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1.
Call DJ Cox DA Geiger DL Genisot KI Markee TP Brooke LT Polkinghorne CN VandeVenter FA Gorsuch JW Robillard KA Parkerton TF Reiley MC Ankley GT Mount DR 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2001,20(8):1805-1815
Seven phthalate esters were evaluated for their 10-d toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in sediment. The esters were diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and a commercial mixture of C7, C9, and C11 isophthalate esters (711P). All seven esters were tested in a sediment containing 4.80% total organic carbon (TOC), and DBP alone was tested in two additional sediments with 2.45 and 14.1% TOC. Sediment spiking concentrations for DEP and DBP were based on LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values from water-only toxicity tests, sediment organic carbon concentration, and equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters (DHP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, 711P), two of which were tested and found to be nontoxic in water-only tests (i.e., DHP and DEHP), were tested at single concentrations between 2,100 and 3,200 mg/kg dry weight. Preliminary spiking studies were performed to assess phthalate ester stability under test conditions. The five higher molecular weight phthalate esters in sediment had no effect on survival or growth of either C. tentans or H. azteca, consistent with predictions based on water-only tests and EqP theory. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and H. azteca were >17,400, >29,500, and >71,900 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are more than 30x greater than predicted by EqP theory and may reflect the fact that H. azteca is an epibenthic species and not an obligative burrower. The 10-d LC50 values for DBP and C. tentans were 826, 1,664, and 4.730 mg/kg dry weight for the low, medium, and high TOC sediments, respectively. These values are within a factor of two of the values predicted by EqP theory. Pore-water 10-d LC50 values for DBP (dissolved fraction) and C. tentans in the three sediments were 0.65, 0.89, and 0.66 of the water-only LC50 value of 2.64 mg/L, thereby agreeing with EqP theory predictions to within a factor of 1.5. The LC50 value for DEP and C. tentans was >3,100 mg/kg dry weight, which is approximately 10x that predicted by EqP theory. It is postulated that test chemical loss and reduced organism exposure to pore water may have accounted for the observed discrepancies with EqP calculations for DEP 相似文献
2.
Bell HE Liber K Call DJ Ankley GT 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2004,47(3):297-303
Laboratory sediment tests were conducted to evaluate the bioaccumulation and photo-induced toxicity of fluoranthene in larval and adult life-stages of the midge, Chironomus tentans. In the first of 2 experiments, fourth-instar and adult C. tentans exposed to spiked sediments (204 g fluoranthene/g dry weight) were collected for determination of fluoranthene tissue concentrations and toxicity after ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment in the absence of sediment (water-only). Fluoranthene tissue concentrations in larvae collected after a 72-hour exposure period were 7 times greater than concentrations in adults collected on emergence from the same spiked sediments. Fluoranthene-exposed adults were tolerant of UV exposure (100% survival after 7 hours), whereas larvae were sensitive (0% survival after 1 hour). In the second experiment, C. tentans larvae were exposed for 96 hours to 2 sediment treatments (170 and 54 g fluoranthene/g dry weight), after which fluoranthene tissue concentrations were determined and UV exposures conducted under water-only versus sediment conditions. Exposure to UV radiation, in conjunction with sediment, provided larvae with significant protection from photo-induced toxicity compared with the water-only exposure. Adults that emerged from the 2 sediment treatments were also analyzed for fluoranthene tissue residues and exposed to UV radiation. Fluoranthene tissue residues were higher in adult female than in adult male midges, but exuviae from both sexes contained higher fluoranthene concentrations than whole-body tissue, thus demonstrating that the molting process is a possible detoxification mechanism. Consistent with the greater tissue residue concentrations, female midges demonstrated a significant decrease in survival under UV exposure compared with male midges. These studies indicated that both the burrowing behavior of the larvae and the elimination of fluoranthene in molted exuviae are protective mechanisms against photo-enhanced PAH toxicity in this species. 相似文献
3.
