农村合作医疗的需求价格弹性分析

目的:全面分析农民对合作医疗的支付能力、参加意愿和需求价格弹性。方法:应用扩展线性支出系统测算农民的支付能力,并将需求价格弹性理论引入合作医疗中。结果:(1)对合作医疗无支付能力、有一定支付能力和完全具有支付能力的家庭所占比例分别为5.9%、17.4%和76.7%;(2)选择合作医疗模式1、模式2和模式3的家庭所占比例分别为33.95%、29.65%和36.40%;(3)农民对合作医疗的需求价格弹性系数为-0.4273。结论:大部分农民对合作医疗具有支付能力;农民对医疗保障的需求呈多元化;可适当提高筹资标准。     

基于ELES模型的河南省新型农村合作医疗中农民支付能力分析

农民个人的支付能力对农村合作医疗的筹资水平与补偿力度有着重要的影响.文章采用扩展的线性支出系统模型对河南省农民的消费倾向、基本需求、收入弹性及价格弹性进行分析,测定河南省农民对医疗保健的具体支付能力.结果显示:在保障基本的食品消费后,全省农民对新农合均具有支付能力,支付能力随着收入的增加而增强.最后,文章从提高筹资标准以及对贫困人群进行资金补助等方面提出相应建议.     

辽宁与河南两地新农合需求弹性及影响因素分析

目的:通过对辽宁和河南两地的337户农民进行家庭调查,以了解农民的参合意愿和支付能力,分析影响农民的新农合需求因素。方法:通过对两地农民参合的意愿支付额和支付能力进行描述性分析,同时测算两地农民参合的价格需求弹性,以及收入五分组后自付医疗费用的家庭负担。结果:A县意愿筹资额为24.70元,价格需求弹性为-0.832,属于缺乏弹性类;B县意愿筹资额为36.15元,价格需求弹性为-1.458,属于富有弹性类。两地应根据本地的实际情况,适当考虑新农合的价格需求弹性来确定资金的筹集水平及方式。同时发现,最低收入组自付医疗费用是其家庭收入的2倍多。结论:新农合对改善因病致贫、因病返贫的作用不显著;各级政府应加大对贫困地区贫困户的基金支持,促进新农合的受益公平性。     

卫生服务需求的弧弹性以及麻风病现症患者卫生服务需求弧弹性研究

在卫生服务需求研究中，当卫生服务的价格以及用户的收入与卫生服务需求的关系为高度非线性形式时，以及当需要衡量价格在不同水平上的变化对不同收入人群的卫生服务需求产生何种影响时，可利用弧弹性的形式进行价格和收入对卫生服务需求的影响的研究。本文介绍了弧弹性的应用及计算方法，并将其用于麻风现症患者的卫生服务需求研究，分析了麻风现症患者的治疗费用的支付以及收入对于卫生服务需求影响的方向和数量。     

中国农村贫困地区卫生总费用时间序列系统分析

本文运用宏观卫生经济核算的方法，按照卫生总费用分配流向，整理测算了1978－1993年中国农村贫困地区卫生总费用时间序列的数据并对测算结果进行了政策分析。测算结果发现，贫困的农村地区卫生发展迟缓，与全国平均水平比较，差距在明显扩大；贫困地区在人均国内生产总值水平只有全国平均水平的30％的情况下，投了4．6％的国内生产总值发展卫生保健服务。即使如此，贫困地区居民医疗消费的实际支付能力与当地医疗机构的收费额度相比较，差距日益扩大。在现有支付能力下，贫困农民根本不可能从医疗机构得到基本的卫生保健服务。一方面，是贫困农民医疗需求不足；另一方面，贫困地区医疗机构供给相对有余，效率低下人浮于事。在我国贫困地区卫生费用对农民人均纯收入的多少竟然缺乏弹性，说明贫困地区温饱问题尚未解决。因此，很难指望贫困农民在温饱与健康的选择中，放弃温饱而选择健康。作者认为，农村居民基本卫生服务的实现程度，农村居民大病住院医疗的保障程度，是农村贫困地区卫生行政的主要责任。     

卫生服务价格决策及其基本影响因素

本文就检索到的资料对国际国内１０多年来关于卫生服务价格决策及其影响因素的研究情况进行了总结,认为影响卫生服务价格决策的基本因素有：医疗服务成本、卫生服务市场的供求关系、群众的支付意愿和支付能力以及国家宏观卫生政策等,并分析了这些影响因素对卫生服务价格可能产生的影响。     

山东省麻风现症病人卫生服务需求弹性研究

本研究运用双重对数函数模型，对影响山东潍坊、临沂、济宁三地区麻风现症患者卫生服务需求的因素进行了研究。结果表明：患者家庭人均年收入、医疗服务价格对麻风卫生服务需求有显著影响；医疗服务中麻风自费病人的存在对现症麻风患者医疗服务的利用构成了负面的影响。在构建的两个模型中，卫生服务需求价格弹性分别为－0.0589和0.0946，需求的收入弹性为0.1277，旅途时间弹性为0.4264，说明麻风服务缺乏弹性。     

