儿童眶部肿物的CT诊断

目的探讨儿童眶部肿物的CT表现特点。资料与方法回顾性分析39例经手术病理和l临床随访证实的眶部肿物的CT表现。结果肌锥内肿物7例，其中2例视神经胶质瘤、1例视神经鞘脑膜瘤和3例视网膜母细胞瘤累及视神经，1例表皮样囊肿位于眼外肌和视神经之间。肌锥外肿物29例，其中良性肿物2l例，包括蜂窝织炎3．例，脓肿1例，炎性假瘤3例，皮样囊肿7例，毛细血管瘤2例，淋巴管瘤、横纹肌瘤、神经鞘瘤、骨化性纤维瘤和泪腺混合瘤各1例；恶性肿物8例，其中横纹肌肉瘤5例，转移性成神经细胞瘤2例，泪腺腺样囊性癌1例。多间隙肿物3例，其中神经纤维瘤病I型1例，毛细血管瘤2例。结论儿童眶部肿物的CT表现各有其特点，结合l临床，多数可做出定性诊断。     

Häufigkeit und Topographie von Fernmetastasen bei Patienten mit HNO-Tumoren und ihre onsequenzen für das prätherapeutische Staging

PURPOSE: To address the following questions: which parameters influenced the frequency of distant metastases in patients with locally advanced ear-nose-throat (ENT) tumors, which was the distribution pattern of metastases, and what were the diagnostic consequences for pretherapeutic staging? PATIENTS AND METHODS: 600 patients (526 men, 76 women, median age 56 years) with ENT tumors (squamous cell carcinoma histology) were studied retrospectively. The distribution of primary tumor site and stage (AJCC) was as follows: oropharynx: n = 161 (26.8%), hypopharynx: n = 187 (31.2%), oral cavity: n = 89 (14.8%), larynx: n = 118 (19.7%), cancer of unknown origin: n = 13 (2.2%), others: n = 32(5.3%), I: n = 24 (4%), II: n = 49 (8.2%), III: n = 89 (14.8%), IV: n = 438 (73%). 270 patients (45%) received radiochemotherapy, 330 (55%) postoperative radiotherapy. The following parameters were analyzed in association with distant metastases: tumor localization, T- and N-category, primary treatment, local tumor control, and second neoplasms. RESULTS: 114/600 patients (19%) developed distant metastases, 29/600 (4.9%) at presentation, 50% within 9.3 months after diagnosis of the primary tumor. Distant metastases were most frequent in stage IV (24.2%), carcinoma of the hypopharynx (25.7%), local recurrence (24.3%), and second neoplasm (31.7%) with the following distribution pattern: pulmonary 61/114 (53.5%), pleural 15/114 (13.1%), osseous 45/114 (39.5%), hepatic 14/114 (12.3%), cerebral 8/114 (7%), cutaneous 14/114 (12.3%). 34/114 patients (29.8%) presented monotopic, 80/114 (70.2%) polytopic metastases. 82/600 (13.6%) patients additionally had second neoplasms, 20 corresponding with synchronous or metachronous bronchial tumors. CONCLUSION: With locally advanced ENT tumor stage IVa/b, carcinoma of the hypopharynx, local recurrence or second neoplasms, at least a pretherapeutic CT of the thorax should be performed because every seventh patient (88/600) developed metastases or second primary tumors within the thoracic space during the course of disease. Regarding the side effects and costs of curative therapy, the definition of generally accepted guidelines for the systemic staging of locally advanced ENT tumors should be undertaken.     

