恶性黑素瘤和良性黑素细胞肿瘤bcl-2蛋白表达

目的探讨ｂｃｌ ２蛋白在恶性黑素瘤（ＭＭ）中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组化方法对２４例ＭＭ的ｂｃｌ ２蛋白表达进行了检测。结果１５／２４的ＭＭ的瘤细胞阳性,且ｂｃｌ ２蛋白表达强度与ＭＭ的病理分级呈低度正相关（ｒｓ′＝０．４７１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,而良性黑素细胞肿瘤则极少表达ｂｃｌ ２蛋白。结论ｂｃｌ ２蛋白与ＭＭ的发展有关。     

血管内皮生长因子及β-连环蛋白在皮肤黑素细胞肿瘤中的表达

目的：检测黑素细胞痣及不同生长阶段恶性黑素瘤(简称恶黑)中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及β-连环蛋白(catenin)的表达,以探寻它们之间的关系及其临床病理意义。方法：用免疫组化链霉亲和素一生物素法(简称SP法)检测50例黑素细胞痣及65例皮肤恶黑中的VEGF及β-连环蛋白的表达水平。结果：VEG17在所有黑素细胞痣中表达阴性,而在皮肤恶黑的初始阶段、侵袭阶段、侵袭转移阶段、转移阶段、未转移阶段阳性率分别为33．3％、73．1％、87．5%、89．3％及50．0%。β-连环蛋白在所有黑素细胞痣中表达率为66％,在皮肤恶黑的初始阶段、侵袭阶段、侵袭转移阶段、转移阶段、未转移阶段阳性率分别为93．3％、65．40%、37．5％、35．7％、77．3％。结论：VEGF表达随皮肤恶黑的侵袭与转移程度有增加趋势;β-连环蛋白表达随皮肤恶黑的侵袭与转移程度有下调趋势;皮肤恶黑中的VEGF与β-连环蛋白表达无相关关系;VEGF与β-连环蛋白的检测对预测皮肤恶黑的预后有重要意义。     

黑素细胞和噬黑素细胞在瑞尔黑变病中的结构与分布

目的探讨瑞尔黑变病的黑素细胞和噬黑素细胞的组织病理特点。方法收集瑞尔黑变病皮损标本50例,正常皮肤标本20例,所有病理切片标本均进行Fontana-Masson染色、多巴染色、CD68染色、C-Kit(CD117)染色,用图像分析软件Image-proplus6.0分析各组标本中平均光密度值。并通过透射电镜观察4例黑变病皮损的超微结构。结果①特殊染色:Fontana-Masson染色、多巴染色中黑变病组平均光密度值均高于正常组。②电镜:角质形成细胞内的黑素颗粒比正常皮肤中的少,基底层中黑素细胞的大小、形态与正常皮肤相比无明显变化,但基底层黑素细胞内线粒体、高尔基体、粗面内质网丰富,Ⅲ,Ⅳ期黑素小体明显增加;真皮浅层可见较多噬黑素细胞,其内有大量的被溶酶体吞噬的黑素颗粒,呈团块状分布。③免疫组化:黑变病组真皮内存在CD68阳性细胞;C-Kit在黑变病组表达较正常组高。结论瑞尔黑变病皮肤中黑素细胞合成黑素的功能活跃;真皮浅层内含有大量的噬黑素细胞;C-Kit受体在黑变病色素沉着中可能起到调控作用。     

HMB-45抗原在毛囊黑素细胞中的表达

用单克隆抗体ＨＭＢ－４５，以ＡＰＡＡＰ法对２０份头皮活检标本的９８个毛囊组织进行染色。其中２０个毛囊为生长早期，６３个为成熟生长期，７个为退行期和８个是休止期。结果，５２个成熟生长期及２０个生长早期毛囊的黑素细胞与单克隆抗体ＨＭＢ－４５显著结合。所有退行期、休止期及工１１个成熟生长期毛囊未被染色。结果提示；ＨＭＢ－４５在毛囊中的表达随毛发生过周期而变化，且与黑素细胞功能活性状态有关。     

黑素细胞在白癜风中的免疫损伤

有关白癜风病因的各种学说中自身免疫学说得到了越来越多的重视。近期研究发现白癜风皮损中黑素细胞的破坏和消失与患者的体液及细胞免疫作用相关。而黑素细胞在合成黑素的同时具有免疫功能 ,并有可能在自身的免疫破坏过程中起了一定的作用。     

