The use of silver nitrate for chemical de-epithelialization and urothelialization of intestine in a rabbit model of augmentation cystoplasty

Urinary tract reconstruction using bowel segments can result in complications such as electrolyte abnormalities, infections, stones and cancer. Intestinal mucosa is the primary site responsible for these complications. De-epithelialization of the mucosa and subsequent urothelialization might alleviate these problems. We recently reported our success in de-epithelialization and subsequent uroepithelialization of intestinal segments using 10 g/100 ml AgNO₃ solution in a rat model of augmentation. In this study, chemical de-epithelialization of a colonic segment was attempted using 10 g/100 ml AgNO₃ solution in a rabbit model of augmentation. Sigmoid cystoplasty was performed in 20 male New Zealand rabbits using a 6 cm patch of sigmoid colon. There were two groups, including one group of five rabbits (control, group 1) that underwent augmentation alone, while another group (15 rabbits, treatment group or group 2) was treated with 10g/100 ml AgNO₃ solution before augmentation. Control rabbits were killed at the week 8 of experimentation. Treatment rabbits were killed at 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week intervals. Immediately before augmentation and at the end of the 8 week experimental period each rabbit underwent cystometry. De-epithelialization of the bowel epithelium without urothelialization was apparent in the treatment rabbits killed at 2 and 4 weeks. Histological analysis revealed almost complete urothelialization of the augmented sections treated with 10 g/100 ml AgNO₃ solution at the end of the 6 and 8 week of experimental periods. The preoperative and postoperative bladder capacities increased substantially in all groups. There was no obvious histologic difference in the amount of collagen present in the augmented tissues in any of the experimental groups. The present study confirmed that the treatment of intestinal segments with 10g/100 ml AgNO₃ solution led to chemical de-epithelialization and urothelialization of the augmented segments. This procedure could, theoretically, have applications to human surgery.     

The misleading appearance of silver nitrate on plain radiography

Cauterisation with silver nitrate is commonly used to treat overgranulation. Silver nitrate has a high density and a high mass attenuation coefficient, and it is therefore highly radio-opaque. We present a case in which its topical application to an area of overgranulation was interpreted as a bony fragment by the reporting radiologist in a patient with a supracondylar humeral fracture whose radiograph after removal of K-wires showed a large radio-opaque lesion. Although not a new phenomenon, it is one not widely known, and it can lead to confusion and unnecessary further imaging.     

Videothoracoscopic silver nitrate pleurodesis for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: an alternative to pleurectomy and pleural abrasion?

Background: The optimal surgical management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is still controversial, especially in terms of the technique to be used. The aim of this paper was to report our experience of videothoracoscopic silver nitrate pleurodesis (VATSNP). Methods: Between 1995 and 2004, all the medical records of the patients who had undergone silver nitrate videothoracoscopic pleurodesis (SNVTP) were reviewed. All the patients had systematic prospective clinical and radiological follow-up at 1 month. The last 250 patients were retrospectively recontacted for long-term follow-up. Results: Six hundred and three patients underwent SNVP. No intra-operative death or major complication occurred during or after the procedures. Mean operating time was 40.2 ± 10.7 min. The conversion to thoracotomy rate was 2.5%. Main postoperative complications were prolonged air leak (15.6%), partial residual pneumothorax (5.1%), pleural effusion (2.5%) and postoperative bleeding (2.0%). The follow-up was 100% complete 1 month after discharge; at 1 month, the recurrence rate was 0.5%. The last 250 patients were retrospectively recontacted with a mean follow-up of 2.9 ± 2.3 years (184 patients). The long-term recurrence rate was 1.1%. Conclusions: It is one of the first reports on the use of video-assisted thoracoscopic silver nitrate pleurodesis for PSP. We demonstrate safety and effectiveness of the procedure with long-term results comparable with standard open pleural abrasion or pleurectomy.     

The 10% silver nitrate spray: an alternate local treatment of burns

Summary Between May 1977 and July 1978, 307 burn patients were treated by a 10% silver nitrate spray at the Surgical Department of the Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty in Istanbul. The silver proteinate film which forms a black crust on the burnt skin protects the wound from infection through its bactericidal effectiveness and also from loss of fluid, protein, electrolytes and bodyheat. The silver film method was applied in 205 outpatients and in 102 hospitalized patients (70 children, 32 adults). The mortality rate of this data group was 7% but no renal, hepatic or hematological toxic effects due to the silver nitrate were demonstrated by the Perkin-Elmer 300 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and in the early as in the late controls of blood samples and skin biopsies no argyria was seen.     