Tumor recurrence after radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumors: spectrum of findings on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to determine the spectrum of CT findings of tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of primary and secondary malignant hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients, 10 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 15 patients with metastases who developed tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic neoplasms, formed the study population. Three observers reviewed the CT scans of these patients and evaluated the location (local intrahepatic, remote intrahepatic, or extrahepatic) of all recurrent lesions and the morphology and enhancement characteristics of local intrahepatic recurrences. RESULTS: Local intrahepatic recurrences were seen in nine patients (90%) and 11 patients (73%); remote intrahepatic recurrences, in five patients (50%) and seven patients (45%); and extrahepatic recurrences, in zero and six patients (40%) with recurrent HCC and recurrent metastases, respectively. Of the 12 nodules of local intrahepatic recurrences in HCC and the 24 in metastases, the patterns of local intrahepatic recurrences were of nodular, halo, and gross enlargement types in eight (67%) and nine (38%), four (33%) and six (38%), and zero and nine (37%) nodules in HCC and hepatic metastases, respectively. The number of local intrahepatic recurrent lesions enhancing in the arterial phase was significantly greater in HCC. CONCLUSION: Tumor recurrences occurred at intra- and extrahepatic sites after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic neoplasms. The local intrahepatic recurrences appeared in three patterns: nodular, halo, or gross enlargement. The sites of recurrence and the morphologic patterns of local intrahepatic tumor recurrence differed between primary and secondary hepatic neoplasms.     

Detection of recurrent ovarian cancer at MRI: comparison with integrated PET/CT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic performances of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the detection of recurrent ovarian tumor. METHODS: Thirty-six patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian carcinoma received both MRI and PET/CT for the evaluation of ovarian tumor recurrence. Recurrent ovarian tumors in abdomen and pelvis were classified based on site as follows: (1) local pelvic recurrence, (2) peritoneal lesion, (3) lymph nodal metastasis, and (4) distant metastasis. Patient-based and lesion-based analyses were retrospectively performed with the aim of detecting tumor recurrence. For the detection of recurrent ovarian tumors, we compared patient-based and lesion-based diagnostic accuracies of these 2 modalities using the McNemar test. RESULTS: Histopathologic, clinical, and radiological follow-up findings revealed recurrent ovarian tumors in 35 sites of 22 patients. These 35 sites consisted of local pelvic recurrence (n = 15), peritoneal lesions (n = 14), lymph nodal metastasis (n = 4), and abdominal wall metastasis (n = 2). In detecting recurrent ovarian tumor, patient-based sensitivity and the accuracy of PET/CT and MRI were 73% and 91% (P < 0.05), and 81% and 89% (P > 0.05), respectively. In addition, overall lesion-based sensitivity of PET/CT and MRI were 66% and 86%, respectively (P < 0.05). In detecting peritoneal lesions, overall lesion-based sensitivity and accuracy of PET/CT and MRI for peritoneal lesions were 43% and 86%, and 75% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive than PET/CT for detecting local pelvic recurrence and peritoneal lesions of recurrent ovarian tumors.     

脑脊膜转移的MRI表现

目的：总结脑脊膜转移的ＭＲＩ表现及其与原发肿瘤的关系。材料与方法：复习２０例符合下述３项标准的病例的临床及ＭＲＩ资料：（１）有病理证实的原发恶性肿瘤史;（２）新近发生神经系统症状和体征;（３）静脉注射Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ后ＭＲＩ示脑脊膜异常强化。结果：原发肿瘤：癌１２例,非何杰金淋巴瘤８例。ＭＲＩ表现有：（１）脑脊膜异常强化２０例;（２）神经根异常强化１３例,其中马尾终丝病变１０例;（３）脑积水２例。脑     

脑转移瘤出血的CT和MRI诊断

目的：探讨脑转移瘤出血的CT、MRI表现特点。方法：经临床或病理证实的脑转移瘤出血51例，男41例，女10例，平均53.6岁，51例全部行CT平扫，其中17例同时行MR平扫，20例行增强CT，14例行增强MR扫描。结果：51例共130个脑转移瘤出血病灶，根据转移瘤内出血灶的形态分为结节肿块型（28例87个病灶）。环型（10例22个病灶）和灶样出血型（16例21个病灶），同一病例可同时存在不同形态的脑转移瘤出血病灶，出血灶在CT平扫时呈高密度，MRT1WI呈高信号，增强扫描各型脑转移瘤出血病灶呈不同程度和形态的强化。结论：脑转移瘤出血形态多样。结节肿块型脑转移瘤出血需要与单纯性脑出血鉴别，环型需要与脑脓肿鉴别，而灶样出血型主要应与各种脑原发恶必肿瘤相鉴别。     

Detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis comparing US, USgFNAC, CT and MR imaging

PURPOSE: To perform a meta-analysis comparing ultrasonography (US), US guided fine needle aspiration cytology (USgFNAC), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched (January 1990-January 2006) for studies reporting diagnostic performances of US, USgFNAC, CT, and MRI to detect cervical lymph node metastases. Two reviewers screened text and reference lists of potentially eligible articles. Criteria for study inclusion: (1) histopathology was the reference standard, (2) primary tumors and metastases were squamous cell carcinoma and (3) data were available to construct 2 x 2 contingency tables. Meta-analysis of pairs of sensitivity and specificity was performed using bivariate analysis. Summary estimates for diagnostic performance used were sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) (95% confidence intervals) and summary receiver operating characteristics (SROC) curves. RESULTS: From seventeen articles, 25 data sets could be retrieved. Eleven articles studied one modality: US (n=4); USgFNAC (n=1); CT (n=3); MRI (n=3). Six articles studied two or more modalities: US and CT (n=2); USgFNAC and CT (n=1); CT and MRI (n=1); MRI and MRI-USPIO (Sinerem) (n=2); US, USgFNAC, CT and MRI (n=1). USgFNAC (AUC=0.98) and US (AUC=0.95) showed the highest areas under the curve (AUC). MRI-USPIO (AUC=0.89) and CT (AUC=0.88) had similar results. MRI showed an AUC=0.79. USgFNAC showed the highest DOR (DOR=260) compared to US (DOR=40), MRI-USPIO (DOR=21), CT (DOR=14) and MRI (DOR=7). Conclusion USgFNAC showed to be the most accurate imaging modality to detect cervical lymph node metastases.     

眶颅沟通性病变的CT和MRI研究

目的 研究、探讨眶颅沟通性病变的沟通路径、CT和MRI表现及其影像学特征。方法 51例患者,男28例,女23例,年龄2－68岁,平均41岁,为手术病理和随访结果证实。51例均行 CT扫描,45例行MR扫描,CT和MR增强扫描各44例。结果 通过眶上裂或视神经管沟通的颅眶沟通笥病变31例,占60.8％。其中9例通过视神经管沟通,包括4例视神经和视交叉胶质瘤、3例视神经鞘脑膜瘤,以及2例视网膜母细胞瘤侵犯视神经和视交叉;通过眶上裂沟通者,包括5例脑膜瘤、4例神经源性肿瘤、2例Tolosa-Hunt综合征、3例炎性假瘤、1例眼眶和海绵窦皮样囊肿,以及7例鼻咽癌同时侵犯海绵窦和眼眶,通过眶骨穿支血管间隙沟通的病变或骨质破坏缺损区沟通的眶颅沟通性病变20例,占39.2％,包括5例眶骨扁平性脑膜瘤、10例眶壁转移瘤、1例眶壁软骨肉瘤侵犯筛窦、额窦和额叶、3例泪腺囊腺癌侵犯颅内和1例额底脑膜瘤侵犯眼眶。结论 CT和MRI,尤其是使用脂肪抑制技术和增强扫描的T1WI能明确显示眶颅沟通性病变的沟通路径和病变特征,为制订治疗方案和手术入路提供重要和直接的依据。     

The value of 18F-FDG PET in the detection of stage M0 carcinoma of the nasopharynx.