黑素细胞在白癜风中的免疫损伤

有关白癜风病因的各种学说中自身免疫学说得到了越来越多的重视。近期研究发现白癜风皮损中黑素细胞的破坏和消失与患者的体液及细胞免疫作用相关。而黑素细胞在合成黑素的同时具有免疫功能，并有可能在自身的免疫破坏过程中起了一定的作用。     

错配修复基因hMLH_1和hMSH_2蛋白在正常皮肤黑素细胞痣和皮肤恶性黑素瘤中的检测

目的检测DNA错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白在正常皮肤、黑素细胞痣和皮肤恶性黑素瘤(CMM)中的水平,探讨其在皮肤黑素瘤发生、发展中的可能作用。方法用免疫组化SP法检测20例正常皮肤、30例黑素细胞痣和57例原发性CMM中hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的水平。结果①正常皮肤的表皮、皮肤附属器和黑素细胞痣的细胞核中,hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白强阳性,这两种蛋白在正常皮肤和黑素细胞痣无显著性差异(P>0.05);②在57例CMM中,hMLH1蛋白阳性35例(61.40%),hMSH2蛋白阳性32例(56.14%),这两种错配修复蛋白在CMM中的阳性率和阳性强度显著低于其在正常皮肤和黑素细胞痣中的水平(P均<0.005);③在CMM中,随Clark分级升高,hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的阳性率和阳性强度逐渐降低。结论错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白在维护正常皮肤和皮肤附属器细胞基因组稳定性中可能发挥了重要作用,其异常可能参与了CMM发生和发展的过程。     

加味桃红四物汤对黑素细胞酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸激酶受体基因蛋白表达的影响

目的研究加味桃红四物汤对体外培养的人表皮黑素细胞(MC)可溶性总蛋白以及酪氨酸酶(Tyr)基因和酪氨酸激酶受体基因(c—kit)表达的作用。方法采用免疫印迹法检测了加味桃红四物汤对酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸激酶受体蛋白含量的影响；595nm比色标准曲线测定黑素细胞总蛋白含量；采用细胞数统计和显微镜观察的方法测定加味桃红四物汤对细胞毒性和对细胞增殖的影响。结果加味桃红四物汤对黑素细胞可溶性总蛋白和酪氨酸酶的合成有促进作用，分别为4．76％和1．79％；对酪氨酸激酶受体蛋白的合成具有显著促进作用，高达79．41％。结论加味桃红四物汤治疗白癜风的作用机制之一是与酪氨酸激酶受体蛋白含量的提高相关，而与黑素细胞增殖和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白的含量无明显关系。     

复方中药对黑素细胞迁移和黏附的影响

目的:确定复方中药乙醇提取物对体外培养黑素细胞黏附、迁移的影响.方法:复方中药用70%乙醇提取,正常人黑素细胞来自包皮环切术切取的包皮组织.用包被纤维黏连蛋白的培养板检测黑素细胞黏附,用微孔膜研究黑素细胞迁移.结果:复方中药1号和3号乙醇提取物可促进黑素细胞黏附和迁移(P<0.05),而1、2和3号可以促进黑素细胞迁移(P<0.05).结论:部分复方中药可能通过促进黑素细胞黏附和迁移途径对白癜风起治疗作用.     

黑素细胞痣来源与分类研究的发展概况

在黑素细胞系统中,良性肿瘤的种类很多。其中,黑素细胞痣在皮肤科临床很常见。但有关其来源与分类问题多年来一直存在着分歧。近来,又有人就黑素细胞痣的分类问题提出新的看法。本文仅就黑素细胞痣来源与分类问题做一回顾及展望。一、痣细胞来源的多元论时期。早在19世纪末、20世纪初的一些文献中,关于痣细胞的来源问题提出了许多假设,如:来源于上皮细胞、内皮细胞、结缔组织及神经系统等。这些假设的主要依据是光镜下黑素细胞痣的一些形态学特点。二、痣细胞来源二元论学说的提出及其     

Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma, and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Background: Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) may simulate various benign and malignant lesions, including benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (BPNSTs) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). The latter case is diagnostically challenging because DM generally show only S100 protein expression but no reaction to melanocytic markers. S100 family of proteins consists of over 20 members. We report on S100 subtypes in malignant melanomas (MMs), and BPNSTs and MPNSTs to investigate differential expression. Design: S100A1, S100A2, S100A4, S100A6 and S100B immunostains were performed on 80 MMs including conventional and desmoplastic types, 86 BPNSTs and 77 MPNSTs. Results: S100A1 expression was seen in > 91% of MMs in a diffuse reaction, whereas BPNSTs showed focal or no reaction. Sixteen percent of MPNSTs focally expressed S100A1 except for one case with diffuse reaction. S100A2 staining was negative or focal in all three groups whereas S100A4 reaction was variable in all three. S100A6 was diffusely expressed in MMs, BPNSTs and MPNSTs. S100B was stained diffusely in MMs and BPNSTs, but its reaction was observed in 30% of MPNSTs in a focal fashion. Conclusion: S100A1 expression was diffuse in most of MMs but absent or focal in BPNSTs and MPNSTs. This may be helpful to distinguish between the two entities.     

