IL-13和TNF-α在肺炎支原体肺炎儿童血清中的表达及意义

目的：观察白细胞介素13（interleukin-13,IL-13）和肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α）在小儿肺炎支原体肺炎中的变化。方法:酶联免疫方法检测40例肺炎支原体肺炎伴喘息患儿、40例肺炎支原体肺炎不伴喘息患儿、其他病原菌感染肺炎40例（普通肺炎组）及40例正常对照组儿童的血清IL-13和TNF-α的浓度。结果:肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清IL-13、TNF-α的水平高于正常对照组及普通肺炎组;肺炎支原体肺炎伴喘息患者的IL-13、TNF-α的水平分别为214.6±67.2 ng/L,0.55±0.13 ng/L,高于不伴喘息者（189.6±52.1 ng/L, 0.42±0.16 ng/mL）,差异均有显著性（P<0.01）。结论：IL-13、TNF-α浓度增高可能在小儿肺炎支原体肺炎导致喘息样发作中起重要作用。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（4）：275-277］     

超短波辅治支气管肺炎患儿前后血清细胞因子的变化

目的研究超短波在支气管肺炎患儿综合治疗中的效果及其对患儿血清细胞因子（TNF-α、IL-6）的影响。方法支气管肺炎患儿112例。随机分为治疗组和对照组各56例。对照组采用儿科常规药物治疗；治疗组除常规药物治疗外加超短波胸部辐射治疗。治疗前后检测患儿血清细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6水平。观察两组病情改善情况及TNF-α、IL-6变化。结果肺部X线改善情况两组无明显差异（X^2=1．803 P〉0．05）；肺部Ⅱ罗音改善情况两组有显著性差异（X^2=4．75 P〈0．05）。各组治疗后TNF-α、IL-6较治疗前明显降低（P均〈0．01）；治疗组较对照组降低更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论超短波治疗小儿支气管肺炎的疗效与调节机体炎症免疫反应有关，其在支气管肺炎的综合治疗中可加速肺部炎性病灶吸收。     

小儿慢性病贫血红系祖细胞与肿瘤坏死因子α、白介素6的关系研究

目的 研究检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、IL-6（白介素-6）两种慢性病发生有关的细胞因子水平，以及红系造血祖细胞集落培养生长探讨它们在慢性病贫血（ACD）发病中的作用。方法 检测病例组为慢性病贫血组（ACD组）患儿，对照组为慢性病无贫血组（NA组）和缺铁性贫血组（IDA组）患儿的血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素-6（IL-6）水平，以及骨髓的红系祖细胞水平（BFU-E、CFU-E）。结果 三组BFU-E有差异（F=3．56，P〈0．05；三组CFU-E有显著差异（F=8．87，P〈0．01）。ACD组与NA组相比，血清TNF-α前者高于后者（t=2．25，P〈0．05），两组血清IL-6无差异（t=1．91，P〉0．05）。在20例行骨髓培养的慢性病患儿中，血清TNFα与骨髓BFU-E之间无显著相关性（r=-0．37，P〉0．05）；血清TNF-α与CFU-E之间有负相关（r=-0．57，P〈0．05）；IL-6与BFU-E、CFU-E无相关性。结论 ACD患儿骨髓红系祖细胞BFU-E、CFU-E生成受抑制；血清TNF-α、IL-6的升高参与贫血发生；TNFα可能抑制慢性病患儿骨髓CFU-E形成而导致贫血。     

儿童癫痫发作期血清IL-8、IL-10、TGF-β1-及TNF-α水平与临床的关系

目的探讨IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α及转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）在癫痫发作中的作用及临床意义。方法选择新诊断的癫疴病例16例，并没健康对照组10例，采用ELISA方法进行血清IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α及TGF-β1水平测定。结果癫痫组血清IL-10、TGF-β1和TNF-α水平较正常对照组差异有统计学意义（Z=2.97～42．96，P均〈0．01），癫痫组血清IL-8水平较正常组儿童增高，但两者之间差别无统计学意义（Z=1．48，P〉0．05）。结论癫痫患儿发作后存在免疫功能的紊乱，下调免疫功能的因子（IL-10和TGF-β）水平显著增高，提示存在明显的免疫抑制现象，可能使机体细胞免疫功能下降；TNF-α显著增高，提示其可能参与了导致脑组织神经功能异常的活动。     

