肾脏上皮样血管内皮瘤1例及文献复习

目的 探讨肾上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, EHE)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断方法.方法 通过HE染色和免疫组化观察1例肾原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤并复习文献.结果 组织学上肿瘤由排列呈巢状和条索状的上皮样细胞组成,胞质丰富、嗜酸性,常见胞质内腔隙,部分腔隙内有红细胞,有些细胞核偏位,类似印戒细胞样,间质为黏液样.免疫表型:CD34、CD31和vimentin阳性,显示细胞内空泡为原始血管腔.结论 EHE是一种不常见的生物学行为介于血管瘤和普通型(高级别)血管肉瘤之间的血管肿瘤,其病理形态具有一定的特征性,发生在肾脏者罕见,其形态学和免疫表型与发生于肾外者相同.     

骨外Ewing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨骨外Ewing肉瘤／外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的临床病理特征及诊断、鉴别诊断依据。方法18例骨外Ewing肉瘤／外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤行常规病理检查及免疫组化染色,其中2例进行电镜检查。结果光镜显示肿瘤组织主要由小圆形或卵圆形细胞组成,免疫组化染色显示肿瘤细胞膜CD99强阳性,电镜显示肿瘤细胞质内有神经内分泌颗粒。结论骨外Ewing肉瘤/外周原始神经外胚叶肿瘤的诊断依赖病理特征,并需要与其他小细胞恶性肿瘤进行鉴别。     

外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤1例临床病理观察及文献复习

目的 探讨外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理学特点、免疫组化特征及鉴别诊断.方法 对1例外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤进行组织学观察,行EnVision两步法免疫组化CD34、bcl-2、CD99、vimentin、CKpan、HMB-45、α-SMA、CD117、S-100蛋白、ER、PR、Ki-67染色及随访,并复习相关文献.结果 患者女,62岁.发现右侧外阴肿物4年余.眼观:肿瘤呈结节状,大小6 cm×5 cm×3 cm,切面灰白、实性,质韧.镜检:肿瘤由交替性分布的富于细胞和稀疏细胞区组成,梭形细胞呈束状、旋涡状或不规则状排列,部分与胶原纤维混杂,部分呈血管外皮瘤样结构.上皮样细胞有的围绕血管周围.细胞间细条索状、粗绳索样或疤痕样胶原纤维不规则性或石棉样的胶原物质沉积.瘤细胞CD34、bcl-2、CD99、vimentin均为阳性,CKpan、HMB-45、α-SMA、CD117、S-100蛋白、ER、PR均为阴性,Ki-67增殖指数<1%.结论 外阴孤立性纤维性肿瘤罕见,应与该部位相似形态的病变和血管外皮瘤样的肿瘤相鉴别.     

中枢神经系统非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤1例临床病理分析

目的 探讨中枢神经系统非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断.方法 对1例非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤应用HE染色、电子显微镜、免疫组织化学染色观察,并结合文献复习.结果 非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤具有特征性的横纹肌样细胞,伴有不同程度的原始神经外胚叶、上皮和间质分化.超微结构见瘤细胞内呈卷发丝样微丝小体,中间可见线粒体.免疫组织化学标记示:EMA、vimentin、CD99、NF和NSE(+),SMA、GFAP、CD117和PLAP(-).结论 非典型畸胎瘤样/横纹肌样瘤是中枢神经系统一种罕见的高度恶性肿瘤,好发于儿童,其诊断需与脑内其他多形性肿瘤鉴别.     

77例胃肠道间质肿瘤的病理形态学及免疫组化研究

目的：研究胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的病理形态及免疫组化特点,方法：应用光镜观察77例GIST的形态特征,用免疫组化S－P法检测c-kit(CD117),CD34,vimentin,SMA及S－100蛋白在GIST中的表达情况。结果：GIST的瘤细胞较经典的平滑肌瘤更丰富,胞质嗜酸较弱,瘤细胞为酸形或上皮样,或酸形与上皮样细胞混合存在,胞质内常见空泡形成;排列成交织刺状、弥散片状、栅栏状或轮辐状、较为特征的是细胞团巢形成。常见间质或见管壁玻变。原发于肠系膜者恶性潜力较高。CD117和CD34的阳性率分别为90％和92％,结论：胃肠道间质肿瘤有较为特独的组织学形态,CD117和CD34联合使用可协助鉴别诊断。     

特殊类型周围神经肿瘤

目的：介绍特殊类型周围神经肿瘤的病理诊断。方法：收集外检和会诊中遇到的各种类型周围神经肿瘤进行回顾性分析，并作必要的免疫组化标记和鉴别诊断，报道９例罕见的特殊类型周围神经肿瘤。结果：９例中：上皮样恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤，恶性嵘螈瘤，黑色素性神经鞘瘤，婴儿黑色素性神经外胚叶瘤腺性神经纤维瘤，神经鞘粘液瘤，节细胞性神经母细胞瘤，恶性颗粒细胞瘤和透明细胞肉瘤各１例，结论：特殊类型周围神经肿瘤的形成与原始神经     