Distant metastasis is an important issue for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The potential value of PET using 18F-FDG has not been well defined. This prospective study investigated the impact of 18F-FDG PET in NPC patients with stage M0 disease. METHODS: From April 2001 to June 2003, 140 NPC patients (118 primary and 22 primary recurrent) with stage M0 (negative results from chest radiography, liver sonography, and whole-body bone scanning) underwent 18F-FDG PET to check for distant metastases. Confirmatory MRI or CT was performed if any abnormal 18F-FDG uptake was found at distant sites. The distant lesion was confirmed pathologically, if feasible, and was followed up clinically and with imaging for at least 6 mo. RESULTS: 18F-FDG PET detected 26 true-positive metastatic sites in 18 (12.9%) of the 140 patients, among whom 14 had primary and 4 had recurrent tumors. The patient-based sensitivity and specificity of 18F-FDG PET for distant metastases were 100% and 86.9%, respectively. Mediastinal lymph nodes (n = 8) were the most common sites, followed by lung, liver, and bone (n = 5 each) and by other lymph nodes (n = 3). In patients with primary tumors, advanced nodal status (N2-3) was a statistically significant variable associated with development of distant metastases (P = 0.044). For recurrent NPC, neither age, sex, initial tumor stage, grade of differentiation, nor nodal stage showed a statistically significant difference between patients with and patients without distant metastases. CONCLUSION: 18F-FDG PET is valuable in avoiding aggressive locoregional radiotherapy in some NPC patients by the revelation of occult distant metastases, especially in patients with primary disease at a nodal stage of N2-3.     

视神经胶质瘤的CT与MRI表现

目的 分析视神经胶质瘤CT和MBI表现，并探讨其在诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的视神经胶质瘤16例，其中CT检查15例，MRI检查6例，CT MRI检查4例。结果16例中肿瘤位于眶内段13例，眶内段累及视神经管内2例，其中1例涉及颅内，另1例位于视神经管内。肿瘤表现为眼球后肌锥内肿块占位，梭形8例，条索状与椭圆形各3例，梨形及结节状各1例。CT检查15例，2例平扫与脑实质呈等密度，14例密度均匀，边界清晰，与视神经无法区分，增强后(13例)肿瘤大多呈轻至中等强化，1例CT扫描示视神经管扩大。MRI检查6例，3例肿瘤位于眶内段，2例涉及视神经管内，其中1例蔓延至颅内显示为视交叉前视神经增粗，另1例肿瘤位于视神经管内呈结节状；肿瘤在T1WI上呈低信号，T2WI呈高信号，注射对比剂肿瘤可强化，1例肿瘤内伴有囊性变。结论 CT与MRI均能显示眶内段视神经胶质瘤，但MRI较CT能够获得更多的肿瘤内部信息，为管内及颅内视神经胶质瘤首选的影像学检查方法。     

眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的:探讨眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析38例经临床病理证实的眼眶肿瘤的CT、MRI表现。结果:视神经鞘脑膜瘤9例,表现为视神经增粗1例,梭形肿块6例和软组织肿块2例,CT为软组织密度;T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号。视神经胶质瘤6例,表现为视神经弥漫性增粗2例,椭圆形肿块4例;CT为软组织肿块;T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号。海绵状血管瘤12例,CT示类圆形稍高于脑组织密度影,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI明显高信号。恶性淋巴瘤4例,均为弥漫性病变,CT示长条状软组织肿块,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号。神经鞘瘤3例;CT表现密度不均肿块,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,信号不均匀。转移瘤4例,其中转移性腺样囊性癌1例,乳腺癌眶内转移3例。结论:CT、MRI是发现和诊断眼眶肿瘤的重要检查手段,对大多数肿瘤可以做出明确诊断。     

视神经肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的:探讨视神经肿瘤的MRI表现。方法:回顾了18例经MRI检查并经临床病理确诊的视神经肿瘤的病例。结果:视神经脑膜瘤8例,表现为视神经增粗1例,梭形肿块5例,软组织肿块2例。MR T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号。视神经胶质瘤6例,表现为视神经梭形增粗2例,椭圆形肿块4例,MR T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高信号。视神经转移瘤4例,3例为视网膜母细胞瘤累及视神经,MRI表现为眼球内病变侵犯视神经和视交叉,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号;1例为乳腺癌转移至视神经,MRI表现为视神经椭圆形增粗,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈高低混杂信号。结论:MRI是检查和诊断视神经肿瘤的重要检查手段,对大多数病变可做出明确诊断。     

