Negative sentinel node in breast cancer patients a good indicator for continued absence of axillary metastases

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of axillary recurrences in sentinel-node-negative patients with breast cancer who had no axillary dissection. DESIGN: Follow-up study. METHOD: The first one hundred consecutive sentinel-node-negative patients with a minimal follow-up of 36 months (median 47) were included in this study. All patients underwent sentinel-node biopsy using the triple technique. During the first year after the operation patients were seen on a 3-monthly basis and thereafter every 6 months. RESULTS: Intensive pathological examination of the harvested sentinel nodes revealed no (micro)metastases in any patient. One patient developed an axillary recurrence after 24 months. Three out of the 100 patients developed distant metastases during follow-up; 2 of them died as a result of these metastases. One patient was treated for a local mammary recurrence. In terms of survival the sentinel-node procedure did not appear to be disadvantageous: the 3-year survival rate in our study was 98% for node-negative patients, compared to 88-94% quoted in the literature for node-negative patients after axillary dissection. This apparent improvement may be due to better staging of breast-cancer patients through the use of the sentinel-node procedure (stage migration). CONCLUSION: The triple technique was a reliable method for identifying the sentinel node in breast-cancer patients. Compared to the historical data on node-negative breast cancer, the sentinel-node procedure improved the prognosis of node-negative breast-cancer patients. This effect was probably due to the more accurate staging of breast-cancer patients using the sentinel-node procedure.     

高频彩色超声在乳腺癌淋巴结转移诊断中的价值

目的 分析乳腺癌原发灶及腋窝淋巴结转移的高频彩色超声声像图以及相关因素.方法 回顾性分析132例乳腺癌患者的超声、手术及病理资料,利用ROC曲线评价诊断指标.结果 132例乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移阳性率42.4%(56/132).超声诊断符合率92.9%(52/56);淋巴结转移阴性率57.6%(76/132),超声诊断符合率85.5%(65/76).结论 综合考虑乳腺癌原发灶与腋窝淋巴结,有助于提高超声诊断腋窝淋巴结转移的正确率,判断淋巴结状态,为临床分期及制定手术方案提供有价值的信息.     

前哨淋巴结对乳腺癌腋淋巴结状态预测价值的临床研究

目的探讨前哨淋巴结对乳腺癌腋淋巴结状态的预测价值。方法选择不同分期乳腺癌患者共171例，于乳晕周围多点注射亚甲蓝2ml，6min后先行前哨淋巴结活检，随后行改良根治术。检出的SLN及非SLN分别行病理学检查。结果SLN总的检出成功率为91．2％，总的准确性为95．5％，灵敏度为92．3％，特异性为100％，假阴性率为8．8％，阳性预测值为100％，阴性预测值为87．3％。其中Ⅰ期乳癌SLN的检出成功率、准确性及假阴性率与Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期相比较差异有统计学意义。结论肿瘤的分期、淋巴管示踪成功、示踪剂的注射部位以及学习曲线直接影响前哨淋巴结的检出成功率及假阴性率。前哨淋巴结能准确地预测Ⅰ期乳腺癌的腋淋巴结状态。     

乳腺癌超声征象与腋淋巴结转移及肿瘤微淋巴管密度的关系

目的 应用免疫组织化学技术检测肿瘤微淋巴管密度(LMVD),通过乳腺癌原发病灶彩色多普勒超声各征象与病理腋淋巴结转移及肿瘤LMVD的相关性研究,探讨乳腺癌病灶超声征象与肿瘤生物学行为及腋淋巴结转移的关系. 方法浸润性乳腺癌患者95例,年龄(50.2±12.4)岁.手术前均未进行化疗或放疗,均于术前1周内进行乳腺超声检查,观察并记录病灶大小、前后径与左右径比值(AP/W)、边缘毛刺征、病灶周围高回声晕、边界、肿瘤内及肿瘤周边血流信号分布情况以及动脉血流峰速值(PSV)、阻力指数(RJ).随机选取30例术后肿瘤石蜡标本切片进行免疫组织化学VEGFR-3染色,计数LMVD.对病灶超声征象及血流参数与病理腋淋巴结状况及LMVD关系进行研究. 结果手术后病理结果显示,腋淋巴结转移占35.8%(34/95),未转移占64.2%(61/95).病灶测值最大径>2 cm、AP/W>1、边缘毛刺及边界模糊是发生腋淋巴结转移的危险因素(P<0.05),OR(95%CI)分别为5.6(2.1～14.7)、5.2(2.0～13.1)、5.5(2.0～15.2)和6.0(1.9～19.0);彩色及能量多普勒血流征象及血流动力学参数与淋巴结转移关系的单因素分析中,病灶血流信号分级、血流分布类型及PSV>25 cm/s与腋淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05);超声声像图显示病灶边界模糊组肿瘤LMVD高于边界清晰组(P<0.05). 结论浸润性乳腺癌病灶病灶超声征象与腋淋巴结转移相关;超声边界模糊与肿瘤LMVD相关.     