Beta-catenin expression in benign and malignant pilomatrix neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Beta-catenin is a 92-kDa protein, initially identified as a coprecipitating species with the E-cadherin cell-cell adhesive complex. It plays a role in signal transduction in the Wnt signalling pathway and has been identified as an oncogene in colon cancer and melanoma. Exon 3 beta-catenin-activating mutations were found in 75% of cases of pilomatricoma (PM). Previous studies have shown that nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining may correlate with beta-catenin gene mutation. OBJECTIVES: Because the immunohistochemical expression of beta-catenin in the nucleus or the cytoplasm correlates with beta-catenin mutation, we studied the immunohistochemical profile of beta-catenin expression in normal scalp hair follicles and in PM and pilomatrix carcinoma (PC). METHODS: We reviewed 21 cases of PM and five cases of PC using immunohistochemical staining with commercially available antibody in a standard fashion on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. RESULTS: All 26 tumours displayed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in the basaloid cells with focal membranous staining. Shadow cells were negative in all tumours. Normal control sections from the scalp displayed nuclear reactivity of the matrical cells, mostly concentrated in the supramatrical zone of hair follicles. Membranous staining was present along the intercellular junctions of the epidermis and along the outer and inner root sheaths of hair follicles. We have found similar patterns of beta-catenin nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in both PM and PC. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the shared beta-catenin expression, the biological behaviour of PM and PC is markedly different. These two tumours probably share the activation of a common cellular pathway that could be related to their shared method of keratinization or a shared dysfunction of the cellular adhesion complex and consequently tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the beta-catenin immunohistochemical expression profile in PC.     

肿瘤标志物在卵巢肿瘤的诊断及良、恶性鉴别中的作用分析

目的：分析肿瘤标志物在卵巢肿瘤（Ovarian Tumors,OT）的诊断及良、恶性鉴别中的作用,为卵巢肿瘤的诊断提供理论依据.方法：选取我院2007年9月至2010年3月收治的171例OT患者,按照其肿瘤良、恶性分为良性组（n=94）和恶性组（n=77）,并选取同期门诊健康体检妇女80名纳入对照组,对比三组受检者肿瘤标志物水平的差异.结果：OT患者CA125、CA153、CA199、CA242、CEA、铁蛋白等肿瘤标志物水平均显著高于对照组人群,恶性组患者上述肿瘤标志物水平亦高于良性组患者（P＜0.05）,三组人群NSE、β-HCG、AFP、PSA、f-PSA及HCG水平无明显统计学差异（P＞0.05）;恶性组CA125、CA153、CA199、CA242、CEA、铁蛋白、β-HCG、AFP、HGH阳性率均显著高于良性组及对照组,三组人群CA125、CA199、CA242、CEA、铁蛋白、β-HCG、AFP及HGH阳性率存在显著统计学差异（P＜0.05）.结论：CA125、CA199、CA242、CEA、铁蛋白、β-HCG、AFP及HGH等肿瘤标志物在OT的诊断及良、恶性鉴别中具有较好的效果,随着肿瘤标志物水平和阳性率的上升,提示患者OT进展程度更高、肿瘤恶性风险增加,选择CA125、CA199和CEA进行联合检测,可在降低成本的同时得到良好的鉴别诊断效果,值得临床广泛应用.     

Alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in tumor and stromal cells of benign and malignant human pigment cell tumors.