垂体卒中的CT,MRI与临床对照研究

分析垂体卒中ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ表现与临床表明,探讨ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ对垂体卒中的诊断价值。材料和方法：对手术和病理证实的４６例垂体卒中进行回顾性分析。男性２０例,又性２６例,年龄２３～６９岁,平均４４岁。４６岁中,３２例行ＣＴ检查,其中单纯平扫７例,平扫＋增强２５例;４６例均作ＭＲＩ检查,其中单纯平扫１４例,平扫＋增强３２例。结果：４６例均为垂体大腺瘤基础上并发出血和（或）坏死。３２例ＣＴ检查中,垂体瘤出血１     

CT and MRI aspects of 28 patients with cerebral radiation necrosis irradiated for ORL tumors: correlation with the radiation technique

PURPOSE: To describe and correlate with radiation therapy the occurrence of cerebral radiation necrosis in patients irradiated for nasopharyngeal or ethmoidal tumor. Materials and Methods. From 1986 to 1998, 1 201 patients, 981 with nasopharyngeal tumors, and 220 with ethmoidal tumors were treated by radiotherapy. Twenty eight developed cerebral necrosis. MRI were performed in all patients and CT in 18 patients. Diagnosis was considered at imaging, and confirmed by follow-up. RESULTS: The incidence of cerebral radionecrosis was 2.33%. The time interval between treatment and necrosis ranged from 2 months to 9 years. CT showed edema and/or focal enhancement in all cases except for 4 patients with normal CT examinations. MRI showed edema and/or abnormal focal punctate or gyriform enhancement in all patients. Lesions were localized in the temporal lobe (n=18), frontal lobe (n=9), pons (n=3) and optic nerve (n=2). The doses related to the areas of necrosis ranged from 13 to 135Gy. In 2 cases necrosis was situated at the boundaries of the radiation field. Imaging follow-up showed complete (n=3) or incomplete remission (n=1), lesion progression (n=11), cerebral atrophy (n=5) and stability (n=7). CONCLUSION: MRI is useful to diagnose cerebral necrosis. New technologies may reduce the incidence of this complication.     

颅骨转移性病变的MRI诊断

目的：探讨MRI对颅骨转移性病变的诊断及临床价值,分析各MRI序列的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析17例经病理证实的颅骨转移性病变的病例资料,其中原发肿瘤为肺癌11例,白血病2例,前列腺癌2例,乳腺癌1例,直肠癌1例。17例均行MRI检查,其中平扫5例,直接增强4例,同时行平扫及增强8例,其中5例行ECT骨扫描,9例行CT平扫。MRI的主要序列有矢状面和轴面T1WI、T2WI及增强扫描。结果：17例中单发颅骨转移3例,多发颅骨转移14例,本组转移病灶的好发部位依次为颞骨、顶骨、枕骨、额骨等,合并颅内脑实质转移15例。9例兼行MR和CT的患者中,在MRI上2例发现了更多的颅骨病灶,3例检出了颅内病灶;5例兼行MR和ECT的患者中,所有颅骨及颅内的病灶的细节在MR上显示更清晰。颅骨转移的MRI主要表现为局灶性溶骨性病灶呈长T1、长T2信号或成骨性病灶呈长T1、短T2信号,13例平扫MR中,10例在T1WI上的信号均较T2WI上明显;病灶可侵及颅骨内外板以及脑膜,呈新月状或双凸形影,12例行增强扫描病例均强化明显。结论：MRI对颅骨转移的具有极高的诊断价值,可发现细微的病灶,T1WI和增强扫描是有价值的扫描序列。     