前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结转移的影响因素分析

目的探讨腋窝前哨淋巴结(SLN)阳性的乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结(nSLN)转移情况与其临床病理特征之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2018年2月吉林大学第二医院乳腺外科64例临床分期为T1-2N0M0期、SLN阳性并行腋窝淋巴结清扫术(ALND)的乳腺癌病人资料,其中28例患者nSLN有转移、36例患者nSLN无转移。应用卡方检验、秩和检验以及多因素Logistic回归分析等统计学方法分析nSLN转移与其临床病理特征的关系。结果在SLN阳性的乳腺癌病人中,56%(36/64)腋窝淋巴结转移仅限于SLN。单因素分析结果显示,nSLN转移与阳性SLN数目、原发肿瘤直径以及神经/脉管等淋巴结外浸润情况有关(Z=-1.991,P=0.047;Z=-2.145,P=0.031;χ^2=5.630,P=0.018);与病理类型、组织学分级、激素受体状态、是否多个病灶、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)以及Ki67表达状况无关。多因素分析显示,原发肿瘤直径、神经/脉管等淋巴结外浸润以及阳性SLN数目均为nSLN转移的独立影响因素(OR=2.700,P=0.006;OR=2.759,P=0.008;OR=1.934,P=0.009)。结论肿瘤直径较大、有神经/脉管等淋巴结外浸润以及阳性SLN数目较多的SLN阳性乳腺癌患者更容易发生nSLN转移。     

纳米炭在乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结活检中的临床应用

目的 探讨纳米炭对乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结示踪的临床效果.方法 对57例乳腺癌患者,术前30 min于乳晕周围分4点及肿瘤表面皮肤皮下均匀注入纳米炭混悬注射液,找到腋窝黑染的第1枚淋巴结确定为前哨淋巴结,然后行改良乳腺癌根治术,观察纳米炭的应用价值.结果 成功检出前哨淋巴结56例,检出率为98.2％（56/57）,准确率为98.2％（55/56）,灵敏度为95.2％（20/21）,假阴性率为4.8％（1/21）,假阳性率为0.结论 纳米炭混悬注射液作为示踪剂能准确反映腋窝淋巴结转移状态,具有操作简便、定位准确、特异性强、染色时间长的优点,值得临床推广.     

女性隐性乳腺癌临床分析及文献复习

目的 探讨女性隐性乳腺癌的发病特点、诊断、分期、治疗方法及临床预后.方法 对46例女性隐性乳腺癌患者的临床、病理及随访资料进行回顾性分析.结果 46例患者均以腋窝肿块为首发症状且均予手术治疗.手术方式为单纯腋窝肿块切除术2例,明确病理诊断后,联合化疗无效,分别于术后5个月和1年出现远处转移,失去手术机会,1例仍在化疗中,另1例失访;行乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术44例.45例获随访1～22年,其中已生存3年33例,5年18例,10年8例.结论 对原因不明的腋窝肿块,应考虑到隐性乳腺癌的可能,应予切除并送病理检查确诊.腋窝淋巴结转移癌的组织学结构和免疫组织化学指标(激素受体)对隐性乳腺癌能提供重要线索.一经确诊,宜行乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术,术后辅助性放疗、化疗.对于激素受体阳性者给予辅助性内分泌治疗.另外,术后找不到原发灶的患者要比找到原发灶的患者预后好.     

