胃静脉曲张的病因及临床特点

目的探讨胃静脉曲张的病因及临床特点。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院2000年1月至2005年4月胃静脉曲张患者的病因及并发出血的情况,胃静脉曲张出血与红色征、曲张静脉类型、程度的关系,以及各型曲张静脉发生门脉高压性胃病的情况。结果我院5年间共诊治胃静脉曲张407例,占同期全部食管、胃静脉曲张的47.1%。胃静脉曲张的病因中,肝硬化占74.4%。孤立性胃静脉曲张的病因中脾静脉阻塞占37.2%,肝硬化占33%。407例胃静脉曲张患者中出血121例(29.7%)。在1型和2型胃静脉曲张、1型孤立性胃静脉曲张患者中,出血组红色征的阳性率、静脉曲张的程度均显著高于未出血组(P<0.01)。门脉高压所致的304例胃静脉曲张患者中发生门脉高压性胃病60例(19.7%),与食管静脉曲张发生门脉高压性胃病(22.3%)无差异,但孤立性胃静脉曲张很少出现门脉高压性胃病(9.6%,P<0.05)。结论胃静脉曲张最常见的病因是各种原因引起的肝硬化,而孤立性胃静脉曲张最常见的病因是脾静脉阻塞。红色征、静脉曲张程度是胃静脉曲张出血的危险因素。胃静脉曲张对门脉高压性胃病无影响。     

心得安对食管曲张静脉套扎后再出血的影响

目的:观察心得安对食管曲张静脉套扎后再出血的影响.方法:7 8 例门脉高压性食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices, EV)患者, 分成单独套扎组(39例, 作为对照组)和心得安组(39例, 套扎后给予心得安, 10 mg, 3次/d, po). 比较两组套扎后12 mo内再出血率, 同时12 mo后复查胃镜,比较两组患者门脉高压性胃病及胃底曲张静脉发生率.结果:套扎12 mo后再出血率心得安组明显低于对照组(38.70% vs 54.54%, P<0.05). 心得安组门脉高压性胃病发生率、胃底静脉发生率,食管静脉再发率均明显低于对照组(32.25% vs57.57%, 25.80% vs 42.42%, 29.03% vs 39.39%,均P<0.05).结论:心得安可降低食管曲张静脉套扎后再出血, 其原因是心得安能够降低套扎后的门脉高压性胃病和食管、胃底静脉曲张的发生.     

内镜下皮圈水平、双环结扎法快速消退食管静脉曲张治疗

各种原因导致的门脉高压症,特别是肝硬化门脉高压患者,都会产生食管静脉曲张,部分患者因曲张静脉破裂引起大量出血甚至死亡。控制和减少此类出血的有效方法就是消退或根除食管静脉曲张。经内镜食管静脉曲张皮圈结扎术（EVL术）应用于临床已20余年,消退食管静脉曲张需要多次结扎治疗,但很少能完全根除静脉曲张,其原因包括采用传统的螺旋形结扎方法不能全部离断食管曲张静脉的相互交通支、皮圈弹性下降未能使结扎的曲张静脉血流完全阻断等,临床上往往中断结扎治疗或待曲张程度减轻后改行内镜下硬化剂注射治疗（EIS术）。为有效控制食管曲张静脉再出血以及为多项外科手术治疗创造条件,迅速消退及根除食管曲张静脉显得特别重要。我们采用中、重度曲张静脉水平型双环结扎的治疗方法,操作简便,能有效阻断曲张静脉内血流,迅速消退食管静脉曲张。现结合病例介绍这种改良的内镜治疗新方法。     

食管静脉及食管、胃粘膜变化预测门脉高压食管静脉曲张出血的价值

为探讨门脉高压症患者内镜下食管静脉(EV)、食管粘膜及胃粘膜变化预测出血的价值,将60例肝硬化门脉高压患者分为出血组(36例)和非出血组(24例),分别观察其EV曲张形态、范围及颜色,炎性表现,胃粘膜改变及有无胃食管返流病(GERD)等.结果出血组EV曲张范围多超过食管中段,呈灰蓝、樱红色,静脉扭曲呈结节状,外径平均6.0±1.6mm;非出血组EV多局限于食管下段,呈灰白或灰蓝色,外径平均4.2±1.2mm;出血组食管炎20例(55.5%),非出血组5例(20.8%).出血组有胃粘膜损害者20例,非出血组为6例(P＜0.01).认为食管静脉曲张超过中段、外径≥6.0mm、有樱红样征;伴有食管炎、GERD及门脉高压性胃病者的出血率明显增加;上述指标预测门脉高压出血具有实用价值.     