C. K. King M. C. Dowse S. L. Simpson 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,58(3):657-665
The Australian benthic bivalve Tellina deltoidalis tolerates a wide range of sediment and water conditions, is easy to handle in the laboratory, and is a useful species for
undertaking whole-sediment toxicity tests. The sensitivity of T. deltoidalis to metals was investigated in 10-day metal-spiked sediment exposures for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and in water-only exposures
for Cu and Zn. The survival of T. deltoidalis in 10-day exposures to metal-spiked sediments was 88–100% for Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 75, 420, 1,000, and 4,000 mg/kg,
respectively. The 4-day LC50s for dissolved Cu and Zn were 0.18 and 13 mg/L, respectively. The 8-day LC50 for Cu was 31 (24–34) μg/L. Cu and Zn concentrations in the tissues of T. deltoidalis increase linearly with increasing dissolved exposure concentration. In the Cu-spiked sediment and water exposures, the survival
was negatively correlated with the Cu concentration in both the overlying water and in the tissues of T. deltoidalis. In contrast, particulate Cu concentrations were found to be a poor predictor of Cu bioaccumulation and toxicity for Cu-spiked
sediments. 相似文献
4.
Ho KT Kuhn A Pelletier M McGee F Burgess RM Serbst J 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,39(4):462-468
Standard methods of sediment toxicity testing are fairly well accepted; however, as with all else, evolution of these methods
is inevitable. We compared a standard ASTM 10-day amphipod toxicity testing method with smaller, 48- and 96-h test methods
using very toxic and reference sediments. In addition we compared parallel exposures of single species, either the amphipod
Ampelisca abdita or the mysid Americamysis bahia, to multiple species, mysid, and amphipod, cohabiting the same types of chambers. These comparisons were performed for both
water-only and sediment-water tests. Results of the comparison of the standard ASTM 10-day amphipod test with the smaller,
48- and 96-h test chambers indicate that survival was high in both test designs using the reference sediment. With toxic sediments,
complete mortality occurred in less than 48 h using the smaller experimental chambers and only after 96 h in the larger experimental
chambers. We concluded that although time to death is shorter in the smaller, shorter exposure chambers, there was no overall
change in mortality for the organisms, and that the smaller chambers were predictive of the results obtained with larger chambers
and longer exposures. For multiple species testing in whole sediment exposures there was no change in toxicity to either the
amphipod or the mysid when they cohabited the same chamber. In contrast, for water-only exposures, A. bahia demonstrated less sensitivity when cohabiting the same chamber as A. abdita. Therefore, during whole sediment testing we can add A. bahia and A. abdita to the same test chamber without changing the toxicity to either species; however, in our 10-ml water-only exposures, the
species should be tested separately.
Received: 16 November 1999/Accepted: 13 May 2000 相似文献
5.
Kemble NE Hardesty DG Ingersoll CG Johnson BT Dwyer FJ MacDonald DD 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,39(4):452-461
Waukegan Harbor in Illinois was designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to high concentrations of sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of 20 sediment samples collected after remediation (primarily dredging) of Waukegan Harbor for PCBs. A 42-day whole sediment toxicity test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca (28-day sediment exposure followed by a 14-day reproductive phase) and sediment toxicity tests with Microtox(R) were conducted to evaluate sediments from Waukegan Harbor. Endpoints measured were survival, growth, and reproduction (amphipods) and luminescent light emission (bacteria). Survival of amphipods was significantly reduced in 6 of the 20 sediment samples relative to the control. Growth of amphipods (either length or weight) was significantly reduced relative to the control in all samples. However, reproduction of amphipods identified only two samples as toxic relative to the control. The Microtox basic test, conducted with organic extracts of sediments identified only one site as toxic. In contrast, the Microtox solid-phase test identified about 50% of the samples as toxic. A significant negative correlation was observed between reproduction and the concentration of three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) normalized to total organic carbon. Sediment chemistry and toxicity data were evaluated using sediment quality guidelines (consensus-based probable effect concentrations, PECs). Results of these analyses indicate that sediment samples from Waukegan Harbor were toxic to H. azteca contaminated at similar contaminant concentrations as sediment samples that were toxic to H. azteca from other areas of the United States. The relationship between PECs and the observed toxicity was not as strong for the Microtox test. The results of this study indicate that the first phase of sediment remediation in Waukegan Harbor successfully lowered concentrations of PCBs at the site. Though the sediments were generally not lethal, there were still sublethal effects of contaminants in sediments at this site observed on amphipods in long-term exposures (associated with elevated concentrations of metals, PCBs, and PAHs). 相似文献
6.
