某污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的含量分析

[目的]了解污灌土壤中多环芳烃污染现状,为污灌区土壤污染特征提供研究实例.[方法]选取某污灌区土壤为研究对象采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的多环芳烃,并用Agilent1200高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)对样品进行定性定量分析.[结果]该污灌区土壤含有多环芳烃类有机污染物,主要类别有苊烯、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝.[结论]该污灌区存在一定程度的多环芳烃污染.     

北京污灌区土壤的细菌污染及其存活时间的实验研究

本文调查了北京污灌区土壤中粪大肠菌群和沙门氏菌的污染情况。粪大肠菌的检出率为93.9％,沙门氏菌的阳性率为7.8％,分离出沙门氏菌134株。同时作了粪大肠菌群和沙门氏菌在污灌土壤中生存力的实验观察,在污灌田土壤中粪大肠菌群和沙门氏菌的自然净化期为60天,在实验盆土中沙门氏菌的生存时间为94～104天。     

污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠的DNA损伤与氧化损伤效应

[目的]研究污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠的遗传毒性和氧化损伤效应.[方法]选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象,地下水灌溉农田的土壤为对照,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,对小鼠灌胃染毒后,进行单细胞凝胶电泳实验和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定.[结果]与试剂对照组比较,污灌区低剂量组、高剂量组拖尾率均增高(P＜0.05),与对照区相同染毒剂量组比较,污灌区低剂量组、高剂量组拖尾率均增高(P＜0.05);与试剂对照组比较:对照区高剂量组的T-SOD活力和GSH-PX活力降低,污灌区各组的T-SOD活力、GSH-PX活力均降低(P＜0.05),与对照区相同染毒剂量组比较:污灌区高剂量组T-SOD活力降低(P＜0.05).[结论]该污灌区土壤有机提取物中含有致小鼠遗传毒性和氧化损伤的有机污染物.     

某污灌区土壤有机污染物成分分析

[目的]了解污灌区土壤中有机物污染现状，为研究污灌区土壤污染特征提供实例。[方法]选取某污灌区土壤为研究对象，采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物，用气相色谱．质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对土样定性定量分析。[结果]该污灌区土壤有机污染物的成分主要为胺类、烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃。[结论]该污灌区存在一定程度的有机物污染。     

造纸厂废水灌溉农田土壤中有机污染物的GC/MS分析

[目的]了解污灌土壤中有机物污染现状,以期对我国土壤有机物环境质量标准的完善提供依据. [方法]选取造纸厂废水灌溉农田的土壤为研究对象,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)谱库自动检索和标准曲线法对样品进行定性定量分析. [结果]该污灌区土壤含有有机污染物,主要类别有胺类、烷烃类、苯系物和多环芳烃. [结论]该污灌区土壤存在一定程度的有机物污染.     

用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性

目的 利用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性.方法 选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象(下称“污灌区”),地下水灌溉农田土壤为对照(下称“对照区”),采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对土壤中的有机物进行分析;采用灌胃的方式对小鼠进行染毒,用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和徽核试验检测土壤有机提取物的联合毒性.结果 污灌区土壤检出的主要污染物为烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃,有机污染物的种类及含量高出对照区数倍;与试剂对照组和对照区相同染毒剂量组比较,污灌区各组拖尾率、微核率均增高(P＜0.05).结论 该污灌区土壤已受到一定程度的有机物污染,且污染物对小鼠具有一定的毒性.     

沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

目的评价沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险。方法于2003—2004年,采集了辽宁省沈抚东陵灌区13个自然村的农田土壤样本,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沈抚灌区土壤重金属污染进行潜在生态风险评价。结果沈抚污灌区土壤中的主要重金属污染物是Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu,其中,Hg的富集程度最高,平均富集系数达到了2.65。地质累积指数法评价结果显示,重金属的污染程度顺序依次为Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>As>Cr,整个区域中Hg、Pb、Cd达到了轻度-中等污染水平;潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,重金属的潜在生态危害程度顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Ni>Cr,整个灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态危害为中等危害水平,其中Hg的生态危害指数已达强度危害。统计分析结果显示,各重金属元素污染之间不存在相关性。结论长期的污灌造成了灌区土壤重金属的严重污染。     