Bladder augmentation using PelvicolTM implant for intractable overactive bladder syndrome

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an implant of porcine dermis to augment the bladder in women with refractory overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). Twelve women underwent a Pelvicol^TM bladder augmentation. A visual analogue score for severity of incontinence and a quality of life questionnaire was carried out pre-operatively and at 12 months post-operatively. Follow up cystoscopy was carried out in three women in addition. Three women were dry and cured; five women were significantly improved; two women were slightly improved and the procedure was unsuccessful in the remaining two women. There were no significant complications and voiding was spontaneous in every case. A bladder augmentation using porcine dermis may have a role in the surgical management of non-neuropathic women with OAB that has failed to respond to conservative therapy.     

An original method of primary local treatment of burns by silver nitrate in a selective coagulating concentration

Summary Local treatment of burns with silver nitrate solution having a selective coagulating concentration (5%), applied immediately, provides an ideal superficial layer formed by the wound components, an external sealing of the burned surface. Hence, local aggressive or shock-generating agents are increasingly inhibited, and the best conditions for regeneration and repair of the granulating wound are provided. Thus, healing is achieved at least 25–30% earlier than by standard techniques, by preserving the metabolic and immunological responses. The evidence for this claim is based on a histopathological study of ten patients, and on clinical information acquired from over 2,500 patients; this treatment has resulted in a spectacular decrease in mortality rate. The method is extremely simple, inexpensive, and applicable to all types of burns.     

腹股沟区淋巴静脉分流加硝酸银肾盂灌注治疗乳糜尿的临床疗效

目的 探讨腹股沟区淋巴静脉分流加硝酸银肾盂灌注治疗乳糜尿的疗效。方法 采用2％硝酸银肾盂灌注加同侧腹股沟区淋巴结与大隐静脉主干吻合方法治疗乳糜尿患者28例。其中男16例，女12例，年龄41～68岁，平均46岁。病史6个月～30年，平均3．6年。乳糜尿来自左肾14例，右肾12例，双肾2例。结果 术后3d内尿乳糜试验转阴者8例，7d转阴者17例，11d转阴者3例。27例随访3～12年，复发3例，复发率11％。结论 腹股沟区淋巴静脉分流加硝酸银肾盂灌注是治疗乳糜尿简单、安全、有效的方法，适宜于基层医院开展。     

硝酸银软膏对Ⅱ度烧伤创面治疗作用的多中心临床研究

目的观察硝酸银(AgNO3)软膏对浅Ⅱ、深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的治疗效果,并评价其药物不良反应。方法选择80例浅Ⅱ度和40例深Ⅱ度烧伤患者,进行多中心、随机、阳性药物平行对照和同体试验研究(共4个中心,每个中心30例)。将患者创面按用药不同分为AgNO3组和磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)组,观察各组创面完全愈合时间、指定时相点下创面愈合率、创面细菌培养情况、药物疗效和安全性、药物对创面的刺激性等。结果浅Ⅱ度创面:AgNO3组完全愈合时间为(9．5±2．7)d, SD-Ag组为(10．8±3．4)d,用药后7 d创面愈合率分别为(77．9±20．5)％及(67．3±22．6)％;深Ⅱ度创面:AgNO3组完全愈合时间为(21．5±4．8)d,SD-Ag组为(23．3±6,4)d,用药后20 d创面愈合率分别为(86．6±15．9)％及(78．5±17．7)％。同等深度烧伤创面上述各项数据两组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0．01)。同等深度烧伤创面AgNO3组与SD-Ag组比较,具有同样明显的杀菌作用,但前者对创面的刺激性更小。结论AgNO3软膏是一种可用于浅Ⅱ、深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的有效、安全的外用药。     

Functional improvement in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder by bladder augmentation using bladder acellular matrix graft in the rat