Ingersoll CG Brunson EL Wang N Dwyer FJ Ankley GT Mount DR Huckins J Petty J Landrum PF 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2003,22(4):872-885
Uptake of sediment-associated contaminants by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was evaluated after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of exposure to a field-collected sediment contaminated with DDT and its metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), or to a field-collected sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Depuration of contaminants by oligochaetes in a control sediment or in water was also evaluated over a 7-d period after 28 d of exposure to the field-collected sediments. Accumulation of PAHs with a log octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log Kow) <5.6 typically reached a peak at day 3, followed by a lower plateau between days 7 and 56 of the sediment exposure. Similarly, 4,4'-DDT exhibited a peak in accumulation at day 14 followed by a decline at days 28 and 56. In contrast, accumulation of PAHs with a log Kow >5.6 or DDD and DDE typically exhibited a steady increase from day 1 to about day 14 or 28, followed by a plateau. Therefore, exposures conducted for a minimum of 14 to 28 d better reflected steady-state concentrations for DDT and its metabolites and for PAHs. Depuration rates for DDT and its metabolites and high-Kow PAHs were much higher in organisms held in clean sediment relative to both water-only depuration and model predictions. This suggests that depuration in clean sediment may artificially accelerate depuration of hydrophobic compounds. Comparisons between laboratory-exposed L. variegatus and oligochaetes collected in the field from these sediments indicate that results of laboratory tests can be extrapolated to the field with a reasonable degree of certainty. 相似文献
7.
Scott Hall Rick Lockwood Michael C. Harrass 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2014,66(1):58-68
The chronic (21- and 28-day) toxicity of boron was determined for two freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates: the fatmucket mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea and the aquatic worm Lumbriculus variegatus. The rapid depletion of boric acid from spiked sediments in tests using flow-through overlying waters was addressed by constant addition of boric acid to overlying water at concentrations matching those of the targeted porewater exposures. This proved highly successful in maintaining constant whole-sediment and sediment porewater boron concentrations. Boron sublethal 25 % inhibition concentration values based on porewater concentrations were 25.9 mg B/L (L. variegatus) and 38.5 mg B/L (L. siliquoidea), indicating similar test organism sensitivity. Expressed as dry whole-sediment values, the respective L. variegatus and L. siliquoidea sublethal (growth) IC25 values for whole-sediment exposures were 235.5 mg B/kg sediment dry weight (dw) and 310.6 mg B/kg dw. The worm lethality-based end points indicated greater sensitivity than the sublethal end points, bringing into question the validity of a “lethality” end point for L. variegatus given its fragmentation mode of reproduction. For comparison, water-only mussel exposures were tested resulting in an IC25 value of 34.6 mg B/L, which was within 20 % of the porewater value. This suggests that the primary route of boron exposure was through the aqueous phase. The results of this study indicated that for test materials that are readily water soluble, standard sediment test designs may be unsuitable, but water-only exposures can provide toxicological data representative of sediment tests. 相似文献
8.
Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used for
aquatic weed control. However, their aquatic toxicity data,
especially those on sediment, are relatively scarce. In this
study, the water-only acute toxicity of three formulations based
on glyphosate (Rodeo, Roundup Biactive, and Roundup) were
compared using a water-column organism (cladoceran: Ceriodaphnia
dubia) and a benthic organism (amphipod: Hyalella
azteca). In addition, Roundup Biactive and Roundup were
spiked into a clean sediment which was amended with appropriate
amounts of peat moss to study the effect of different
organic carbon levels (0, 0.4, 1.2, and 2.1%) on their sediment
toxicity, with C. dubia exposed to overlying water or porewater
prepared from the contaminated sediments. Results showed
that the toxicity based on 48-h LC50s for the three herbicides
in the water-only tests was Roundup (1.5–5.7 mg L-1) >
Roundup Biactive (82–120 mg L-1) > Rodeo (225–415 mg
L-1), and H. azteca was generally more sensitive than C. dubia
to these herbicides. Toxicity differences between formulations
were due to the different surfactant components in these herbicides.
From the porewater toxicity tests, Roundup Biactive
(340 mg kg-1) and Roundup (244 mg kg-1) were similarly
toxic in the sediment tests at 0% organic carbon, indicating that
the surfactants in Roundup were considerably more adsorptive
than those in Roundup Biactive to the sediment of the same
organic carbon. Also, an increase in organic carbon significantly decreased the toxicity of Roundup in sediment, but not
for Roundup Biactive. Sediment–porewater partitioning of
glyphosate was found to be influenced by sediment organic
carbon (i.e., glyphosate adsorption increased with sediment
organic carbon). 相似文献
9.
The acute toxicity of four chemical species of selenium to juvenile amphipods (Corophium sp.) was assessed in water-only tests. The seleno-amino acid compounds seleno-L-methionine and seleno-DL-cystine were found to be more toxic (96-h LC(50) values of 1.5 and 12.7 microg Se/L) than the inorganic selenite and selenate (96-h NOEC values of 58 and 116 microg Se/L). New marine sediment testing procedures were developed using juvenile and adult Corophium sp. Both life stages were highly sensitive to seleno-L-methionine-spiked sediment. The juveniles were approximately five times more sensitive, with a 10-day LC(50) of 1.6 microg Se/g (dry weight) compared to 7.6 microg Se/g (dry weight) for the adults. Sediment collected from three sites in Lake Macquarie, a marine barrier lagoon with elevated concentrations of total selenium, had no effect on the survival of adult Corophium over 10 days. The toxicity of seleno-L-methionine to other amphipod species occurring in Lake Macquarie was assessed in water-only tests, with Paracalliope australis being highly sensitive (96-h LC(50) 2.58 microg Se/L). 相似文献
10.
King CK Dowse MC Simpson SL Jolley DF 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2004,47(3):314-323
The suitability of two polychaete worms, Australonereis ehlersi and Nephtys australiensis, and three bivalves, Mysella anomala, Tellina deltoidalis, and Soletellina alba, were assessed for their potential use in whole-sediment toxicity tests. All species except A. ehlersi, which could not be tested because of poor survival in water-only tests, survived in salinities ranging from 18 to 34 during the 96-hour exposure period. No mortality was observed in any of the species exposed to sediment compositions ranging from 100% silt to 100% sand for 10 days, thus demonstrating the high tolerance of the five species to a wide range of sediment types. All species showed decreased survival after exposure to highly sulfidic sediments in 10-day whole-sediment tests. In 96-hour water-only tests, survival decreased, and copper accumulation in body tissues increased with exposure to increasing copper concentration for all species except A. ehlersi, which again could not be tested because of its poor survival in the absence of sediment. S. alba and T. deltoidalis were the most sensitive species to aqueous copper (LC50s of 120 and 150 g Cu/L, respectively). All species tested were relatively insensitive to dissolved zinc up to concentrations of approximately 1,000 g/L. In addition and with the exception of N. australiensis, all species accumulated significant levels of zinc in their body tissues. Whole-sediment tests were conducted over a 10-day period with copper-spiked (1,300 g/g) and zinc-spiked (4,000 g/g) sediments equilibrated for sufficient time to ensure that pore water metal concentrations were well below concentrations shown to have any effect on organisms in water-only tests. Survival was decreased in the bivalves T. deltoidalis and S. alba after exposure to copper-spiked sediments, and all species—except T. deltoidalis, in which 100% mortality was observed—accumulated copper in their tissues. Exposure to zinc-spiked sediments significantly decreased the survival of only one species, T. deltoidalis. Both polychaetes appeared to regulate concentrations of zinc in their body tissues with no significant uptake of zinc occurring from the sediment phase. Of the five species assessed in this study, T. deltoidalis was found to be the most sensitive to copper- and zinc-contaminated sediments, and based on commonly used selection criteria (ASTM 2002a, ASTM 2002b, ASTM 2002c) is recommended for development as test species in whole-sediment toxicity tests. 相似文献
11.