污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠肝肾组织的氧化损伤

[目的]研究污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠肝肾组织的氧化损伤。[方法]选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象（下称“污灌区”）,地下水灌溉农田的土壤为对照（下称“对照区”）,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,对小鼠实验灌胃法染毒,共分为5组：试剂对照组（用二甲基亚砜染毒）,对照区低、高剂量组,污灌区低、高剂量组,每日染毒1次,连续染毒2周。测定肝、肾组织的总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）,丙二醛（MDA）,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）。[结果]污灌区高剂量组肝组织的MDA含量（中位数为1．18nmol／mg）,GSH-Px活性（中位数为239．97U／mg蛋白质）,低、高剂量组T-SOD活性（中位数分别为119．70U／mg蛋白质和76．72U／mg蛋白质）及肾组织的GSH-Px活性（中位数为133．12U／mg白质）均低于试剂对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。[结论]该污灌区土壤有机提取物可导致小鼠肝肾组织的氧化损伤。     

某污灌区粮食中有机污染物对小鼠的遗传毒性研究

[目的]研究污灌农产品中有机提取物对小鼠的遗传毒性. [方法]选取某污灌农田玉米为研究对象,地下水灌溉的玉米为对照,采用超声振荡法提取玉米中的有机污染物,以灌胃的方式对小鼠进行染毒,用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和微核试验检测玉米有机提取物对小鼠DNA的损伤情况. [结果]单细胞凝胶电泳实验:与试剂对照组比较,污灌区低剂量组拖尾长度增加(P<0.05);污灌区高剂量纽拖尾率、拖尾长度均增高(P<0.05),且污灌区高剂量组拖尾率高于对照区相同染毒剂量组.微核试验:污灌区低剂量组、高剂量组微核率均高于试剂对照组及对照区相同染毒剂量组(P<0.05).[结论]该污灌区玉米有机提取物中含有致小鼠遗传毒性的有机污染物.     

沈抚灌区污灌稻米与饮水的毒性试验研究

本文报告了沈抚灌区稻米与饮水的毒性试验结果。灌区稻米与饮水受到污水灌溉的污染;喂饲污灌稻米和污灌区饮水的小鼠生长发育缓慢,实验组小鼠的骨髓细胞微核发生率高于对照组,肝体比亦略高于对照组,但均无显著性差异。这与污灌区居民肝肿大率较高可能与污灌稻米有关的报导相吻合。     

氧化塘对有机致突变物净化效果的研究

本文研究1988～1990年不同季节城市污水经生物氧化塘处理前、后水及鱼体中有机物的致突变活性,研究发现处理后的水及鱼体活性有所减弱,经统计学证明差异显著。提示氧化塘处理对有机污染物致突变活性具有一定的净化作用。     

Runoff of genotoxic compounds in river basin sediment under the influence of contaminated soils

Contaminated sites must be analyzed as a source of hazardous compounds in the ecosystem. Contaminant mobility in the environment may affect sources of surface and groundwater, elevating potential risks. This study looked at the genotoxic potential of samples from a contaminated site on the banks of the Taquari River, RS, Brazil, where potential environmental problems had been identified (pentachlorophenol, creosote and hydrosalt CCA). Samplers were installed at the site to investigate the drainage material (water and particulate soil matter) collected after significant rainfall events. Organic extracts of this drained material, sediment river samples of the Taquari River (interstitial water and sediment organic extracts) were evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay to detect mutagenicity and by Allium cepa bioassays (interstitial water and whole sediment samples) to detect chromosomal alterations. Positive mutagenicity results in the Salmonella/microsome assay of the material exported from the area indicate that contaminant mixtures may have drained into the Taquari River. This was confirmed by the similarity of mutagenic responses (frameshift indirect mutagens) of organic extracts from soil and river sediment exported from the main area under the influence of the contaminated site. The Allium cepa test showed significant results of cytotoxicity, mutagenic index and chromosome aberration in the area under the same influence. However, it also showed the same similarity in positive results at an upstream site, which probably meant different contaminants. Chemical compounds such as PAHs, PCF and chromium, copper and arsenic were present in the runoff of pollutants characteristically found in the area. The strategy employed using the Salmonella/microsome assay to evaluate effects of complex contaminant mixtures, together with information about the main groups of compounds present, allowed the detection of pollutant dispersion routes from the contaminated site to the Taquari River sediment.     