The scintigraphy of somatostatin receptors in the carcinoid tumor

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of 111In-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide scintigraphy in the different situations that can be present when an examination is requested during the clinical course of the carcinoid tumor (CT). Materials and methods: We have performed 41 scintigraphies with 111In-octreotide (145-185 MBq) in 35 patients (19 females and 16 males) with clinically suspected or confirmed CT. The patients were classified into five groups: Group A: Indolent symptoms of CT (n=9); B: CT staging located in lung (n=4), stomach (n=2), cecum (n=1), thymus (n=1) and pancreas (n=1); C: Carcinoid syndrome (n=1); D: CT staging after surgery located in pancreas (n=1), ovary (n=1), cecum (n=1), stomach (n=1), appendix (n=1) and ileum (n=1); and E: Post-treatment follow-up (n=13), with CT located in bronchial tree (n=5), small intestine (n=3), appendix (n=2), thymus (n=1), ovary (n=1) and unknown primary tumor (n=1). Three patients of this group had one scintigraphic study before the treatment. Head and neck, thorax and abdomen images were obtained at 4 and 24 h in all of the patients and SPECT images of the abdomen (n=14), thorax (n=10), and brain (n=1) were obtained at 24 h in 25 patients. Results: Group A: In the 3 patients with a positive scintigraphy, the definitive diagnosis was meningioma, Hurtle cell's carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma. The clinical follow-up in the six other patients, at least during one year, did not show any evidence of CT. Group B: Six of the 9 CT were detected with the scintigraphy. In 2 cases of bronchial CT, the scan showed sarcoidotic regional lymph node involvement and CT hepatic and bone metastases, respectively. Group C: The scintigraphy detected hepatic metastases from an unknown primary tumor. Group D: The scintigraphy was positive in 3 cases (hepatic or/and abdominal metastases) and was normal in the other 3. The scintigraphy was negative in one patient with peritoneal metastases. Group E: The scintigraphy was normal in 7 patients in concordance with the clinical follow-up. In 3 patients with a scintigraphy performed prior to treatment, the scintigraphy detected recurrence (thymic CT), progression of the metastatic disease (ovarian CT) and partial regression of the hepatic metastases (carcinoid syndrome). In the three other patients, the scintigraphy showed metastases located in liver in one patient and hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases in the two other patients. The sensitivity and specificity of 111In-Octreotide in the detection of the primary tumor and metastases were 72% and 84% respectively. Conclusions: The 111In-Octreotide scintigraphy has a low diagnostic utility in patients with indolent symptoms of CT. However, it is the first line of diagnosis for the staging of the CT and to evaluate the follow up after therapy.     

颅底骨源性肿瘤的MRI影像诊断

目的：分析颅底骨源性肿瘤的ＭＲＩ表现并与ＣＴ和病因对照，研究ＭＲ在诊断中的价值与限度。材料与方法：搜集了经手术病理证实的颅底骨源性肿瘤２２例（软骨肉瘤３例，软骨瘤２例，转移瘤２例，脊索瘤１０例，骨巨细胞瘤２例，恶性纤维组织瘤１例，骨化性纤维瘤２例），全部行ＭＲ检查（１１例行增强检查），８例行ＣＴ检查。结果：绝大部分肿瘤均有一清晰的边缘，Ｔ１Ｗ上呈低或等信号，Ｔ２Ｗ上呈不均匀高信号，Ｔ１Ｗ上呈低信号     

原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤的CT、MRI评价

目的探讨CT和MRI对原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值. 资料与方法对26例经手术和病理证实的原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤的CT、MRI表现进行回顾性分析,包括肾上腺皮质癌17例,恶性嗜铬细胞瘤7例,原发性恶性淋巴瘤、恶性间皮瘤各1例. 结果 CT和MRI定位准确性分别是86%和95%,定性的准确性为90%和95%.原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤CT、MRI扫描的典型表现为肿瘤体积较大（直径〉5.0 cm）,形态不规则,边界不清或侵犯周围结构,内部结构不均匀,内有不规则坏死区或出血灶,增强后肿瘤呈不均一明显强化;77%（20例）肿瘤侵犯周围结构和/或远处转移. 结论 CT、MRI能诊断大部分原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤,并确定其侵犯范围,两者对原发性肾上腺恶性肿瘤的诊断价值相似,后者有利于肿瘤的定位.     

