“5aG”毒株犬用抗狂犬病活疫苗的效果观察

1979年应用弱毒“5aG”毒株自制犬用抗狂犬病活疫苗。疫苗制备基本按长春生物制品研究所人用狂犬疫苗制备常规进行。免疫后6个月的血清抗体几何平均值为49.056;免疫后12个月为10.912。对6个公社的20,273只家犬进行免疫注射和一个对照公社观察结果:前者和后者的保护率分别为91.3％和89.4％,说明疫苗在一年内可使免疫注射的家犬产生抗狂犬病的能力。     

Complications after antirabies treatment using the Hempt-vaccine]

A report is given on experiences with complications after antirabic treatment with hempt-vaccine gathered during 15 years (1960 to 1974). Among 4,315 inoculated persons local reactions appeared in 1.9%, a phenol shock in 0.11%, general reactions in 0.21% and neurological complications in 0.069%. In casuistic form is reported on postvaccinal neuritis, dorsolumbal myelitis and meningoencephalitis.     

The present status of rabies vaccine development and clinical experience with rabies vaccine

Attempts to control human rabies have a long history: animal and human vaccines provide efficient weapons for prevention. In this presentation, we would like to consider the different rabies vaccines available for human use, and particularly the modern vaccines produced in cell culture. Rabies virus is considered as an unique virus, but in fact, 5 groups of rabies fixed strains are used throughout the world to produce human rabies vaccines: Pasteur, Beijing, Flury, Fuenzalida and SAD strains. The Pasteur-derived strains, designated PV or PM, are the most widely used for the production of traditional vaccines of the Semple or Suckling Mouse Brain (SMB) types, but also for the production of modern cell culture vaccines: Human Diploid and Purified Vero Cell vaccines (HDCV and PVRV). The different rabies vaccines should be classified according to the cell system used to cultivate the virus: animal systems are still employed to produce the old traditional vaccines-Semple and SMB-which continue to be produced in several countries; Primary cell systems, particularly Hamster Kidney and Chick embryo cells, are used; Cell lines are presently the most interesting approach for vaccine production. The use of the human diploid cell system permitted the development of the HDCV, the most widely distributed cell culture rabies vaccine, and today considered as the reference vaccine. The heteroploid VERO cell line was introduced in 1982 to the production of inactivated rabies vaccine; it retained all the advantages of the Human Diploid Cell system, while offering the possibility of the large scale industrial production of PVRV. For both HDCV and PVRV, production security is guaranteed by the existence of a master cell seed and working cell bank, with a complete history of the cell, a limited number of passages and permanent and total quality control of the cell substrate. The principal human rabies vaccines produced worldwide at present using cell culture are compared, in terms of their technical characteristics and their capacity economically to face worldwide vaccine needs. The greatest needs are today in tropical countries, where only a limited amount of modern cell culture vaccines are used.     

Advances and Future Challenges in Recombinant Adenoviral Vectored H5N1 Influenza Vaccines

The emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has increased the potential for a new pandemic to occur. This event highlights the necessity for developing a new generation of influenza vaccines to counteract influenza disease. These vaccines must be manufactured for mass immunization of humans in a timely manner. Poultry should be included in this policy, since persistent infected flocks are the major source of avian influenza for human infections. Recombinant adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines are an attractive alternative to the currently licensed influenza vaccines. This class of vaccines induces a broadly protective immunity against antigenically distinct H5N1, can be manufactured rapidly, and may allow mass immunization of human and poultry. Recombinant adenoviral vectors derived from both human and non-human adenoviruses are currently being investigated and appear promising both in nonclinical and clinical studies. This review will highlight the current status of various adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines and will outline novel approaches for the future.     

布鲁氏菌病新型疫苗研究进展北大核心CSCD

布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)是一种严重危害人类及动物健康的人兽共患传染性疾病,接种疫苗是控制布病流行的有效手段之一,而目前还没有获得许可的疫苗来预防人类布病,兽用疫苗存在毒力恢复及不能区分疫苗接种与野菌株感染的不足。随着基因工程、分子克隆等技术的日益发展,重组蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗、纳米颗粒疫苗、载体疫苗等新型疫苗相关研究逐渐成为布病疫苗领域的研究热点。本文就近十年出现的新型布病疫苗研究进展情况作一综述,以期为开发更为有效、安全的布鲁氏菌病新型疫苗提供新的思路。     

The prospect of vaccination against group a β-hemolytic streptococci

Group A streptococcus is a widespread human pathogen that causes a broad spectrum of human disease. The persistent high burden and severity of illness in developing and industrialized countries speaks to the need for a safe and effective vaccine. Modern approaches to vaccine construction include M protein type-specific vaccines, vaccines utilizing conserved M antigens, and vaccines based on other conserved surface-expressed or secreted antigens. Vaccine candidates in various stages of development offer promise for prevention of Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae.     