Effect of Nutrition on Toxicity of Contaminants to the Epibenthic Amphipod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melita plumulosa</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spadaro DA Micevska T Simpson SL 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,55(4):711-602
The amphipod Melita plumulosa is commonly used to assess the toxicity of contaminated sediments. Seven-day-old M. plumulosa are <1 mm in size, and during 10-day tests in sandy sediments with low nutritional value, starvation can cause >50% mortality.
In sediment toxicity tests, therefore, it can be difficult to determine if toxicity is due to contaminants or starvation,
particularly in contaminated sandy sediments. This study investigated the influence of amphipod age and food addition on amphipod
survival in toxicity tests. The 4-day LC50 increased linearly from 120 to 470 μg/L when M. plumulosa age at the beginning of the test increased from 5 to 30 days. The addition of food as algae or fish food did not significantly
affect the sensitivity of 11-day-old M. plumulosa (11-d Mp) to dissolved copper over 4 days in water-only tests. The survival of 11-d Mp in water-only tests over 10 days was poor without feeding, but when fed fish food, the 10-day LC50 was 76 ± 15 μg/L. In sediment tests, feeding 0.063 mg fish food/amphipod on days 3 and 7 of 10-day tests consistently resulted
in greater than 80% survival of 11-d Mp for a range of clean, sandy sediments, which had low amphipod survival without added food. Algae were not always suitable
as a food source, as their growth can be stimulated by nutrients released from sediment and was inhibited by contaminants.
The toxicity of most contaminated sediments was not ameliorated by the addition of food, suggesting that food addition was
suitable for inclusion in routine testing protocols for this amphipod.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
12.
D. A. Spadaro T. Micevska S. L. Simpson 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,55(4):593-602
The amphipod Melita plumulosa is commonly used to assess the toxicity of contaminated sediments. Seven-day-old M. plumulosa are <1 mm in size, and during 10-day tests in sandy sediments with low nutritional value, starvation can cause >50% mortality. In sediment toxicity tests, therefore, it can be difficult to determine if toxicity is due to contaminants or starvation, particularly in contaminated sandy sediments. This study investigated the influence of amphipod age and food addition on amphipod survival in toxicity tests. The 4-day LC50 increased linearly from 120 to 470 μg/L when M. plumulosa age at the beginning of the test increased from 5 to 30 days. The addition of food as algae or fish food did not significantly affect the sensitivity of 11-day-old M. plumulosa (11-d Mp) to dissolved copper over 4 days in water-only tests. The survival of 11-d Mp in water-only tests over 10 days was poor without feeding, but when fed fish food, the 10-day LC50 was 76 ± 15 μg/L. In sediment tests, feeding 0.063 mg fish food/amphipod on days 3 and 7 of 10-day tests consistently resulted in greater than 80% survival of 11-d Mp for a range of clean, sandy sediments, which had low amphipod survival without added food. Algae were not always suitable as a food source, as their growth can be stimulated by nutrients released from sediment and was inhibited by contaminants. The toxicity of most contaminated sediments was not ameliorated by the addition of food, suggesting that food addition was suitable for inclusion in routine testing protocols for this amphipod. 相似文献
13.