Soil contamination detected using bacterial and plant mutagenicity tests and chemical analyses

Soil contaminants are common in industrialized countries, causing widespread contamination directly of soil and indirectly of ground water and food. Among these pollutants particular attention should be paid to soil mutagens and carcinogens due to their potentially hazardous effects on animal populations and human health. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxicity of contaminated soils by means of an integrated chemical/biological approach, using a short-term bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test), a plant genotoxicity test (Tradescantia/micronucleus test), and chemical analyses. Soil samples were collected in a highly industrialized area in the Lombardy region, in Northern Italy. Soil samples were extracted with water or with organic solvents. Water extracts of soil samples were tested using the Tradescantia genotoxicity test and organic solvent extracts were analyzed for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and for their mutagenicity with the Ames test. Heavy metal concentrations were also studied. Some soil samples showed mutagenic activity with the Ames test and clastogenicity with the Tradescantia/micronucleus test. The same soils showed high concentrations of genotoxic PAH and heavy metals.     

Toxicity reduction evaluation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant using mutagenicity as an endpoint

Previous work revealed substantial levels of mutagenicity in effluents from certain municipal wastewater treatment plants. One of these treatment plants was selected for further study to track the effluent mutagenicity to its sources, to chemically characterize the mutagenicity, and to assess the treatability of the mutagens. Mutagenicity testing using the Salmonella/microsome assay was performed on methylene chloride extracts of influent and effluent samples from the municipal wastewater treatment plant, as well as on four selected industrial effluents entering the plant. The mutagenicity of the influent samples was detected only in the presence of a microsomal metabolic activation system and was highest in Salmonella strain TA98. About two-thirds of the mutagenicity passed through the treatment plant, suggesting that the mutagenic compounds were refractory to conventional biological treatment. No significant mutagenic activity was detected in three of the industrial waste streams, all paper products plant discharges. However, a high level of mutagenicity (1.2 million TA98 revertants/liter) was detected in the effluent from a coke oven plant. This source could account for all of the mutagenicity entering the wastewater treatment plant. After fractionation of the coke oven effluent by sequential extraction at neutral, acidic and basic pH with methylene chloride, 93% of the TA98 (+S9) mutagenicity was found in the neutral fraction. A C₁₈ column fractionation scheme using a methanol/water elution gradient revealed that 92% of the mutagenicity eluted with the 75% and the 80% methanol in water fractions. The C₁₈ fractionation also provided good separation of mutagenicity from toxicity to fathead minnows. This study has demonstrated the potential of toxicity reduction evaluation (TRE) methodology for tracing effluent toxicity to its source, using genotoxicity as an endpoint.Disclaimer. This article has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

Mutagenicity assessment of produced water during photoelectrocatalytic degradation

Oilfield produced water was treated by photocatalysis, electro-oxidation, and photoelectrocatalysis, respectively. The chemical composition and toxicity of the raw effluent and treated products were assessed by chemical and mutagenicity analysis. The raw effluent exhibited mutagenic activity in both strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The lowest concentration of the dichloromethane extract capable of inducing a positive response in strains TA98 and TA100 were as low as 4 and 5 microg/plate, respectively. All three technologies could detoxify direct-acting mutagenic organic pollutants efficiently, although they could not completely eliminate mutagenicity in the water after 60 min of treatment. At equivalent doses, photoelectrocatalysis exhibited the greatest capability to reduce genotoxicity, whereas photocatalysis was the least effective and did not cause appreciable change in mutagenicity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that n-alkanes (259.4 ng/L) and phenolic compounds (2,501.4 ng/L) were the main organic constituents in the oilfield produced water. Thus, the results of both biological and chemical analysis indicate that photoelectocatalysis was the most effective technology for degradation of oilfield wastewater.     

汉江流域X市供水水体有机提取物致突变性研究

目的明确2019年不同水文期X市汉江水源水及其自来水中有机提取物的致突变性强度水平现状、变化趋势以及常规水处理工艺与管网输送对此趋势的影响。方法应用XAD-2大孔树脂富集汉江流域X城市水源水、出厂水、末梢水中的有机物,经洗脱、浓缩、干燥制得非挥发性有机物(NOCs)干品,运用Ames试验检测并比较各水样中NOCs的致突变性。结果在0.5~4.0 L/皿的测试浓度范围内,枯水期出厂水、末梢水的NOCs对TA98(±S9)的致突变性检测结果为阳性(MR值>2),在加S9后致突变性降低(MR值降低);其余水样的检测结果均为阴性。平水期出厂水、末梢水的NOCs仅对TA98(-S9)的检测结果为阳性,在加S9后致突变性降低;其余水样的检测结果均为阴性。丰水期时,除汉江出厂水外,其他水样对TA98(±S9)的检测结果均为阴性。但各水文期各水样NOCs对TA100(±S9)的检测结果均为阴性。出现阳性结果时的最低水样量为1.0 L/皿。结论2019年X市的汉江供水水体(水源水及其自来水)中的有机提取物具有一定的致突变性。Ames试验呈阳性时的水质属于中度污染。致突变性强度依次为枯水期>平水期>丰水期。水源水经自来水厂消毒处理后,水中有机物致突变性增强,但经过管网后有所降低。水样中非挥发性有机致突变物的作用类型主要为移码突变型。     