Spinal cord injury (SCI) rostral to the lumbosacral level causes bladder hyperreflexia and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), which are accompanied by bladder hypertrophy. We hypothesize that bladder augmentation using a bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) can improve the function of SCI-mediated neurogenic bladder. In female rats (n = 35), SCI was induced by transection of the spinal cord at the lower thoracic level. Eight weeks following spinalization, bladder augmentation using BAMG was performed after hemicystectomy of the hypertrophic bladder. Cystometrography was performed at 8 weeks after spinalization and again at 8 weeks after augmentation. Several urodynamic parameters were measured and the grafted bladder was histologically evaluated. Thirty one rats were alive 8 weeks after spinalization. Twenty two (71%) rats developed hyperreflexic bladders and nine (29%) rats had underactive bladders before bladder augmentation. Twenty six rats survived until 8 weeks after augmentation. Urodynamic parameters showed improvement in some bladder functions in both hyperreflexic and underactive bladders after augmentation. In addition, bladder compliance was increased in hyperreflexic bladders and decreased in underactive bladders. Bladder augmentation decreased bladder capacity in high-capacity rats and increased it in low-capacity rats. Histological evaluation showed complete regeneration of BAMG in SCI-induced neurogenic bladder at 8 weeks after augmentation. This is the first report suggesting that the voiding function in SCI-induced neurogenic bladder can be improved by augmentation using BAMG. Improved voiding function was accompanied by histological regeneration of BAMG.     

Living-related partial bladder transplantation for bladder augmentation in rats: an experimental study

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of transplanting adult bladder tissue to its offspring as a source of neobladder tissue for bladder augmentation.

Methods

The dome of the bladder of an adult Lewis rat was excised and transplanted into the omentum of a 6-week-old offspring (living-related partial bladder transplant: n = 15). The bladder remnant of the donor rat was closed. Two weeks after transplantation, a laparotomy was performed to mobilize the bladder graft with its omental pedicle into the pelvis. Bladder augmentation (BA) was performed by anastomosing the graft to the recipient’s bladder. Thirty days after BA, the entire neobladder was excised and histopathologically examined.

Results

At laparotomy, each bladder graft appeared macroscopically as a thin-walled cyst in the recipient’s omentum. Each graft could be mobilized into the pelvis and anastomosed to the recipient’s bladder. BA was successful in all 15 recipients, and histopathologic studies showed that the mucosa was normal throughout each neobladder. Postoperatively, donors and recipients were clinically well without any sign of urinary incontinence or obstruction.

Conclusions

This is the first report of adult tissue being transplanted successfully into a recipient without vascular reconstruction in a rat. Living-related partial bladder transplantation for the purpose of BA is feasible using our technique and could have application as an alternative technique for BA in a rat.     

利用膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术的尿动力学评价

目的　评价利用膀胱黏膜双层小肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术后的尿动力学表现。　方法　 2 5例逼尿肌反射亢进型神经性膀胱患者行利用膀胱黏膜的小肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术。男 16例 ,女 9例。年龄 4～ 14岁。 2 1例获随访 6～ 2 4个月。手术前后行IVU、尿动力学检查及临床评价。　结果　手术后膀胱容量 (2 4 2 .6 2± 6 0 .0 4 )ml、膀胱顺应性 (8.10± 3.0 0 )ml/cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa)、最大尿流率 (7.6 0± 2 .90 )ml/s均较术前 [分别为 (14 2 .14± 4 5 .88)ml、(3.2 6± 1.5 7)ml/cmH2 O、(3.0 0± 1.0 0 )ml/s]增加 ,逼尿肌压力降低 [术前 (5 2 .0 0± 14 .11)cmH2 O、术后 (33.33± 15 .39)cmH2 O],剩余尿 /膀胱容量较术前减小 (术前 0 .33± 0 .11、术后 0 .16± 0 .10 ) ,P均 <0 .0 1。逼尿肌括约肌不协调和尿道闭合压无改变 ,无抑制收缩减轻。 7例恢复尿意 ,9例输尿管返流减轻。　结论　利用膀胱黏膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术可增加膀胱容量及顺应性 ,降低逼尿肌压 ,减轻逼尿肌反射亢进的程度。逼尿肌括约肌不协调、逼尿肌反射亢进、尿道闭合压低是影响临床结果的主要因素。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症原因的探讨

目的 探讨应用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后发生的各种并发症,以及对并发症的治疗方法。方法 对8例应用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现并发症的临床表现进行分析讨论。结果 8例并发症包括血肿,硬结,无菌性炎症、难以将其从人体正常组织中完全清除的异物的残面。结论 以上情况主要是由于手术操作不当引起,对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在临床应用中应采取谨慎态度,应遵循规范化的手段操作方法与原则。     