布鲁氏菌病疫苗研究进展

使用疫苗免疫是防控布氏菌病(简称布病)的重要措施之一,但对人群使用疫苗免疫一直存有争议,世界上主要是俄罗斯(前苏联)和中国使用19-BA疫苗和104M疫苗对布病高危人群进行免疫.对于动物布病,早期曾使用灭活疫苗进行免疫,目前主要使用S19,Rev.1,RB51,S2和M5等弱毒活疫苗,其中Rev.1和S19是预防小反刍动物和奶牛布病最有效的疫苗,其它疫苗的使用也比较广泛.初步研究表明基因工程疫苗等新型布病疫苗具有良好的应用前景,但尚未被官方认可用于人和动物的布病免疫.特对人布病疫苗和动物布病疫苗进行介绍,并对基因工程疫苗以及其它新型布病疫苗的最新研究进展进行概述.     

衣原体疫苗的研究策略与进展

衣原体(Chlamydia)是一种专性胞内寄生菌,衣原体的反复感染及其诱发的严重后遗症是人类健康的巨大威胁,因此,迫切需要开发安全有效的疫苗来预防和控制衣原体感染.尽管人类在衣原体免疫保护机制的研究和疫苗开发方面已经取得了一定的突破,但是结合疫苗安全性和免疫效果的全面考量,有效衣原体疫苗的成功出世仍然面临很多问题.本文...     

The primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine: adaptation of viral strain, production of vaccine, and pre- and postexposure treatment

The hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine was investigated as a substitute for classical nervous tissue rabies vaccine. The Beijing strain of fixed rabies virus was adapted to primary hamster kidney cells (PHKCs), and four types of rabies vaccine (plain, adjuvant, concentrated, and concentrated adjuvant vaccines) were developed for human use. The potencies of the vaccines met the requirements of the World Health Organization, and these vaccines elicited rather satisfactory antibody responses in volunteers. The postexposure use of vaccine was evaluated in 301 individuals, 97 of whom had been bitten by proven rabid animals. None of the individuals contracted rabies during the observation period. After several years of field trials with both pre- and postexposure vaccines, the evidence indicates that the PHKC rabies vaccines are effective and safe for human use.     

日本血吸虫Sj14-3-3疫苗研究进展

日本血吸虫病是由日本血吸虫引起的一类严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,研制疫苗防治该病是目前的研究热点.Sj14-3-3蛋白是一种有效的疫苗分子,该文就Sj14-3-3蛋白疫苗和核酸疫苗的研究进展进行综述.     

血吸虫32ku天冬酰胺内肽酶疫苗的研究现状

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,主要流行于亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲等地区。采用疫苗防治该病是当前研究的热点。本文对血吸虫32ku天冬酰胺内肽酶的蛋白质疫苗、DNA疫苗和重组分枝杆菌疫苗等方面的研究现状进行了综述。     

Broad influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in humanized mice vaccinated with influenza virus vaccines

The development of novel human vaccines would be greatly facilitated by the development of in vivo models that permit preclinical analysis of human immune responses. Here, we show that nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) beta(2) microglobulin(-/-) mice, engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors and further reconstituted with T cells, can mount specific immune responses against influenza virus vaccines. Live attenuated trivalent influenza virus vaccine induces expansion of CD8+ T cells specific to influenza matrix protein (FluM1) and nonstructural protein 1 in blood, spleen, and lungs. On ex vivo exposure to influenza antigens, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells produce IFN-gamma and express cell-surface CD107a. FluM1-specific CD8+ T cells can be also expanded in mice vaccinated with inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine. Expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is dependent on reconstitution of the human myeloid compartment. Thus, this humanized mouse model permits preclinical testing of vaccines designed to induce cellular immunity, including those against influenza virus. Furthermore, this work sets the stage for systematic analysis of the in vivo functions of human DCs. This, in turn, will allow a new approach to the rational design and preclinical testing of vaccines that cannot be tested in human volunteers.     

New vaccines against tuberculosis. The status of current research

The increasing realization that the current vaccine for tuberculosis, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is of varying effectiveness, and is less protective in adults than in children, has prompted new research for a replacement. New research has resulted in innovative approaches, including the use of sub-unit vaccines, auxotropic vaccines, DNA vaccines, and recombinant vaccines, among others. This article reviews these approaches and test results in animal models, and discusses their potential for use in humans.     