We compared the sensitivity of two juvenile unionid mussels (Lampsilis cardium and Lampsilis higginsii) to ammonia in 96-h water-only and sediment tests by use of mortality and growth measurements. Twenty mussels were placed in chambers buried 2.5 cm into reference sediments to approximate pore-water exposure (sediment tests) or elevated above the bottom of the experimental units (water-only tests). In the sediment tests, a pH gradient existed between the overlying water (mean 8.0), sediment- water interface (mean 7.7), and 2.5 cm depth (mean 7.4). We assumed that mussels were exposed to ammonia in pore water and report effect concentrations in pore water, but if they were exposed to the higher pH water, more of the ammonia would be in the toxic un-ionized (NH(3)) form. The only differences in toxicity and growth between mussel species occurred in some of the water-only tests. In sediment tests, median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranged from 124 to 125 microg NH(3)-N/L. In water-only tests, LC50s ranged from 157 to 372 microg NH(3)-N/L. In sediment tests, median effective concentrations (EC50s based on growth) ranged from 30 to 32 microg NH(3)-N/L. Juvenile mussels in the water-only tests grew poorly and did not exhibit a dose-response relation. These data demonstrate that growth is a sensitive and valuable endpoint for studies on ammonia toxicity with juvenile freshwater mussels and that growth should be measured via sediment tests. 相似文献
14.
Simpson SL Micevska T Adam MS Stone A Maher WA 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2007,26(1):163-170
A sublethal whole-sediment toxicity test that uses flow cytometry to measure inhibition of esterase activity in the marine microalga Entomoneis cf punctulata was applied to the assessment of hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE). Concentration-response relationships were developed, and a 20% effect concentration for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of 60 mg/kg normalized to 1% total organic carbon was calculated. Relationships between toxic effects and sediment organic carbon concentrations, organic carbon forms (e.g., black carbon), and sediment particle size indicated that further normalization of hydrocarbon concentrations to sediment particle size may improve concentration-response relationships. The algal toxicity test was applied as a rapid whole-sediment TIE procedure that involved the addition to sediment of powdered coconut charcoal (PCC), a hydrophobic, carbon-based material that strongly adsorbs PAHs and decreases the pore-water exposure pathway. Sediments with PCC concentrations of up to 15% (w/w) provided acceptable responses in control sediments. For six sediments with total PAH concentrations of 1,060, 4,060, 5,120, 9,150, 9,900, and 15,900 mg/kg, inhibition of E. cf punctulata esterase activity (% of control) was 75, 97, 94, 93, 100, and 97%, respectively. Following a 15% PCC amendment to these sediments, inhibition of esterase activity was 0, 1, 11, 69, 32, and 68%, respectively, indicating a decrease in toxicity in all sediments. Because the alga E. cf punctulata is exposed to toxicants via both pore water and overlying water, the reduction in toxicity achieved by 15% PCC additions can be related to the efficient removal of dissolved hydrocarbons released from sediment particles. The sediment-PCC manipulations coupled with algal whole-sediment toxicity tests provided an effective and rapid TIE method to determine whether hydrocarbon contaminants are responsible for toxicity in sediments. 相似文献
15.