Augmentation ureterocystoplasty in bladder exstrophy: 5-year follow-up in two cases

OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of bladder exstrophy managed successfully by augmentation ureterocystoplasty (UCP) together with bladder neck surgery and continent diversion. PATIENTS: Two boys, age 5 and 1 years respectively, had augmentation UCP. The left refluxing megaureter was used in the first case together with bladder neck reconstruction. In the second patient, bilateral obstructed magaureters were used in tandem together with bladder neck division. Both patients had appendicovesicostomy according to Mitrofanoff. RESULTS: In follow-up for over 5 years, both patients are continent with improved upper urinary tracts and normal or stable renal function. They are managed by clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) via the continent stoma with bladder capacities of 220 cc and 150 cc, respectively. Cystogram showed no vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). The procedures were considered to be successful although one patient was on oxybutinin because urodynamics showed high intravesical pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation UCP should be considered in patients with bladder exstrophy when a suitable megaureter is available. This may be combined with simultaneous bladder neck reconstruction together with a continent diversion.     

保留膀胱粘膜的肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术近期疗效

目的 探讨治疗反射亢进型神经源性膀胱的最佳手术方法。方法 对术前临床评价均为“差”的25例逼尿肌反射亢进选型神经源性膀胱患儿行保留膀胱粘膜的小肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术。其中12例合并输尿管返流;21例获得随访,随访时间6个月－2年,对比手术前后血电解质、尿素氮、肌酐的变化,同时行排泄性膀胱尿道造影、尿流动力学观察及临床评价。结果 手术后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、尿流率较术前增加,逼尿肌压降低,残余尿／膀胱容量比值较术前降低,无抑制收缩减轻。术后临床评价4例为优,9例为良,改善和差者各4例;7例恢复尿意,9例输尿管返流减轻,均无电解质紊乱及肾功能异常。结论 保留膀胱粘膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大治疗反射亢进型神经源性膀胱近期疗效比较理想。     

抗人膀胱癌VH－PE在大肠杆菌的表达及初步鉴定

为了减少异源抗体免疫原性和增强其抗体细胞毒效应，利用基因工程抗体技术将已获得的具有与人膀胱癌细胞结合活性的单抗重链可变区基因（ＶＨ）亚克隆至构建好的含有重组绿脓杆菌外毒素基因（ＰＥ）的表达载体中，经大肠杆菌表达，研究制备具有导向治疗作用的重组免疫毒素。经间接免疫荧光试验等技术初步鉴定，所获得的免疫毒素与人膀胱癌细胞具有一定的结合效应，为进一步临床应用研究奠定了基础     

The effectiveness of ureteric reimplantation during bladder augmentation for high-grade vesicoureteric reflux in patients with neurogenic bladder: long-term outcome

Purpose

The outcome of ureteric reimplantation (UR) during bladder augmentation (BA) for high-grade vesicoureteric reflux (HVUR) in patients with neurogenic bladder was assessed to determine the effectiveness of UR. A literature review of HVUR and BA was also performed.

Methods

Twenty-two consecutive sigmoidocolocystoplasty patients were reviewed retrospectively; 10 had unilateral HVUR only, 3 had bilateral HVUR, and 9 had unilateral HVUR associated with low-grade VUR in the contralateral renal unit (RU). Preoperatively, VUR was grade V in 3 RU, grade IV in 22 RU, grade III in 5 RU, and grade II in 4 RU. Ureteric reimplantation was performed in the native bladder in 24 RU (16 patients) and in the colon cap in 10 RU (6 patients).

Results

Mean age at sigmoidocolocystoplasty/UR was 8.5 years (range, 2-15 years). Mean follow-up was 12.8 years (range, 2-22 years). Postoperatively, cystourethrography showed residual VUR (grade IV to grade III) in only 1 RU (3%); diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid scintigraphy showed no obstruction in all RU; ^99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid was improved in 13 RU, unchanged in 18 RU, and worsened in 3 RU; and serum creatinine remained normal in 20 patients and worsened in 2. Urinary tract infection, universal preoperatively, was seen postoperatively in only 2 patients. In the literature, 0% to 16.7% of HVUR persisted after BA alone, and no long-term data were available.

Conclusions

Ureteric reimplantation during BA is safe and effective for treating HVUR in patients with neurogenic bladder.     