过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿血清细胞因子水平变化及意义

目的 了解过敏性紫癜肾炎（HSPN）患儿血清白细胞介素2、4、10（IL-2、4、10）及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）的水平变化及其与血IgA、IgG、IgM、IgE、尿红细胞计数的关系,初步探讨细胞因子在HSPN发病中的作用及其机制。方法 采用ELISA法检测42例HSPN患儿及42例健康儿童的血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF—α的含量,采用速率散射比浊法检测血IgA、IgG、IgM、IgE含量。结果 HSPN组血清IL-4、IL-10、TNF—α含量高于对照组（P〈0．05）,IL-2含量低于对照组（P〈0．05）;血IgA、IgE水平高于对照组（P〈0．05）,IgG、IgM水平与对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;IL-10水平与IgA呈正相关（r=0．4066,P〈0．05）,IL-4水平与IgE呈正相关（r=0．5281,P〈0.05）;IL-2与尿红细胞计数呈负相关（r=-0．6187,P〈0．05）,TNF—α与尿红细胞计数呈正相关（r=0．7033,P〈0．05）。结论 血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α、IgA、IgE与HSPN的发病过程密切相关,同时存在着细胞免疫与体液免疫功能的紊乱;IL-2和TNF—α在HSPN的发病中起相反作用,检测IL-2和TNF—α水平可作为初步估测HSPN患儿肾损害程度及预后的指标。     

IL-8、TNF-α在小儿肺炎支原体感染性肺炎中作用

目的 探讨小儿肺炎支原体感染性肺炎的免疫学发病机制。方法 采用夹心ELISA法对56例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清和14例伴胸腔积液患儿胸水进行白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α进行检测。结果 肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清中IL-8和TNF—α水平明显高于健康儿童，重症组明显高于轻症组。胸腔积液患儿X线胸片检查出现肺部纤维化改变者，血清和胸水中IL-8、TNF—α水平较肺部无纤维化改变者明显增高，胸片检查肺部无纤维化改变者，其血清与胸水中IL-8、TNF—α比较差异无显著性。结论 IL-8和TNF-α在肺炎支原体肺炎的发生发展过程中起重要作用，也是导致肺部纤维化形成的重要因素之一。     

病毒性脑炎血清及PBMC诱生白细胞介素6、8及肿瘤坏死因子及其意义

目的探讨白细胞介素6、8（IL－6、IL－8）以及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF－α）在病毒性脑炎中的作用。方法采用ELISA法检测35例病毒性脑炎和28例健康儿童血清及外周上单个核细胞（PBMC）请生的IL-6、IL-8、TNF－α水平，以及外用血T细胞及亚群。结果病脑患儿血清IL－8、TNF－α水平显著高于对照组，且随病情加重呈增高趋势；体外PBMC诱生IL-6、IL-8、TNF－α水平均明显高于对照组；重型病人TNF－α水平高于轻型病人；病脑组CD3 、CD4 、CD8 细胞百分率及淋巴细胞转化率均较对照组明显降低。结论小儿病脑存在多种细胞因子失调，其中IL－8、TNF－α在其炎症反应及脑损伤过程中可能起重要作用。     

格林—巴利综合征急性期免疫学改变

目的探讨格林-巴利综合征（GBS）急性期IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和免疫球蛋白等免疫学改变及其与临床的关系。方法采用ELISA法测定GBS组21例，正常对照组16例血清及外用血单个核细胞（PBMC）上清液IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α及IgG水平，同时检测血清IgA、IgM、IgG亚类。结果GBS患者血清IL-2、TNF-α，PBMC上清液IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α及IgG均高于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）。14例有一种以上血清免疫球蛋白或IgG亚类升高。重型组TNF-α高于轻型组（P＜0．05）。结论GBS患者存在T细胞功能紊乱和B细胞多克隆活化，IL-2、免疫球蛋白、尤其TNF-α升高在GBS发病中起重要作用。     

急性病毒性心肌炎患儿血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6水平变化的意义

目的探讨急性病毒性心肌炎（AVM）患儿血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平变化的意义。方法应用放射免疫法（RIA）和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测53例AVM患儿及20例健康儿童血清TNF-α及IL-6水平,分析TNF-α及IL-6血清水平与儿童AVM发生的关系。结果AVM组急性期血清TNF-α和IL-6水平分别为（526.7±32.9）和（3.23±0.53）mg/L,健康对照组分别为（383.1±27.5）和（1.63±0.22）mg/L,二组比较均有显著性差异（Pa〈0.05）;临床治愈后,AVM组TNF-α及IL-6分别降至（407.3±34.4）和（1.97±0.29）mg/L,与健康对照组比较均无显著性差异（Pa〉0.05）。结论AVM患儿急性期血清TNF-α和IL-6明显增高,心肌炎治愈后降至正常,检测TNF-α及IL-6血清水平及变化有助于判断AVM患儿病情及心肌损害程度。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化及与脑损伤关系的研究

目的研究缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）新生儿血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的动态变化，并探讨其在HIE发病和病程监测中的意义。方法用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测轻、中、重度HIE患儿出生后第1、3、7天血清IL-6和TNF-α的动态水平，以同期正常足月新生儿为对照。结果HIE新生儿血清IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），并与HIE严重程度有关。随着疗程进展，IL-6和TNF-α水平均有明显下降（P〈0．01），但仍高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论发生HIE时，患儿血清IL-6和TNF-α升高，并与病症严重程度和治疗进程相关；IL-6和TNF-α可能参与了HIE的病理生理过程，并可用于监测临床病程进展。     

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??The physiological characteristics of children determine their own particularity of their needs for the quality and quantity of proteins. Proteins not only play an important role in the development of children’s growth and development??cognitive function and immune function??but also have important effects on the long-term health of children.In this paper??the dietary protein reference intakes??amino acid patterns??dietary amino acid reference intakes??sources of high quality protein??and harm of deficiency and excess of protein in children were discussed in detail.     