Martín-Díaz ML Blasco J Sales D Delvalls TA 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,53(1):66-76
Intermolt crab Carcinus maenas and clam Ruditapes philippinarum were used to determine the toxicity of sediments collected in four Spanish ports (Cádiz, Huelva, Pasajes, and Bilbao) under
laboratory conditions during 28 days. Sediment samples were analyzed to determine chemical concentration of metals (As, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, grain size distribution, and organic
matter content. Different biomarkers of exposure of early biological stress were determined after 28-day exposure in crabs
and clams, in the hepatopancreas and in the digestive gland, respectively: metallothionein, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD),
glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase activities (GR). The battery of biomarkers
tested resulted in showing and linking the bioavailability of various contaminants and sediment characteristics to the toxicity
of the different sediments. Significant induction of MTs was observed when organisms were exposed to metal-contaminated sediments
(port of Huelva), and induction of EROD and GPX activities after exposure to sediments containing organic compounds (port
of Bilbao and Pasajes). Higher induction was shown in biomarkers tested in crabs; nevertheless, only interspecies significant
differences were observed in the induction of GR and GST activities. The present work confirms the necessity of using species
with different ecological lifestyles for sediment toxicity assessment and validates the use of this set of biomarkers as a
potential tool in sediment toxicity assessment. 相似文献
16.
Chandran A Varghese S Kandeler E Thomas A Hatha M Mazumder A 《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2011,214(3):258-264
Microcosm studies were performed to evaluate the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in water and sediment collected from the freshwater region of Vembanad Lake (9'35 °N 76'25 °E) along the south west coast of India. All three test microorganisms showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher survival in sediment compared to overlying water. The survival in different sediment types with different particle size and organic carbon content revealed that sediment with small particle size and high organic carbon content could enhance their extended survival (p < 0.05). The results indicate that sediments of the Lake could act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and exhibit a potential health hazard from possible resuspension and subsequent ingestion during recreational activities. Therefore, the assessment of bacterial concentration in freshwater Lake sediments used for contact and non contact recreation has of considerable significance for the proper assessment of microbial pollution of the overlying water, and for the management and protection of related health risk at specific recreational sites. Besides, assessment of the bacterial concentration in sediments can be used as a relatively stable indicator of long term mean bacterial concentration in the water column above. 相似文献
17.
Muller SL Huggett DB Rodgers JH 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2001,40(2):192-197
The vascular macrophyte Typha latifolia Linnaeus (common cattail) may be a sentinel for evaluating potential phytotoxicity to rooted aquatic macrophytes in aquatic
systems. To further evaluate the potential utility of this species, T. latifolia seed germination, shoot growth, and root elongation were measured in 7-day aqueous exposures using mean measured aqueous
copper concentrations of 10.0, 23, 41, 62, 174, and 402 μg Cu/L, which were ≥ 62% of nominal concentrations. Seed germination
and seedling shoot growth were not significantly affected by any of these copper concentrations as compared to controls. Mean
measured no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) for root elongation were
18.6 μg Cu/L and 35.0 μg Cu/L, respectively. Seven-day sediment tests were conducted by amending uncontaminated sediments
with copper sulfate to mean measured concentrations of 7.9, 17.1, 21.0, 51.2, 89.5, and 173.5 mg Cu/kg, which were ≥ 84% of
nominal concentrations. Seed germination was not significantly different from controls. Mean measured NOEC and LOEC values
for seedling shoot growth were 89.5 mg Cu/kg and 173.5 mg Cu/kg, respectively, and mean measured NOEC and LOEC values for
root growth were 14.0 mg Cu/kg and 19.7 mg Cu/kg, respectively. These results demonstrate that T. latifolia early seedling growth can be utilized for assessing aqueous and sediment toxicity of copper.
Received: 21 March 2000/Accepted: 28 August 2000 相似文献
18.
J. P. Meador N. G. Adams E. Casillas J. L. Bolton 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1997,33(4):388-400
Bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) from field-contaminated sediments by two infaunal invertebrates, Rhepoxynius abronius (a non–deposit feeding amphipod) and Armandia brevis (a nonselective, deposit-feeding polychaete), was examined and species responses were compared. Sediments were selected over
a large geographical area of the Hudson-Raritan estuary to assess the potential for bioaccumulation from a typical urban estuary.