Radiofrequency ablation of thoracic lesions: part 2, initial clinical experience--technical and multidisciplinary considerations in 30 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to report our initial experience with patients who underwent percutaneous imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of thoracic lesions, and to emphasize technical and multidisciplinary issues and adjunctive procedures specific to thoracic tumor ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our cohort consisted of 30 patients with a spectrum of primary (n=18) and secondary (n=11) lung tumors, mesothelioma (n=1), and five secondarily eroded, painful ribs who underwent ablation of 36 total lesions (one patient had two ablations). Patients either were nonsurgical candidates because of medical comorbidities or extent of disease, or had exhausted chemotherapy and radiation therapy options, or had refused surgery or undergone unsuccessful surgery. Patients were treated with radiofrequency ablation after agreement among oncologists, thoracic surgeons, and interventional radiologists. An array-style electrode under impedance control was used to treat 29 thoracic tumors and the adjacent rib metastases (n=5). A cool-tip radiofrequency probe was used for two patients. CT guidance and general anesthetic were used for all but one patient. Sonographic guidance and IV conscious sedation were used in one patient. Pain (n=11) and tumor cure or control (n=19) were the primary indications for the procedures. Adjunctive procedures to the radiofrequency ablations included the creation of saline or water windows (n=3); establishment of transosseous and transchondral routes (n=4); use of intercostal and paravertebral nerve blocks (n=15); and use of an intraprocedural catheter (n=1), needle (n=1), or sheath (n=3) for treatment of pneumothoraces. Follow-up was from 2 to 26 months. RESULTS: All ablations were technically successful. No periprocedural mortality occurred. Necrosis of tumor was greater than 90% in 26 of 30 lesions based on short-term follow-up imaging (CT, PET, MRI). In the 11 patients who underwent ablation for pain, relief was complete in four and partial in the other seven. One patient developed a local skin burn, four patients had self-limited hemoptysis up to 4 days after ablation, one had transient atrial fibrillation, one developed hoarseness, and two patients were transiently reintubated after extubation. Eight pneumothoraces developed; one patient underwent placement of a chest tube. Four patients died within 1 year of ablation from extrathoracic spread of tumor. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency ablation for a variety of thoracic tumors can be performed safely and with a high degree of efficacy for pain control and tumor killing. The effect of ablation can be assessed with CT, MRI, or PET. Various technical issues differentiate thoracic tumor ablation from standard abdominal ablations. Numerous other thoracic interventional radiology procedures are beneficial to assist the radiofrequency ablation. A multidisciplinary approach offers valuable expertise for patient care.     

MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy in recurrent extrahepatic abdominal tumors

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) for treatment of recurrent extrahepatic abdominal tumors. In 11 patients (6 women and 5 men; mean age 53 years, age range 29-67 years) with 14 lesions the following tumors were treated in this study: paravertebral recurrence of hypernephroma (n=1); recurrence of uterus carcinoma (n=1); recurrence of chondrosarcoma of the pubic bone (n=1); presacral recurrence of rectal carcinoma (n=1); recurrent anal cancer (n=1); metastases in the abdominal wall (n=1); and lymph node metastases from colorectal cancer (n=8). A total of 27 laser applications were performed. A fast low-angle shot 2D sequence (TR/TE/flip angle=102 ms/8 ms/70 degrees ) was used for nearly real-time monitoring during treatment. All patients had no other treatment option. Seventeen LITT sessions were performed using a conventional laser system with a mean laser power of 5.2 W (range 4.5-5.7 W), and 10 LITT session were performed using a power laser system with a mean laser power of 28.0 W. In 10 lesions total destruction could be achieved. In the remaining recurrent tumors, significant reduction of tumor volume by 60-80% was obtained. All patients tolerated the procedure well under local anesthesia. No complications occurred during treatment. Laser-induced thermotherapy is a practicable, minimally invasive, well-tolerated technique that can produce large areas of necrosis within recurrent tumors, substantially reducing active tumor volume if not resulting in outright destruction of tumor.