经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张的疗效分析

目的观察经皮经肝组织胶粘合剂（TH胶）栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗胃静脉曲张30例,术后定期复查胃镜及CT门静脉成像,观察TH胶在血管内的分布范围、血管栓塞程度及静脉曲张消失情况。结果30例患者静脉曲张治疗有效率100％。21例患者随访11—33个月,平均27．9个月,静脉曲张复发率14．29％（3／21）;术后门脉高压性胃病17例80．95％（17／21）;再出血率9．52％（2／21）,均为门脉高压性胃病出血。术后CT平扫及门静脉血管成像检查显示,TH胶在胃底周围静脉、胃壁的穿支静脉及其他供血静脉内栓塞良好,TH胶持久沉积,未出现栓塞血管再通及明显新的侧枝形成。结论经皮经肝TH胶栓塞术可使胃曲张静脉及其供血静脉长期闭塞,是治疗胃曲张静脉的有效方法。     

双介入治疗胃食管静脉曲张并脾功能亢进的疗效

[目的]探讨双介入治疗胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血并脾功能亢进（脾亢）的疗效。[方法]21例患者均经检查确诊为慢性乙型肝炎后肝硬化并门脉高压症,脾肿大,胃镜提示有中度至重度胃食管静脉曲张并有活动性出血。行经皮肝穿胃食管曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）和部分脾动脉栓塞术（PSAE）,观察止血率、病死率及再出血率。[结果]21例患者均取得成功,15例出血立即停止,6例于1周内有少量出血。4例分别于术后5、8、15及20个月后再次出现胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血。[结论]双介入疗法是治疗门脉高压症胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法,在控制急性出血、降低病死率及再出血率等方面疗效显著。     

门脉高压胃静脉曲张的内镜分类

目的 将234例门脉高压患者,根据内镜下静脉曲张的分布部位进行分类.方法 内镜直视下对食管静脉曲张以及食管贲门静脉曲张(GOV1型)、食管胃底静脉曲张(GOV2型)、无食管静脉曲张的孤立性胃底静脉曲张(IGV1型)及异位静脉曲张(IGV2型)作内镜分类.结果 234例门脉高压患者中,单纯食管静脉曲张67例(28.6%),食管静脉曲张伴贲门部静脉曲张98例(GOV1型,41.9%),食管静脉曲张经贲门延伸至胃底部46例(GOV2型,19.7%),内镜未见食管静脉曲张,仅有胃底静脉曲张者22例(IGV1型,9.4%),1例异位静脉曲张(IGV2型,0.4%).结论 门脉高压患者内镜检查表明半数以上患者存在胃静脉曲张,其中存在胃底静脉曲张的GOV2型和IGV1型68例,占全组患者的29.1%.应高度重视门脉高压患者胃静脉曲张的临床治疗,可选择内镜黏合剂、B-RTO术等方法.     

心得安单纯或联合使用在二级预防食管静脉曲张出血中的疗效比较

目的比较单纯心得安、套扎＋心得安、硬化剂＋心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的疗效,探寻心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的最佳组合。方法78例食管静脉曲张出血患者随机分成3组,每组26例,止血后分别给予心得安（心得安组）、套扎＋心得安（套扎组）、硬化剂＋心得安（硬化剂组）,比较各组12个月内再出血率、死亡率,以及各组门脉高压性胃病、胃底静脉曲张发生率、食管曲张静脉复发率。结果12个月内再出血率套扎组为30．77％,明显低于心得安组（53．85％）及硬化组（42．31％）（P均〈0．05）;套扎组和心得安组门脉高压性胃病及胃底静脉曲张发生率相似,都明显低于硬化组（P均〈0．05）;而食管静脉曲张再发率高于硬化组（P〈0．05）。结论在应用心得安的基础上进行套扎治疗可能是目前食管静脉曲张出血最有效的二级预防方法。     