The sentinel lymph node procedure also feasible in patients with recurrent breast cancer

The sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept has become a standard option for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary invasive breast cancer. The implementation of this SLN concept has created a new category of patients: those who had breast-conserving therapy without complete axillary lymph node dissection following a negative SLN biopsy. In cases of local relapse in the ipsilateral breast, questions arise on the lymphatic drainage of this new tumour. Such is also the case for patients who have been treated for ductal carcinoma in situ, who have had a previous mastectomy, or even after previous benign breast or axillary surgery. To date the literature on SLN biopsy in patients with recurrent breast cancer is scarce: only to publications dealing with 116 patients. It is concluded that a SLN procedure in recurrent disease is feasible and can possibly lead to the identification of specific or aberrant lymphatic drainages. This could then lead to useful changes being made to the multidisciplinary treatment strategy in selected patients following a successful SLN biopsy. Since there are still no proper guidelines for performing such a repeat SLN biopsy, it is necessary to reach consensus on this new indication in the short-term.     

多因素分析超声诊断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移

目的 探讨乳腺癌原发灶及腋窝淋巴结(LN)声像图表现在判定腋窝淋巴结转移(LNM)中的价值.方法 回顾性分析95例乳腺癌患者原发灶和腋窝LN的声像图表现,分析乳腺癌原发灶最大径、边带回声、内部钙化灶、内部血流丰富程度,腋窝LN最大径、长短比、皮质最大厚度、血流分布类型.并分析它们与腋窝LNM的关系,采用单因素分析、多因素Logistic回归分析以及ROC曲线确定各因素在诊断腋窝LNM中的价值.结果 单因素分析显示乳腺癌原发灶最大径、内部血流丰富程度以及腋窝LN长短比、皮质最大厚度、血流分布类型与腋窝LNM有明显关系(P=0.000).多因素、ROC曲线分析显示原发灶最大径、腋窝LN长短比和皮质最大厚度是诊断腋窝LNM具有价值的指标,尤以皮质最大厚度的价值最大.结论 分析乳腺癌原发灶及腋窝LN声像图表现有助于判断其腋窝LNM.     

Cost comparison of two surgical strategies in the treatment of breast cancer: sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection

OBJECTIVES: The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the treatment of breast cancer is widely acknowledged today. The aim of our study was to compare the hospital-related costs of this strategy with those of conventional axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out to determine the total direct medical costs for each of the two medical strategies. Two patient samples (n = 43 for ALND; n = 48 for SLNB) were selected at random among breast cancer patients at the Centre Leon Bérard, a comprehensive cancer treatment center in Lyon, France. Costs related to ALND carried out after SLNB (either immediately or at a later date) were included in SLNB costs (n = 18 of 48 patients). RESULTS: Total direct medical costs were significantly different in the two groups (median 1965.86 Euro versus 1429.93 Euro, p = 0.0076, Mann-Whitney U-test). The total cost for SLNB decreased even further for patients who underwent SLNB alone (median, 1,301Euro). Despite the high cost of anatomic pathology examinations and nuclear medicine (both favorable to ALND), the difference in direct medical costs for the two strategies was primarily due to the length of hospitalization, which differs significantly depending on the technique used (9-day median for ALND versus 3 days for SLNB, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A lower morbidity rate is favorable to the generalization of SLNB, when the patient's clinical state allows for it. From an economic point of view, SLNB also seems to be preferred, particularly because our results confirm those found in two published studies concerning the cost of SLNB.     

胃窦癌前哨淋巴结及淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的研究胃窦癌前哨淋巴结分布规律并探讨其在早期胃窦癌手术治疗中的临床应用价值。方法在对病人行胃癌手术前先进行前哨淋巴结活检(即开腹后在原发灶周围注射亚甲蓝,切除在5min之内被染色的所有淋巴结),然后行胃切除手术和扩大淋巴结切除术。结果本组病人30例有29例均找到SLN(成功率为99%),均为幽门下淋巴结(第六组淋巴结),并对淋巴结转移规律进行研究,为胃窦癌手术淋巴结清扫范围提供参考依据。结论对于SLN阴性及早期胃窦癌施行D1或D1+切除可获得A级根治度,并通过亚甲蓝术中间接淋巴染色,可提高胃癌根治术中淋巴结和阳性淋巴结清除的绝对数,避免不必要的标准手术,减少并发症。     