Age-dependency of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children

Among the possible mechanisms which may cause wheezing or asthmatic episodes a genetically determined -adrenoceptor blockade and a hyperresponsiveness of -andrenoceptors has been postulated. Evidence to support this hypothesis stems from an increased bronchial sensitivity to -blockers, a reduced formation of cyclic AMP in response to -adrenergic stimulation and enhanced -adrenergic responses in asthmatic subjects. The recent development of techniques for measuring the specific, high-affinity binding of radiolabeled -and -adrenergic antagonists made it possible to study - and -adrenoceptors in vitro. Based upon the assumption that a change in the number and/or affinity of adrenergic receptors might be a general phenomenon, we have performed - and -receptor binding studies on lymphocytes and platelets from wheezing infants and asthmatic children as well as of infants, children, and adults not suffering from these diseases.Using ¹²⁵[I]-cyanopindolol (ICYP) and ³[H]-yohimbine (HYOH) as highly specific ligands for - and -adrenoceptors, the following results were obtained: (1) Lymphocytes and platelets from control subjects and asthamatics bound similar amounts of ICYP and HYOH and thus showed no differences either in the number or the affinity of - and -adrenoceptors. Lymphocytes and platelets of wheezing and nonwheezing infants also bound the same amounts of the radioligands. (2) In asthmatic children receiving 4×2 puffs salbutamol -adrenoceptor were down-regulated and this may mimic -adrenoceptor blockade. (3) When subjects were divided into four categories according to age (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 years, adults) the number of -adrenoceptor binding sites showed an age-dependent increase. The number and affinity of -adreneceptor binding sites on platelets was neither influenced by age nor disease.It is concluded that the - and -adrenoceptors of wheezing infants and asthmatic children at least on blood cells are normal. However the -adrenoceptors show an age-dependent maturation process, which may account for an unresponsiveness to -adrenoceptor agonists in wheezing infants.Supported by a grant from the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, NRWPresented at the 19th Workshop for Pediatric Research, University of Göttingen, March 10–11, 1983     

Parent Preferences and Perceptions of Milliliters and Teaspoons: Role of Health Literacy and Experience

Background and Objectives

A recent American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommends milliliter-exclusive dosing for pediatric liquid medications. Little is known about parent preferences regarding units, perceptions about moving to milliliters only, and the role of health literacy and prior milliliter-dosing experience.

婴幼儿膳食营养与生长发育指标调查

目的确定当前3岁以下儿童主要的营养问题，为制定营养改善对策提供科学依据。方法对在本院儿童保健中心定期进行体检的386例6—36个月儿童进行体格测量及智力发育检测，并同时进行膳食分析。结果膳食中能量、蛋白质、视黄醇、硫胺素、抗坏血酸及铁、钙的摄入均达到膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）标准，膳食锌平均摄入量未达到DRIs的80％。Logistic回归分析提示碳水化合物摄入量过高是婴幼儿肥胖的一个危险因素。能量和碳水化合物摄入越多，智力发育指数越高。结论婴幼儿生长发育和膳食状况良好，父母要注意培养婴幼儿科学的膳食习惯。     

Prenatal and postnatal administration of prebiotics and probiotics

Colonization of the neonatal gut by beneficial bacteria is important for the establishment and maintenance of the mucosal barrier, thus protecting the neonate from enteric pathogens and local and systemic inflammation. The neonatal microbiome is influenced by infant diet, environment, and the maternal microbiome. Dysbiosis in pregnancy increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, diabetes, infection, preterm labor, and later childhood atopy. Dysbiosis of the neonatal gut plays an important role in colic in the term infant, in the disease processes which plague preterm infants, including necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and in the long-term outcomes of neonates. Administration of enteral prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics during pregnancy, lactation, and postnatal life appears to be a safe and feasible method to alter the maternal and neonatal microbiome, thus improving pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.     

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??Bronchiolitis has been one of the hot spots in the researches on diseases of respiratory system nowadays. However?? the concepts and classifications of this disease remain unclear. In this paper?? the denotative and connotative concepts of bronchioles and bronchiolitis were analyzed from the views of anatomy and development biology?? and the classification changes of adult bronchiolitis were introduced. These content can be used as references for the systematic studies of pediatric bronchiolitis.