5 mg kg(-1), s.c.), commencing from the 8(th) day of the experimental period. One group was maintained as normal control group and another group served as drug control, which received sulfated polysaccharides. The urine collected from all the groups was analysed for changes in pH, volume, oxalate, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, magnesium, citric acid and glycosaminoglycans. Urinary crystals were analysed with a light microscope. Renal tissues were studied under polarized light for deposition of crystals and also analysed for their oxalate and calcium content. The changes in extracellular matrix on crystal deposition were also evaluated. The urinary pH and volume were altered in rats treated with EG along with an increase in weight of the kidney. Further, administration of EG to rats increased the supersaturation of urine by escalating the levels of the stone-forming constituents, such as oxalate, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid, which was completely restored by fucoidan treatment. The decrease in the inhibitors, like citrate, magnesium and glycosaminoglycans, in urine was prevented by the co-treatment with fucoidan. In hyperoxaluric rats, there was an increased excretion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine along with crystal deposition in renal tissues; this was prevented by fucoidan treatment. Fucoidan administration reversed even the tissue levels of calcium and oxalate. The increased accumulation of collagen and expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) in hyperoxaluria was normalized on fucoidan administration. These results suggest that the physico-chemical alterations in urine produced during hyperoxaluria can be reversed by fucoidan administration.     

Preventive effect of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs on ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats

Osteoporosis is a metabolic skeletal disorder leading to bone fracture which adversely impacts the quality of life. In the present, we aimed to investigate the effect of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb juice and ethanolic extract on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic rat model. Osteoporosis was induced by OVX with a double dorsolateral approach on female Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats undergoing sham surgeries (sham-control group) served as controls. The ovariectomized rats were divided into six groups based on administered treatments, (i) CMC Na 0.3% (OVX-control group), (ii) standard drug (ethynil estradiol 4.5 µg/kg), (iii) P. pellucida juice at dose of 50 mg/kg, and (iv) 100 mg/kg, (v) P. pellucida ethanolic extract at dose of 50 mg/kg, and (vi) 100 mg/kg. Treatments were started 1 week after the surgeries and lasted for 6 weeks. Rats treated with 100 mg/kgP. pellucida ethanol extract had significantly decreased serum ALP level and reduced excretion of urine calcium compared with the OVX-control group (P<0.05). These levels were not significantly altered when compared with the sham-control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, 100 mg/kg ethanolic extract-treated group showed improvement on three-dimensional image of the trabecular bone compared with the OVX-control group. Trabecular cavity formation in 100 mg/kg ethanolic extract-treated group was minimal. Ethanolic extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunthherbs at a dose of 100 mg/kg had preventive effect on OVX-induced osteoporotic rats.     

Chemoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaf against MNNG-induced oxidative stress

We evaluated the modifying effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on oxidative stress induced by the potent gastric carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in male Wistar rats. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were used as intermediate endpoints of chemoprevention. Three different concentrations of ethanolic neem leaf extract (100, 200 and 400 mg kg(-1) body weight) were administered by intragastric intubation (i.g) for five consecutive days followed by MNNG (i.g) 1.5 h after the final administration. Enhanced lipid peroxidation was accompanied by compromised antioxidant defences in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes of MNNG-treated rats. Pretreatment with ethanolic neem leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) significantly lowered the concentration of lipid peroxides and increased antioxidant levels. Our results demonstrate that neem leaf exerts its chemoprotective effects on MNNG- induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and enhancing the antioxidant status.     

Bergenia ciliata extract prevents ethylene glycol induced histopathological changes in the kidney

The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the effect of Bergenia ciliata extract on kidney of ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in adult female Wistar rats. The hydro-alcoholic extract of Bergenia ciliata/standard drug cystone were administrated simultaneously at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight/day, p.o. along with ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) for 28 days. Significant changes were observed in body weight and absolute organ weight of ethylene glycol treated rats. Also histopathological results showed disrupted renal parenchyma, degenerative changes in glomeruli and focal calcification in glomerulo-tubular structures in ethylene glycol treated animals. Administration of Bergenia ciliata extract/cystone along with ethylene glycol showed significant protective effect in body weight and organ weight with few stray areas of calcifications in glomeruli. Moreover, Bergenia ciliata extract shows higher renoprotective index than cystone at the same dose level.     