Genotoxic and Mutagenic Potential of Agricultural Soil Irrigated with Tannery Effluents at Jajmau (Kanpur), India

It is a common practice in India to irrigate agricultural fields with wastewater originating from industries and domestic sources. At Jajmau (Kanpur), India, tannery effluent is used for irrigation purposes. This practice has been polluting the soil directly and groundwater and food crops indirectly. This study is aimed at evaluating the mutagenic impact of soil irrigated with tannery effluent. Soil extracts were prepared using four organic solvents (dichloromethane, methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone) and tested with Ames Salmonella/microsome test and DNA repair-defective E. coli k-12 mutants. Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of soil samples revealed the presence of a large number of organic compounds including bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, benzene, 1,3-hexadien-5-yne, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl)phenol, Docosane, 10-methylnonadecane, and many higher alkanes. The soil extracts exhibited significant mutagenicity with Ames tester strains. TA98 was found to be the most sensitive strains to all the soil extracts, producing maximum response in terms of mutagenic index of 14.2 (–S9) and 13.6 (+S9) in the presence of dichloromethane extract. Dichloromethane-extracted soil exhibited a maximum mutagenic potential of 17.3 (–S9) and 20.0 (+S9) revertants/mg soil equivalent in TA100. Methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone extracts were also found to be mutagenic. A significant decline in the survival of DNA repair-defective E. coli K-12 mutants was observed compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts when treated with different soil extracts. PolA mutant was found to be the most sensitive strain toward all four soil extracts.     

Fractionation, chemical analysis, and mutagenicity testing of low-Btu coal gasifier tar

A tar from a low-Btu coal gasifier was subjected to parallel fractionation, chemical analysis, and bacterial mutagenicity (Salmonella) assay. Like other coal-derived tars, it was a complex mixture containing some high-molecular-weight material and several classes of organic compounds as major constituents. The results of bacterial mutagenicity testing of fractions and subfractions of the tar suggest that neutral nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, organic bases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and some uncharacterized high-molecular-weight materials are mutagenic to Salmonella and therefore are potentially mutagenic in higher systems.     

Re-Examination of the Genotoxic Activity of Water Taken From the Songhua River in P. R. China

The Songhua River, in northeast China, has heavy organic contamination due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Thus, it is important to further determine its genotoxic activity, which is a potential hazard for human health. Short-term genotoxic bioassays using Salmonella, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay, and mouse liver cell comet assay were employed to further examine the genotoxic activity of diethyl ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. Ames test results showed that there were still frame-shift mutagens, both direct and indirect, in water samples at doses of 5.0 or 7.0 L water equivalent/plate. The mutagenicity seems to be less when compared with the results from 2002 to 2003. A dose–response relationship was also obtained between DNA damage in mouse liver cells by comet assay and micronuclei formation by CBMN assay. These results indicate that the water samples showed genotoxic activity with a mutagenic potency. 88 and 104 compounds, respectively, were identified in summer and winter water sample extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Four priority pollutants listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and six priority pollutants listed by the Chinese Environment Protection Agency were found in summer or winter water samples, respectively. The results indicate that the diethyl ether extracts of surface water samples taken from the Songhua River still show genotoxic activity (≥3.0 L water). The risks of potential carcinogenicity for human health in the Songhua River should be studied further.     

哈尔滨市H沟致癌性工业废水首治目标的环境医学研究

为调查哈尔滨市Ｈ沟污水中致突变物的主要污染源，采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验，对哈尔滨市Ｈ沟排入松花江的污水及几家工厂的污水进行致突变性筛选，筛选呈阳性结果的工厂排污口污水，提取污水中有机污染物后，应用姐妹染色单体互换试验进行致突变性研究，结果表明：Ｂ、Ｃ两排污口污水有机提取物具有致突变作用，它们是哈尔滨市Ｈ沟污水被有机致突变物污染的首治目标。