肺恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤1例并文献复习

目的：探讨肺恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理特点、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法对1例肺恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤进行临床病理学分析及免疫组化SP法染色,并结合相关文献复习。结果患者女性,71岁。左肺有一肿物,7．5 cm×7 cm×5 cm大小,呈灰白色,分叶状,质硬,包膜完整。镜下显示在瘤细胞分化较好的区域,细胞多为形态温和的梭形细胞,呈束状或编织状排列,可见纤维瘢痕组织及瘤细胞围绕分支状血管呈血管外皮瘤样结构;在瘤细胞分化较差区域,瘤细胞丰富,异型性明显,可见少数瘤巨细胞,核分裂象多见(>20个/10 HPF),并见多个小坏死灶,局部瘤细胞突破包膜,向周围肺组织浸润性生长。免疫表型：CD34、CD99和vimentin 均呈弥漫强阳性, BCL-2呈弱阳性, Ki-67增殖指数>20%。术后随访16个月无复发,患者一般情况良好。结论肺恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤极为罕见,诊断和鉴别诊断主要依靠病理形态学和免疫表型,治疗以手术完整切除肿瘤为主,术后应对患者进行长期随访。     

升结肠自主神经瘤的临床病理诊断

目的：报道1例升结肠自主神经瘤（GANT）的临床病理特征及诊断和鉴别诊断。方法：通过HE、免疫组化及电镜观察1例结肠GANT并复习文献。结果：主要由梭形、多角形或上皮样细胞组成、胞质丰富、淡嗜酸性、核仁清楚,间质血管较丰富。瘤细胞免疫表型为vimentin,NSE,S-100蛋白及CD34阳性;CgA弱阳性;而actin,desmin,HHF35,Mac387,Syn,CK及HMB45阴性。电镜观察瘤细胞类似神经元、见细长的细胞突起和致密轴心神经分泌颗粒,瘤细胞间可见丝团样纤维。结论：GANT是胃肠道间质瘤中具有神经元分化的一种特殊类型、发生在结肠罕见。其组织形态应与平滑肌性肿瘤、神经鞘瘤等鉴别。     

膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断,以提高对本瘤的认识.方法 应用光镜、特殊染色和免疫组化染色对1例罕见的膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌进行观察,并复习相关文献.结果 瘤细胞松散,黏附性差,单个散在或弥漫片状排列,侵犯膀胱肌层.瘤细胞体积较大,圆形或多边形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性,核圆或卵圆形,居中或偏位,核内染色质细,核仁多不明显,核分裂象可见,散在单核或多核瘤巨细胞.免疫组化:瘤细胞呈CK-pan、EMA、CK18及CEA弥漫强阳性,CK20及34BE12散在阳性;而vimentin、SMA、desmin、myoD1、myoglobin、CK7、p63、CD38、S-100、HMB45、melan A、CgA、Syn、CD45、CD30、ALK和CD34均阴性.结论 膀胱具有横纹肌样形态的癌极罕见,可能为尿路上皮癌的组织学变异.诊断时须与其他具有横纹肌样细胞形态的肿瘤鉴别.     

儿童甲外恶性血管球瘤1例临床病理分析

目的 探讨儿童甲外恶性血管球瘤临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 回顾性分析1例儿童甲外恶性血管球瘤病例的临床资料、组织学形态及免疫表型结果.结果 患者女童,13岁,以背部皮肤肿块为主要表现,镜下肿瘤组织由纤维组织或薄壁血管分隔成器官样和结节样结构,与周边组织界限不清,结节中心无大片出血坏死,瘤细胞大小一致,圆形或卵圆形,胞膜界清,胞质丰富透亮,胞核圆形或卵圆形,核深染,核质比增大,小核仁易见,核分裂象10个/10 HPF,可见非典型性核分裂.免疫表型:瘤细胞SMA和CD34均(+)、vimentin和BCL-2均(),而p53、HMB-45、S-100蛋白、Syn、CgA、CK、desmin均(-).肿块扩大切除术后随访至今无复发和转移.结论 甲外恶性血管球瘤临床罕见且缺乏特征性的临床症状体征,结合组织学形态和免疫表型有助诊断和鉴别诊断.治疗方案以肿瘤扩大切除为主.     