人用狂犬病疫苗和被动免疫制剂研发进展

狂犬病(Rabies)是由狂犬病毒(Rabies virus)引起的一种人兽共患病。人一旦发病致死率几乎100%。目前预防狂犬病的人用疫苗为狂犬病毒灭活疫苗。随着基因工程技术的进步,新一代以狂犬病毒G蛋白(Glycoprotein)为免疫原的疫苗在开发中,包括不同表达系统的G蛋白亚单位疫苗,G蛋白DNA疫苗,G蛋白病毒载体疫苗等。同时本文还探讨了未来可能取代狂犬病免疫球蛋白的被动免疫制剂(单克隆抗体)的研发进展。     

Progress in vaccines for sexually transmitted diseases

The development pipeline for vaccines to control sexually transmitted infections holds greater promise than ever before. Preclinical studies are encouraging in the development of chlamydia and gonococcal vaccines, and for the first time, recent clinical trials have shown the feasibility of creating vaccines to control genital herpes and cervical human papillomavirus infections. Behavioral research suggests that these vaccines will likely find acceptance among health care providers and consumers.     

Peptide vaccines for myeloid leukaemias

The development of cancer vaccines directed against myeloid leukaemias has been a research area of intense interest in the past decade. Both human studies in vitro and mouse models in vivo have demonstrated that leukaemia-associated antigens (LAAs), such as the fusion protein BCR-ABL, Wilms' tumour protein and proteinase 3, may serve as effective targets for cellular immunotherapy. Peptide-based vaccines are able to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses that kill leukaemia cells. Based on these results, pilot clinical trials have been initiated in chronic and acute myeloid leukaemia and other haematological malignancies, which include vaccination of patients with synthetic peptides derived from these LAAs. Results from these trials show that peptide vaccines are able to induce immune responses that are sometimes associated with clinical benefit. These early clinical results are promising and provide valuable information for future improvement of the vaccines. This chapter will focus mainly on discussing the preclinical studies of peptide vaccines in human systems, the results from clinical trials and the future prospects for vaccine therapy for myeloid leukaemia.     

Rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines with an emphasis on tuberculosis

Vaccines are available for some, but not all, bacterial pathogens. Accordingly, bacterial pathogens still cause major health problems. Novel insights into the basic immunological mechanisms involved in protection against bacteria will provide guidelines for the design of novel vaccines. In particular, these include broad-acting vaccines composed of protein antigens shared by all members of a given pathogen group but absent in the human host and vaccines which operate via T-cells.     

HSV-2 Vaccine: Current Status and Insight into Factors for Developing an Efficient Vaccine

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a globally sexually transmitted virus, and also one of the main causes of genital ulcer diseases, increases susceptibility to HIV-1. Effective vaccines to prevent HSV-2 infection are not yet available, but are currently being developed. To facilitate this process, the latest progress in development of these vaccines is reviewed in this paper. A summary of the most promising HSV-2 vaccines tested in animals in the last five years is presented, including the main factors, and new ideas for developing an effective vaccine from animal experiments and human clinical trials. Experimental results indicate that future HSV-2 vaccines may depend on a strategy that targets mucosal immunity. Furthermore, estradiol, which increases the effectiveness of vaccines, may be considered as an adjuvant. Therefore, this review is expected to provide possible strategies for development of future HSV-2 vaccines.     

Rabies vaccine prepared in human cell cultures: progress and perspectives

Rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strains is a replacement for the previously available vaccines that are prepared in animal tissues and are less immunogenic and more reactogenic. The human cel-grown vaccine made in the United States is a split-product vaccine, whereas the vaccines made in Europe are whole-virion vaccines. Both types of vaccine contain concentrated and inactivated "fixed" rabies virus. When used before exposure to rabies virus, the vaccine should be given intramuscularly in three 1-ml doses on days 0, 7, and 21. Immediately after exposure to rabies virus, a person should be given human rabies immune globulin (20 international units/kg). This treatment should be followed by five intramuscular doses of vaccine given on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. For maintenance of long-term immunity in persons continously exposed to the risk of rabies, booster doses of the vaccine should be given at two-year intervals.     

Meningococcal vaccines

Global control and prevention of meningococcal disease depends on the further development of vaccines that overcome the limitations of the current polysaccharide vaccines. Protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines likely will address the marginal protective antibody responses and short duration of immunity in young children derived from the A, C, Y, and W-135 capsular polysaccharides, but they will be expensive to produce and purchase, and may not offer a practical solution to the countries with greatest need. In addition, OMP vaccines have been tested extensively in humans and hold some promise in the development of a serogroup B vaccine, but are limited by the antigenic variability of these subcapsular antigens and the resulting strain-specific protection. Elimination of meningococcal disease likely will require a novel approach to vaccine development, ideally incorporating a safe and effective antigen or antigens common to all meningoccocal serogroups. As a solely human pathogen, however, N. meningitidis has developed many tools with which to evade the human immune system, and likely will pose a formidable challenge for years to come.