Reattachment using the suture bridge augmentation for Achilles tendon avulsion fracture with osteoporotic bony fragment

Although avulsion fractures of the calcaneal tuberosity are rare injuries, these can be a challenging problem with frequent complications, such as loss of reduction and soft tissue problem. Anatomical reduction and internal fixation are indicated to avoid these pitfalls and to restore function of the triceps surae. However, the best fixation device and operative technique are still controversial. A case that achieved satisfactory clinical outcome through a reattachment technique using the suture bridge augmentation for Achilles tendon avulsion fracture with osteoporotic bony fragment is presented.     

组织工程补片膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱的疗效分析

目的 探讨使用小肠黏膜下层(small intestinal submucosa,SIS)组织工程材料补片行膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱的可行性和有效性. 方法 2011年1月至2014年3月收治14例神经源性膀胱患者,男10例,女性4例.年龄14～65岁,平均29岁.脊髓发育不良8例,脊髓损伤6例.尿动力学检查:最大膀胱测压容量平均为(150.1±64.2) ml,膀胱顺应性平均为(5.2±3.9)ml/cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),最大逼尿肌压力平均为(44.1±29.2) cmH2O.14例均接受SIS组织工程补片膀胱扩大术,术中将补片锁边缝合至纵向剖开的膀胱浆肌层,达到扩大膀胱的目的,其中7例同期行输尿管抗反流再植术.对术后并发症、影像尿动力学检查参数、尿路核磁水成像及肾功能进行观察评价. 结果 本组14例手术均顺利完成,手术时间平均为120 min.患者术后无代谢紊乱.复查肌酐水平均正常.术后随访6～48个月,平均24个月.尿动力学检查术后6、12、24个月最大膀胱测压容量分别为(274.9±88.7)、(322.5± 144.4)、(279.9± 157.9) ml,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后12、24个月最大逼尿肌压力为(20.1±9.8)、(20.2± 19.1) cmH2O,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后24个月膀胱顺应性为(26.1±29.4) ml/cmH2O,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后1个月,2例出现膀胱吻合口尿外渗,更换导尿管引流通畅后愈合.术后3个月,1例出现膀胱结石,行经尿道取石术后未再复发.术后12个月,4例出现膀胱输尿管反流,其中2例予膀胱逼尿肌A型肉毒素注射术,术后留置尿管3个月复查反流消失;2例保留导尿,口服琥珀酸索利那新(5 mg,2次/d)和酒石酸托特罗定(4 mg,1次/d)6个月后,1例反流消失,1例仍存在反流.结论 SIS组织工程补片用于膀胱扩大术可达到有效增加膀胱容量的目的.生物工程补片的使用为治疗神经源性膀胱提供了新的选择.     

Comparison of extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal augmentation enterocystoplasty for neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury patients

Objectives  Augmentation enterocystoplasty is the standard treatment for patients with neurogenic bladder who have failed medical management. Our “extraperitoneal” approach involves a small peritoneotomy to obtain the segment of bowel for augmentation, and a standard “clam” enterocystoplasty. We compared operative and postoperative parameters and clinical outcomes of this technique with the standard intraperitoneal technique. Methods  We retrospectively reviewed charts of 73 patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction refractory to medical management who underwent augmentation enterocystoplasty alone or in conjunction with additional procedures. A total of 49 patients underwent extraperitoneal augmentation and 24 patients underwent intraperitoneal augmentation. Operative and postoperative parameters including time of surgery, estimated blood loss, need for blood transfusion, time for return of bowel function, and length of hospital stay were examined. Clinical outcomes including early and late postoperative complications, and continence status were also analyzed. Results  Median follow-up was 2.5 years. Patients in the extraperitoneal group had significantly shorter operative time (3.9 vs. 5.6 h, P < 0.0001); shorter hospital stay (8.0 vs. 10.5 days, P = 0.009); and shorter time to return of bowel function (3.5 vs. 4.9 days, P = 0.0005). There was no significant difference in complication rates. Postoperative continence was equally improved in both groups. When only patients with no prior abdominal surgery were compared, the findings were analogous: shorter operative time, shorter length of stay, sooner return of bowel function, and no difference in complication rate. Conclusions  The extraperitoneal technique provides an equally effective method of bladder augmentation to the standard technique with easier early postoperative recovery.