肾透明细胞肉瘤的临床病理学研究

目的：探讨肾透明细胞肉瘤的临床病理,免疫组织化学,电镜特点和组织起源及预后,方法：对45例患儿（男31例,女14例,年龄3个月至12岁,平均3．2岁）肿瘤标本,用HE,免疫组织化学（LSAB法）和电镜技术进行观察。结果：45例患儿中,35例随访6－192个月,骨转移15例,,肺,肝等转移6例,8例复发,20例死亡。年龄和临床分期与存活率有关。典型的组织学形态为胞质浅染,核染色质细腻,核仁不清楚的片状瘤树枝状分布的纤维血管间质分隔,此外还可见粘液型,梭形细胞型,栅栏状型,上皮样型,硬化型,富于细胞型,囊肿型和血管扩张型等组织亚型结构,免疫组织化学;45例均表达波形蛋白,上皮膜抗原,细胞角蛋白,结蛋白,肌动蛋白,S－100蛋白,神经元特异性烯醇化酶,CD99,CD34和白细胞共抗原均为阴性,电镜下9例均显示瘤细胞细胞连接很原始,细胞器相对较少。结论：肾透明细胞肉瘤好发于儿童,具特殊的病理形态,可能起源于肾原始间质细胞,易发生骨;转移,死亡率高,为预后差的儿童肾肿瘤。     

原发性肾脏滑膜肉瘤临床病理及分子遗传学分析

目的探讨原发性肾脏滑膜肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对1例罕见的原发性肾脏滑膜肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化染色,并用RT-PCR方法在石蜡包埋组织中检测SYT-SSX融合mRNA表达,结合文献分析讨论。结果肿瘤由核分裂活跃的单形的梭形细胞组成,呈交织的束状或实性排列,部分区域呈血管外皮瘤样图像,未见上皮分化成分;囊性区囊内衬核分裂不活跃的多边形的鞋钉样上皮。免疫表型瘤细胞vimentin、CD99、bcl-2、S-100均阳性,Ki-67强阳性;CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA、SMA、CD117、CD34、p53、ER、PR均阴性。RT-PCR方法检测到肿瘤组织中有SYT-SSXmRNA表达,对照组SYT-SSX无表达。患者术后5月内死亡。结论原发性肾脏滑膜肉瘤罕见,需要与肾脏其他一些梭形细胞肿瘤相鉴别,分子遗传学检测SYT-SSX融合mRNA有助于其诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Solitary fibrous tumor with malignant potential arising in sublingual gland

A rare case is described of a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) with malignant potential arising in the sublingual gland. A 59-year-old man presented with a 4-month history of a slowly enlarging painless mass in the center of the floor of the mouth. The tumor was a well-demarcated, firm mass with a multicystic lesion. The tumor exhibited highly cellular areas of spindle cells with patternless architecture alternating with hypocellular areas. The tumor cells were positive for CD34 and bcl-2 as well as vimentin, and negative for epithelial, myogenic, neurogenic and histiocytic markers. The tumor cells formed multiple satellite nodules around dilated ducts in the multicystic lesion, indicating infiltrative growth. In addition, areas exhibiting higher cellularity with increased mitoses were noticed in the satellite nodules, although cellular atypia was not obvious. These findings led to a final diagnosis of SFT with malignant potential. There has been no recurrence or metastasis for 27 months after the surgery. Solitary fibrous tumor of the salivary gland must be differentiated from various spindle cell neoplasms including myogenic, peripheral nerve sheath, fibroblastic and fibro-histiocytic spindle cell neoplasms, hemangiopericytoma and myoepithelioma. In addition to characteristic morphological features, an immunohistochemical positivity for CD34 and bcl-2 may aid in the diagnosis of SFT.     

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. An immunohistochemical study

Three cases of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) and 5 cases of Wilms' tumor were investigated immunohistochemically to examine the expression of tissue-specific intermediate filaments (cytokeratin, vimentin, and desmin) and myoglobin. In CCSK, tumor cells were negative for cytokeratin, except for occasional tubular structures, and vimentin was demonstrated in only one case. In Wilms' tumor, epithelial components were positive for cytokeratin and stromal cells were positive for vimentin, while no staining was found in blastemal cells for either. Both desmin and myoglobin were negative in all tumor cells except for skeletal muscle cells in Wilms' tumor. In the current study, some neoplastic cells in CCSK were revealed to be of mesenchymal nature, but blastemal cells in Wilms' tumor were not.     

CLEAR CELL SARCOMA OF THE KIDNEY An Immunohistochemical Study

Three cases of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) and 5 cases of Wilms' tumor were investigated immunohistochemically to examine the expression of tissue-specific intermediate filaments (cytokeratin, vimentin, and desmin) and myoglobin. In CCSK, tumor cells were negative for cytokeratin, except for occasional tubular structures, and vimentin was demonstrated in only one case. In Wilms' tumor, epithelial components were positive for cytokeratin and stromal cells were positive for vimentin, while no staining was found in blastemal cells for either. Both desmin and myoglobin were negative in all tumor cells except for skeletal muscle cells in Wilms' tumor. In the current study, some neoplastic cells in CCSK were revealed to be of mesenchymal nature, but blastemal cells in Wilms' tumor were not.     