双栓塞治疗肝硬化门脉高压上消化道出血15例临床观察

胃冠状静脉栓塞（PTO）是治疗肝硬化门脉高压胃、食管静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法,在一定程度上改善肝功能,对预防肝性脑病有一定作用。但PTO后门脉压力进一步增高,增大了门脉高压性胃病的危险,可以再发出血,使得PTO远期疗效欠佳。而联合部分性脾动脉栓塞（PSAE）可在短期内缓解PTO术后门脉压力增高,     

食管静脉曲张破裂出血的预防

食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬变患者常见的死亡原因,也是临床上常见的急症,急性出血控制后,如不采取措施,几乎都会发生再出血.故对急性出血患者,在出血控制、病情稳定后必须选择预防再出血的措施.门脉高压的药物治疗因其有与其他措施如内镜治疗有相同疗效而作为可选择的方法之一.根据本人经验如仅有食管静脉曲张,急性出血控制后应首先内镜下圈套和注射硬化剂.由于内镜治疗只能用以清除曲张的食管静脉,并不能降低门脉压力,故常可于6mo～1a后复发引起再出血.因此在第一次内镜治疗后应立即开始降门脉压力的药物治疗,以降低门脉压力,达到预防再出血的目的.如患者除食管静脉曲张外,还有中重度的胃静脉曲张或(及)门脉高压性胃病,内镜治疗会加重后二种情况,故应首选药物治疗,如药物治疗失败,可考虑做外科分流或TIPS,有条件者可做肝移植.对于从未出血的肝硬变患者,如果有粗大的曲张的胃食管静脉,虽然有入主张用内镜对ChildB或C级患者有粗大的曲张静脉作预防性治疗,但由于选择高危出血患者的标准不一致以及技术上的原因,大多数专家仍认为内镜治疗不适合用于预防第一次出血,预防第一次出血应采取降门脉压力的药物.     

经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞治疗断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的疗效

目的 研究以组织胶为主要栓塞材料,采用经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗和预防门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效.方法 2006年11月至2008年9月,对22例曾行断流术再发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者行PTVE组织胶栓塞(n=10)或内镜下硬化剂(EIS,n=12)治疗,随访两组患者治疗后再出血率、死亡率、治疗前后静脉曲张和肝功能以及PTVE治疗组患者在曲张侧支静脉栓塞前后门静脉压力的变化.结果 ①在平均12.5个月的随访期内,PTVE治疗组患者再出血率和死亡率分别为1/10和0;EIS治疗组随访13.4个月,患者再出血率和死亡率分别为7/12和3/12,两组问差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②PTVE和EIS治疗均可显著减轻食管和胃底静脉曲张程度.③对有门静脉血栓患者,PTVE联合门静脉球囊成形术,可以改善肝脏门静脉血供.④PTVE和EIS治疗均未加重肝功能损伤.结论 对门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的患者,采用以组织胶为主要栓塞材料的PTVE治疗的疗效优于EIS治疗.     

Splenectomy with endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to splenectomy with pericardial devascularization in treatment of portal hypertension

INTRODUCTION Recurrent bleeding occurs in over 70% of portal hypertension patients with a variceal bleeding history[1]. It is a general consensus that all patients with a variceal bleeding history should accept further treatment to prevent re-bleeding. Su…     

Paradoxic elevation of serum growth hormone levels after splenectomy and/or paraesophagogastric devascularization in patients with portal hypertension

Blood glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and serum growth hormone (GH) levels during 50-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were determined before and after splenectomy with or without paraesophagogastric devascularization in patients with portal hypertension (13 liver cirrhosis and 8 idiopathic portal hypertension) and in 5 splenectomized patients with diseases other than portal hypertension. Before splenectomy with devascularization, only 1 of 15 patients with portal hypertension exhibited a paradoxic elevation of serum GH levels of more than 10 ng/ml above the fasting levels after glucose loads. After the operation, however, 10 of these 15 patients showed the paradoxic elevation. Frequency of the paradoxic elevation was significantly higher after the operation than before (p < 0.001). The abnormal response of serum GH levels to glucose loads did not correlate with any of the blood glucose concentrations, serum IRI levels, and values for liver function tests. The paradoxic elevation was also observed in 4 of 6 patients with portal hypertension who underwent splenectomy alone without devascularization. These 4 patients with paradoxic elevation were splenectomized 4 wk and $\text{2}\text{1}\text{2}$, 20, and 29 yr previously. However, none of 5 splenectomized patients without portal hypertension showed the paradoxic elevation. The reason why the paradoxic elevation was observed after splenectomy only in patients with portal hypertension but not in patients without portal hypertension may be sought for in the changes of portal venous flow rather than splenectomy itself.     

Esophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy in portal hypertension: safe and effective?

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication of portal hypertension. In this study, we compared the therapeutic effect of a novel surgi cal procedure, esophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy (EDWS), with the widely used modified esopha gogastric devascularization (MED) with splenectomy for the treatment of portal hypertension.METHODS: Fifty-five patients with portal hypertension were included in this retrospective study. Among them, 27 patients underwent EDWS, and the other 28 patients underwent MED Patients' characteristics, perioperative parameters and long term follow-up were analyzed.RESULTS: The portal venous pressure was decreased by 20%postoperatively in both groups. The morbidity rate of portal venous system thrombosis in the EDWS group was signifi cantly lower than that in the MED group (P=0.032). The 1and 3-year recurrence rates of esophagogastric variceal hem orrhage were 0% and 4.5% in the EDWS group, and 0% and8.7% in the MED group, respectively (P=0.631).CONCLUSIONS: EDWS is a safe and effective treatment for esophagogastric varices secondary to portal hypertension in selected patients. Patients treated with EDWS had a lower complication rate of portal venous system thrombosis com pared with those treated with conventional MED.     

Intra-operative evaluation of portal pressure and immediate results of surgical treatment of portal hypertension in schistosomotic patients submitted to esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy

BACKGROUND: The main cause of portal hypertension in Brazil is the hepato-splenic form of mansonic schistosomiasis and the most employed technique for the surgical approach of this disease is the esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy, generally associated to postoperative endoscopical esophageal varices sclerotherapy. The hemodynamic alterations after surgical treatment and its possible influence on the outcome are not well established. AIM: To evaluate the immediate impact of esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy upon portal pressure as well as the results of the surgical treatment on digestive hemorrhage recurrence and on esophageal varices. METHODS: Nineteen patients with mean age of 37.9 years and portal hypertension and previous episodes of digestive hemorrhage caused by esophageal varices rupture due to hepato-splenic schistosomiasis were studied. None of the patients had received any treatment prior to the surgery and underwent to elective esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy. Portal pressure was assessed at the beginning and at the end of esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy through portal vein catheterization with a polyethylene catheter introduced through a jejunal branch vein. All patients were submitted to digestive endoscopy before and after the surgery, in order to classify the size of esophageal varices after esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy according to Palmer's classification. RESULTS: In all patients the portal pressure had diminished with a mean decrease of 31.3% after esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy. In the postoperative endoscopic follow-up (1 month), the esophageal varices showed a statistically significant reduction in their size, when compared to the pre-surgical measurements. CONCLUSION: These results have demonstrated that the esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy promotes immediate decrease in the portal pressure and a consequent reduction in the esophageal varices size. We also observed that the risk of mortality and severe complications related to this technique is not insignificant.     

Splenectomy plus left gastric vein ligature and devascularization of the great curvature of the stomach in the treatment of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Postoperative endoscopic sclerosis is necessary?]

OBJECTIVE: With the intention of evaluating the effectiveness and the maintenance of the postoperative endoscopic sclerosis as routine, in association to splenectomy with left gastric vein ligature and devascularization of the great curvature of the stomach, the present study was accomplished. METHOD: Between 1992 and 1998, 131 patient were operated in the General Division of the "Hospital das Clínicas" (Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil). The medium follow-up was 30 months. All patients were requested to come back to the clinic for accomplishment of clinical and laboratory control. Of the 111 patients that came back to the clinic, 80 patients had a digestive endoscopy done. Of these 80 patients, 36 followed the recommendation and underwent to a postoperative endoscopic sclerosis program (group 1), while 44 did not accomplish postoperative endoscopic sclerosis (group 2). RESULTS: Regarding the eradication of the esophagus varices, the authors found a statistical difference between the groups (52.7% of the group 1 vs. 18.2% of the group 2). Other analyzed items (mortality, rebleeding rate, thrombosis of the portal vein, gastric varices and degree of periportal fibrosis) statistical relevance was not observed. CONCLUSION: The association of the postoperative endoscopic sclerosis to the splenectomy with left gastric vein ligature and devascularization of the great curvature of the stomach, in the treatment of schistosomotic portal hypertension with digestive hemorrhage antecedent, should be maintained.     