We examined the altered expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-Sm) in human benign, pre-malignant, and malignant pigment cell tumors by immunohistochemical as well as biochemical (Western blot) analysis using anti-alpha-Sm monoclonal antibody (anti-alpha-Sm MoAb). The expression of alpha-Sm has been revealed immunohistochemically to be associated with mesodermal cells rather than with pigment cells. Western blot analysis using anti-alpha-Sm MoAb detected alpha-Sm expression as a 43-kD band in the extracts from normal papillary dermis, nevus cell nevus, and metastatic melanoma with stromal tissues, but not from primary melanoma with stromal tissues examined. The above findings of alpha-Sm expression by Western blot analysis were further characterized immunohistochemically in terms of the localization at the cellular level as follows. 1) In normal papillary dermis, pericytes encircling capillary vessels showed only positive staining with anti-alpha-Sm MoAb. 2) In nevus tissues, nevus cells were not shown to be positively stained, despite similar positivity of pericytes in normal papillary dermis. 3) In melanoma tissues, alpha-Sm expression of metastatic melanoma detected by Western blot analysis was found to be derived from fibroblasts with smooth-muscle differentiation (myofibroblasts), but not from melanoma cells. Such myofibroblastic stromal changes could not be found on primary melanoma tissue sections, which showed no reactivity in Western blot analysis. We conclude that the major sources of alpha-Sm in benign and pre-malignant pigment cell tumors are capillary pericytes, whereas alpha-Sm found in malignant melanoma tissue is primarily from melanoma-surrounding stromal fibroblasts that were changed to myofibroblasts by some cytokine factor(s), presumably secreted from melanoma cells.     

表皮生长因子受体在皮肤良恶性肿瘤中的表达

为探讨表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）与皮肤肿瘤的关系。作者用流式细胞免疫荧光技术，检测了33例皮肤良恶性病变。结果显示：EGFR的相对含量荧光指数（FI）在恶性肿中的表达明显高于良性肿瘤（P＜0．001）。提示EGFR在肿瘤的发生，发展中起着重要的作用。     

p53 protein expression in benign and malignant skin tumours

The skiu affords an excellent model of human carcinogenesis because a variety of lesions from benign tumours to invasive malignancy, with or without metastatic potential, are commonly found, and are accessible to biopsy. To date, few genetic alterations have been observed in skin neoplasia. In this study we have used a recently developed monoclonal antibody (DO7) to examine p53 protein expression in a wide variety of benign and malignant skin lesions. Benign skin lesions were negative, but a significant number of malignant epithelial lesions showed detectable p53: 56% of squamous carcinomas and 42% of basal cell carcinomas were positive. A smaller proportion of dysplastic epithelial lesions were positive (27%). and only 3.6% of malignant melanomas were positive. Thus, although detectable p53 protein is a common occurrence in malignant epithelial lesions, it does not correlate with the malignant phenotype or with metastatic potential. The finding of a lower proportion of positivity in dysplastic lesions. and absence of staining in benign tumours, suggests that p53 mutation may be involved in the progression towards invasive malignancy in human squamous skin lesions.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes melanocyte migration via increased expression of p125(FAK) on melanocytes

Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder characterized by depigmentation of skin and hair. Melanocyte migration is an important event in re-pigmentation of vitiligo. We have demonstrated that narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation stimulated cultured keratinocytes to release a significant amount of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Furthermore, narrow-band UVB enhanced migration of melanocytes via increased expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p125(FAK)) on melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant human bFGF (rhbFGF) on melanocyte migration. The relationship between the expression of p125(FAK) and melanocyte migration induced by rhbFGF was also studied. Our results demonstrated that rhbFGF significantly enhanced migration of melanocytes and p125(FAK) expression on melanocytes. Herbimycin A, a potent p125(FAK) inhibitor, effectively abolished rhbFGF-induced melanocyte migration. The combined results indicated that p125(FAK) plays an important role in the signal transduction pathway of melanocyte migration induced by bFGF.     

经阴道彩色多普勒起声在盆腔良恶性肿瘤中的临床价值

目的：对经阴道彩色多普勒超声对盆腔良恶性肿瘤的临床诊断价值进行分析及探讨。方法：对恶性肿瘤患者采用经阴道彩色多普勒超声进行诊断,同时将检测结果与良性肿瘤患者及正常对照组进行对比。结果：恶性肿瘤患者血流RI值明显低于良性肿瘤及对照组的患者（P〈0．05）,良恶性肿瘤不同分期的血流信号具有差异性（P〈0．05）。结论：经阴道彩色多普勒超声综合分析血液中RI值、血管分布类型、脉冲频谱舒张期切迹等指标,可有效提高盆腔癌良恶性肿瘤的鉴别的灵敏性及特异性。     

抗凋亡基因Bcl-2在皮肤良恶性肿瘤中的表达

为探讨Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白与皮肤肿瘤的关系,作者用流式细胞免疫荧光技术,检测了３３例皮肤良恶性病变。结果显示：Ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的相对含量ＦＩ（ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ ｉｎｄｅｘ）在恶性肿瘤蝇的表达明显高于良性肿瘤,Ｐ〈０．００１。提示细胞恨抑止作用在肿瘤的发生、发展中也起着重要的作用,同时研究下调Ｂｃｌ－２的机制,可能成为Ｂｃｌ－蛋白过度表达肿瘤治疗的一种途径。