Unlike polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from these sediments, concentrations of CHs in interstitial water (IW) indicated
that partition coefficients (Koc) were generally as expected, especially when based on predicted, nonsorbed, interstitial water CH concentrations (IWfree). Correlations between amphipod and polychaete tissue residues revealed that these species were responding similarly to a
gradient of CH concentrations in sediment. While tissue residues and BAFloc (lipid/organic carbon normalized bioaccumulation factor) values for the trichlorobiphenyls were similar for both species,
accumulation in the polychaete was three to 10 times higher for the more hydrophobic PCBs, which was attributed to differences
in the route of exposure. A negative correlation between the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and total organic carbon (TOC) was
found for both species, which was expected according to equilibrium partitioning theory. Because it was assumed that the amphipod
was not feeding in these tests and the polychaete was ingesting sediment, comparison of their tissue residues and bioaccumulation
factors was useful for highlighting the importance of sediment ingestion, especially for short-term, nonequilibrium exposures.
These results may also help elucidate the limitations associated with assessing bioaccumulation and the resultant toxic response
in standard 10-day toxicity tests with similar invertebrates.
Received: 1 February 1997/Accepted: 30 June 1997 相似文献
19.
Predicting the toxicity of chromium in sediments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Berry WJ Boothman WS Serbst JR Edwards PA 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2004,23(12):2981-2992
Chromium exists in sediments in two oxidation states: Cr(III), which is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, and Cr(VI), which is much more soluble and toxic. Chromium(VI) is thermodynamically unstable in anoxic sediments, and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is formed only in anoxic sediments; therefore sediments with measurable AVS concentrations should not contain toxic Cr(VI). If this hypothesis holds true, measuring AVS could form the basis for a theoretically based guideline for Cr in sediments. Ten-day water-only and spiked sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita were performed with Cr(VI) and Cr(III), along with sediments collected from a site contaminated with high concentrations of Cr. In sediments where AVS exceeded analytical detection limits, Cr concentrations in interstitial water were very low (<100 microg/L) and no significant toxicity to A. abdita was observed. In sediments in which AVS was not significantly greater than zero, Cr concentrations in interstitial waters increased significantly, with greater than 90% of the Cr present as Cr(VI), and mortality of A. abdita was elevated. These results demonstrate that measurements of AVS and interstitial water chromium can be useful in predicting the absence of acute effects from Cr contamination in sediments. 相似文献
20.
G. R. Lotufo J. D. Farrar B. M. Duke T. S. Bridges 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2001,41(2):142-150
The lethal and sublethal toxicity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus was determined using sediment spiked with 14C-labeled compound. Juvenile amphipods were exposed to concentrations up to 9.9 nmol/g dry weight (3.5 μg/g). Acute effects
on survival were determined in a 10-day experiment. Chronic effects on survival, growth, and reproduction were assessed in
a 28-day experiment. The DDT in the sediments transformed to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
(DDE), and polar metabolites during the 14-day sediment storage prior to exposing the amphipods. The mixture of DDT and its
breakdown products (tDDT) was comprised mostly of DDT at the beginning of the exposures. DDD was the prevalent compound at
termination of the 28-day exposure. Complete mortality occurred at sediment concentrations of tDDT as low as 7 nmol/g (2.3
μg/g) in both acute and chronic experiments. Most of the mortality appeared to have occurred within the first 4 days of exposure.
No sublethal reductions in growth or reproduction were observed in the 28-day experiment. In the 10-day experiment, where
amphipods did not receive supplemental food, growth was significantly increased in DDT treatments where survival was not affected.
The concentration of tDDT in amphipod tissues was determined at exposure termination. In the 10-day experiment, a mean body
residue of 14 nmol/g wet weight was associated with significant mortality (30%). Lower critical body residues were observed
in the 28-day experiment, where the median lethal tissue residue (LR50) was 7.6 (6.8–8.4, 95% confidence interval) nmol/g wet weight. Based on previous studies, the lethal critical body residue
for L. plumulosus is similar to those determined for freshwater amphipods and substantially lower than those determined for cladocerans and
polychaetes.
Received: 8 November 2000/Accepted: 19 March 2001 相似文献