Evaluation of the effects of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and splenectomy with pericardial devascularization on esophageal varices

INTRODUCTION In patients with portal hypertension, collaterals should be established to reduce the high portal pressure, and the hemodynamic indicators of such collaterals have been used for the evaluation of therapeutic effects. According to the location…     

脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症患者预防门静脉血栓形成研究

目的 探讨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症患者门静脉血栓(PVT)的预测措施。方法 2017年1月～2019年3月我院肝胆外科诊治的肝硬化并发门脉高压症患者60例,均接受脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术。术后将患者分成A组和B组。在B组,当出现抗凝指针时给予低分子肝素短期抗凝治疗。使用彩超检查门脉指标和诊断PVT形成。结果 术后,在B组30例患者中有20例(66.7%)接受了短期抗凝治疗;在术后3 w末,超声检查发现PVT患者15例(25.0%),其中A组11例(36.7%),显著高于B组的4例【(13.3%),P<0.05】;血栓形成组门静脉直径为(1.5±0.3)cm,与无血栓形成组比,无显著性差异【(1.4±0.2)cm,P>0.05】,门静脉血流流速为(12.3±1.4)cm/s,显著低于无血栓形成组【(14.5±1.7)cm/s,P＜0.05】;血栓形成组血清D-二聚体水平显著高于无血栓形成组(P＜0.05);血栓形成组外周血血小板计数为(142.6±58.9)×10⁹/L,显著高于无血栓形成组【(91.4±52.4)×10⁹/L,P＜0.05】。结论 在采取脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化并发门脉高压症患者时,需警惕术后PVT的形成。对术后血小板计数急剧升高、血清D-二聚体显著升高和门脉血流减慢的患者应该及时给予抗凝治疗。     

脾切除贲门周围血管离断术治疗470例门静脉高压症疗效分析

目的总结脾切除贲门周围血管离断术治疗不合并肝癌及胆管癌的门静脉高压症患者的疗效。方法对不合并肝癌及胆管癌的门静脉高压症患者行脾切除贲门周围血管离断术并随访470例,其中肝炎后肝硬化436例,占92．8％。结果出血患者424例,手术止血率为993％（421／424）,围手术期病死率为1．4％（6／424）,主要死亡原因是上消化道出血、肝肾功能衰竭;急症及择期手术424例,预防手术46例,预防手术嗣手术期无死亡。平均随访时间4年,出血患者术后复发出血率为3．2％（15／470）,预防手术后无出血,肝性脑病发生率为1．9％（9／470）。结论脾切除贲门周围血管离断术防治门静脉高压症引起的上消化道出血效果好。合理选择手术适应证及手术时机、完全彻底断流、术后早期抗凝及近端脾静脉结扎预防术后肝外门静脉系统血栓形成是提高手术疗效的必要措施。     

脾切除联合食管胃底曲张静脉断流术后应用华法林对门静脉血栓的防治作用

目的 探讨脾切除联合食管胃底曲张静脉断流术后应用华法林对门静脉血栓的防治效果。方法 2010年4月~2015年9月收治的48例门静脉血栓（PVT）患者,在行脾切除联合食管胃底曲张静脉断流术后,对25例患者短期应用华法林治疗1个月,23例患者应用华法林6个月,常规行彩色多普勒超声检查判断门静脉血栓变化。随访比较两组门静脉血栓变化和预后情况。结果 随访2年,48例术前存在PVT患者在脾切除联合断流术后,PVT进展20例（41.7%）,其中长期应用华法林组6例（26.1%）,显著低于短期应用华法林组的14例（56.0%,P<0.05）;PVT显著进展11例（22.9%）,其中长期应用华法林组2例（8.7%）,也显著低于短期应用华法林组的9例（36.0%,P<0.05）;短期应用华法林组PVT再通、再出血、肝癌和死亡发生率分别为0.0%、4.0%、8.0%和4.0%,与长期应用华法林组（分别为4.3%、4.3%、4.3%和0.0%）比,无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 在脾切除联合食管胃底曲张静脉断流术后应用华法林防治门静脉系统血栓安全、有效,可使患者获益。