胃窦癌前哨淋巴结及淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的研究胃窦癌前哨淋巴结分布规律并探讨其在早期胃窦癌手术治疗中的临床应用价值。方法在对病人行胃癌手术前先进行前哨淋巴结活检（即开腹后在原发灶周围注射亚甲蓝，切除在5min之内被染色的所有淋巴结），然后行胃切除手术和扩大淋巴结切除术。结果本组病人30例有29例均找到SLN（成功率为99％），均为幽门下淋巴结（第六组淋巴结），并对淋巴结转移规律进行研究，为胃窦癌手术淋巴结清扫范围提供参考依据。结论对于SLN阴性及早期胃窦癌施行D1或D1＊切除可获得A级根治度，并通过亚甲蓝术中间接淋巴染色，可提高胃癌根治术中淋巴结和阳性淋巴结清除的绝对数，避免不必要的标准手术，减少并发症。     

活性碳微粒对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的临床意义

目的　评价活性碳微粒对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的临床意义。方法　 4 6例乳腺癌病人随机分为两组 ,2 5例活性碳组病人于改良根治术前 4 8～ 72h在瘤床或肿瘤周围腺体内注射活性碳微粒 ,2 1例对照组直接行改良根治术 ,常规清扫腋窝至胸小肌内侧LevelⅢ组淋巴结。结果　活性碳组平均清扫 16 .32个腋窝淋巴结 ,明显多于对照组的 12 .0 0个 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;活性碳组腋窝淋巴结染黑率为 88.8% ( 36 0 4 2 8) ,黑染淋巴结癌转移率明显高于未黑染淋巴结 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肿瘤直径≤ 1.0cm的淋巴结黑染率明显高于直径 >1.0cm的淋巴结 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　活性碳微粒能使较小和已有癌转移的淋巴结更易染色 ,从而更有效地提高乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的清除效果     

早期乳腺癌乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫的近期疗效

目的 了解早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术同时行乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫的近期治疗效果.方法 30例符合保乳手术指征的患者,按随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组,每组15例,均行保乳手术,再分别行乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫和常规腋窝淋巴结清扫.观察比较两组的近期治疗效果.结果 试验组手术时间(88.0±18.0)min,明显长于对照组的(68.0±12.5) min,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),试验组上肢水肿发生率[6.7％(1/15)]及肋间臂神经损伤发生率(0)较对照组[60.0％(9/15)、40.0％(6/15)]显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002、0022),而两组术中出血量、淋巴结清除数目、术后总引流量、术野残留癌细胞发生率比较差异无统计学意义[(18.0±12.2) ml比(21.3±9.0) ml;( 14.6±5.0)枚比(16.4±3.6)枚;(87.9±25.1) ml比(86.3±13.8) ml;6.7％(1/15)比13.3％(2/15)](P＞0.05).结论 乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫能获得与常规腋窝淋巴结清扫相当的淋巴结清除数目,术后不良反应少,近期效果良好.     

在固定解剖位置进行乳癌前哨淋巴结活检初探

目的证明乳癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)有固定的解剖位置,无需借助淋巴示踪技术亦能检出。方法Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳癌术中,先于腋毛区最下缘作一2cm左右横切口,在该区域内找到1～3粒淋巴结,定义为SLN,与继后腋窝清扫所得的非前哨淋巴结(NSLN)进行病理结果对比分析。结果SLN阳性者占总检测者的55.6%(20/36);前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的准确率、灵敏度、阳性和阴性预测值分别为91.7%、94.7%、90.0%、93.8%。1例SLN病检阴性而NSLN阳性,假阴性率为2.8%(1/36)。结论无需借助淋巴示踪技术,在腋毛区最下缘检出的SLN可准确反映乳癌患者腋窝状况,故腋毛区最下缘是SLN的固定解剖位置。     

DWI序列对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结良恶性的诊断价值

目的 评价磁共振加权成像(DWI)序列对乳腺癌腋窝良恶性淋巴结鉴别的价值.方法 收集2010年1月至2011年12月在我院放射科进行乳腺弥散加权成像,有明确手术病理结果的乳腺癌患者72例341个腋窝淋巴结作为研究对象进行回顾性分析.结果 DWI可以准确判断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移,72例病人腋窝可见肿大淋巴结,152个转移淋巴结和189个良性淋巴结的ADC值,前者为(1.03±0.13),后者为(1.47 ±0.12),两者比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DWI和ADC值测量是一种安全、无创、准确、快速的鉴别乳腺癌患者腋窝转移性淋巴结和良性反应增生性淋巴结的手段.