Ethylene glycol induced renal toxicity in female Wistar rats

The calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis due to ethylene glycol treatment has long been observed in male species but the prevalence of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in female species due to ethylene glycol has been still a subject of controversy. Ethylene glycol was administered in drinking water at three different doses (0.4%, 0.75% and 1.0%, v/v) for 28 days in female Wistar rats. Ethylene glycol treatment caused significant decrease in body weight and corresponding increase in relative organ weight with significant hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria and proteinuria as well as increased retention of calcium, oxalate, phosphate and total protein in kidney in a dose — and time — dependent manner. However, calcium level was significantly reduced in the serum while an increase in total protein and phosphate level in serum was observed. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in magnesium level in urine, serum and kidney due to ethylene glycol. The effects were also confirmed in histopathological studies.     

Influence of steroids and stress on toxicity and disposition of tetraethylammonium bromide.

In female rats, pretreatment with dexamethasone acetate or triamcinolone reduced the toxicity and plasma concentrations of tetraethylammonium bromide while increasing its level in urine. Pretreatment with corticosterone acetate or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile shared none of these effects. Although starvation or restraint neither diminished the tetraethylammonium bromide concentrations in plasma nor accelerated its urinary excretion, its toxicity was diminished by the stress induced with spinal cord lesions, heat, cold, hydrocortisone, or reserpine as well as starvation or restraint. The protection offered against the toxicant by stress and by the potent glucocorticoids seemed to be mediated, at least partly, via different mechanisms. Stress-induced resistance to tetraethylammonium bromide could not be attributed to elevated plasma corticosterone levels, whereas glucocorticoid-induced resistance could be partially ascribed to increased urinary excretion of the toxicant.     

Effect of Unex on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unex capsule on albino rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The Unex capsule is a marketed product of Unijules Life Sciences, Nagpur, containing the extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa and Tribulus terrestris. Activity of Unex was studied using the ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model. Standard drug used was Cystone. Several parameters were used including urinary volume, urine pH, urine analysis, and serum analysis to assess the activity. The results indicated that the administration of Unex to rats with ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis significantly reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones (P < 0.01). Also, the treatment of lithiasis-induced rats by Unex restored all the elevated biochemical parameters (creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen), restored the urine pH to normal, and increased the urine volume significantly (P < 0.01) when compared to the model control drug. This study supports the usage of Unex in urolithiasis and the utility could further be confirmed in other animal models.     

Antiurolithiatic Property of Moringa oleifera Root Bark

In spite of tremendous advances in the field of medicine, there is no truly satisfactory drug for the treatment of renal calculi. In the present study, the efficacy of the root bark of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) as an antiurolithiatic agent was investigated using an experimentally induced urolithiatic rat model. Hyperoxaluria was induced in rats using 0.75% ethylene glycol in water. Aqueous (AqE) (200 mg kg^{? 1} body weight) and alcoholic extracts (AlcE) (200 mg kg^{? 1} body weight) of the root bark of M. oleifera were given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Both the extracts significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Moreover, elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by the extracts. The results were comparable with the standard drug, cystone (750 mg kg^{? 1} body weight). The reduction of stone forming constituents in urine and their decreased kidney retention reduces the solubility product of crystallizing salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, which could contribute to the antiurolithiatic property of root bark of M. oleifera.     

Protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia roots against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats

This study investigated the protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn. (HARC) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis and its possible underlying mechanisms using male Wistar albino rats. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria, hypocalciuria as well as increased renal excretion of phosphate. Supplementation with HARC significantly prevented change in urinary calcium, oxalate and phosphate excretion dose-dependently. The increased calcium and oxalate levels and number of calcium oxalate crystals deposits in the kidney tissue of calculogenic rats were significantly reverted by HARC treatment. The HARC supplementation also prevents the impairment of renal functions.