Intriguing Case: Primitive Pelvic Sarcoma Resembling Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) is an aggressive childhood renal tumor of unknown histogenesis that has not been reported to occur outside the kidney. The article describes an extrarenal neoplasm arising in the pelvic soft tissues of a 13-year-old boy that was composed predominantly of uniform mesenchymal cells with optically clear cytoplasm supported by an arborizing network of small blood vessels, which was indistinguishable in appearance from CCSK. The electron microscopic findings, although nonspecific, were essentially identical to those of CCSK, with tumor cells displaying fine chromatin, electron-lucent cytoplasm, and intercellular collagen but no evidence of tissue-specific differentiation. Immunocytochemical studies showed positivity for vimentin but negative results for desmin, myoglobin, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase and factor VIII-related antigen. Tumor cells were also nonreactive with Ulex lectin. This unusual pelvic tumor and CCSK may both derive from primitive mesenchymal cells and may represent phenotypic but not necessarily histogenetic analogs.     

Intriguing Case: Primitive Pelvic Sarcoma Resembling Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) is an aggressive childhood renal tumor of unknown histogenesis that has not been reported to occur outside the kidney. The article describes an extrarenal neoplasm arising in the pelvic soft tissues of a 13-year-old boy that was composed predominantly of uniform mesenchymal cells with optically clear cytoplasm supported by an arborizing network of small blood vessels, which was indistinguishable in appearance from CCSK. The electron microscopic findings, although nonspecific, were essentially identical to those of CCSK, with tumor cells displaying fine chromatin, electron-lucent cytoplasm, and intercellular collagen but no evidence of tissue-specific differentiation. Immunocytochemical studies showed positivity for vimentin but negative results for desmin, myoglobin, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase and factor VIII-related antigen. Tumor cells were also nonreactive with Ulex lectin. This unusual pelvic tumor and CCSK may both derive from primitive mesenchymal cells and may represent phenotypic but not necessarily histogenetic analogs.     

Primitive pelvic sarcoma resembling clear cell sarcoma of kidney.

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) is an aggressive childhood renal tumor of unknown histogenesis that has not been reported to occur outside the kidney. The article describes an extrarenal neoplasm arising in the pelvic soft tissues of a 13-year-old boy that was composed predominantly of uniform mesenchymal cells with optically clear cytoplasm supported by an arborizing network of small blood vessels, which was indistinguishable in appearance from CCSK. The electron microscopic findings, although nonspecific, were essentially identical to those of CCSK, with tumor cells displaying fine chromatin, electron-lucent cytoplasm, and intercellular collagen but no evidence of tissue-specific differentiation. Immunocytochemical studies showed positivity for vimentin but negative results for desmin, myoglobin, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase and factor VIII-related antigen. Tumor cells were also nonreactive with Ulex lectin. This unusual pelvic tumor and CCSK may both derive from primitive mesenchymal cells and may represent phenotypic but not necessarily histogenetic analogs.     

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney--a study of seven cases over a period of three years

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) can display diverse morphological patterns and mimic various other pediatric renal tumors. An accurate diagnosis of this tumour is important considering the therapeutic and prognostic implications. AIM: The present study was undertaken to describe the various histological patterns of CCSK. The histology of 7 cases and the available case files of CCSK accrued over a period of3 years were reviewed. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were performed in 3 cases. The histological patterns observed in this study were classical (observed in 4 cases), epithelioid trabecular, myxoid, palisading and hyaline sclerosis types. IHC revealed reactivity to vimentin and non-reactivity to cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein. Since CCSK is essentially a histological diagnosis, the importance of an accurate diagnosis of CCSK by a pathologist cannot be overemphasized. This study describes the various histological patterns that can be observed in CCSK.     

腮腺滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤1例及文献复习

目的探讨滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤的病理诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对1例腮腺滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤进行HE切片、免疫组化等观察,并复习文献进行讨论。结果镜检肿瘤细胞呈梭形、卵圆形、多边形,胞质淡染,边界不清,核染色质颗粒状并见明显小核仁,可见散在核分裂象,呈片状、束状、编织状、旋涡状排列。较多淋巴细胞浸润及围绕血管形成袖套状结构。肿瘤细胞特异性地表达CD21、CD23、CD35、S-100蛋白、CD68、vim entin、EMA。结论滤泡性树突状细胞肉瘤是极少见的低中度恶性肿瘤,可出现多种组织结构,有一定的特征性,确诊需要免疫组化帮助。应与异位脑膜瘤、异位胸腺瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、淋巴上皮样癌及指突性树突状细胞肿瘤等相鉴别。