山东省农村居民对合作医疗的支付意愿及需求价格弹性分析

本文通过对１５８９户农村家庭户主的调查，来了解村民对合作医疗的支付意愿，并测算居民对合作医疗的需求价格弹性系数，分析经济水平与合作医疗形式的关系。研究结果表明：我省农村居民平均每人每年愿意筹１５．４元，需求价格弹性系数是－０．８４７１，属缺乏弹性类。随经济水平的升高，居民的支付意思增大，而需求价格弹性系数绝对值是减小的。所以在不同经济水平的地区，合作医疗形式应根据居民的能力、意愿因地制宜，不可一刀切。     

山西省新型农村合作医疗试点县农民支付能力研究

目的：了解山西省新型农村合作医疗（以下称新农合）试点县农民的支付能力、支付意愿及其影响因素，为新农舍的个人筹资提供依据。方法：采用描述性统计方法及计量经济学模型扩展线性支出系统进行分析。结果：试点县农民对新农合完全无支付能力、支付能力较差、有支付能力的农户分别占13．2％、47．6％、39．2％；91％的农民意愿支付人均10元及以上的入保基金；不同县别、支付能力、年龄和文化程度是影响试点县农民参加新农合意愿的因素。结论：山西省试点县农民家庭对新农合的支付能力还较为有限；农户参加的意愿与支付能力比较一致。     

黑龙江省城乡居民卫生服务需求弹性研究

目的通过测算黑龙江省居民卫生服务需求弹性,分析城乡居民卫生服务需求的经济规律。方法应用黑龙江省2013年国家卫生服务调查的数据,引入Probit回归模型,测算黑龙江省城市和农村的卫生服务需求自价格弹性、交叉弹性和收入弹性。结果黑龙江省城市居民和农村居民门诊服务自价格弹性分别为-0.432和-0.131,住院服务自价格弹性分别为-0.318和-0.418;农村居民的门诊和住院服务交叉价格弹性分别为-0.123和-0.102;城市和农村住院服务收入弹性分别为0.620和0.523。结论城市居民对门诊服务价格更敏感,而农村居民对住院服务价格更敏感;农村居民中,门诊和住院服务呈现互补关系;城市居民住院服务收入弹性高于农村居民。     

威海市农民主观幸福感及影响因素分析

目的：了解威海市农民主观幸福感状况及其影响因素。方法：按照分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取威海市4550位农民，按照性别、年龄、婚姻、文化程度、职业、是否贫困、是否患慢性病及2006年是否住院等情况，对其主观幸福感进行分析，并采用多元Logistic回归模型对主观幸福感的影响因素进行综合分析。结果：有46．09％的农民主观幸福感好，6．79％的农民主观幸福感差，影响威海市农民主观幸福感的因素主要有年龄、婚姻、文化程度、职业、是否贫困、慢性病患病与否以及2006年住院情况。结论：增加农民经济收入，提高农民健康水平对于改善农民主观幸福感有重要意义。     

贫困地区农民合作医疗支付能力研究

贫困地区合作医疗筹资的可行性,在很大程度上受到农民对合作医疗的支付能力和意愿支付水平的影响。但目前国内对农民支付能力的研究较少,本文利用扩展线性支出系统来研究农民的客观支付能力。研究结果表明:在农村贫困地区,一般人群的合作医疗筹资应以个人投入为主,而特困和贫困人群的合作医疗筹资应以政府和集体支持为主。     

论农民健康权及其权利体系的构建

农民健康权概念的提出,是二元社会结构下改善农村卫生工作的法治路径,符合健康权作为国际基本人权的发展趋势.文章在对农民健康权进行界定,探讨农民健康权性质的演化、权利位阶及其价值意蕴的基础上,对农民健康权的现状进行检讨,认为农民健康权处于权利贫困状态.最后,提出了构建农民健康权利体系的路径包括“赋权”和“保障”两个层面.     

Farmers' occupational health programme in Finland, 1979-1987

At the beginning of 1985, the National Board of Health in Finland issued directives for the initiation of farmers' occupational health services in municipal health care centres. The directives were based on the evaluation study on farmers' occupational health services in Finland. The main aim of this study is to analyse the current problems of the farmers' occupational health care system and to analyse how effective the system is. The efficiency of the occupational health services has been surveyed with postal inquiries twice, first in 1982 and later in 1986. The farmers' knowledge of appropriate means for reducing hazardous exposures had improved significantly since the initiation of the occupational health services. The effect of the occupational health services was evident particularly in the more effective use of personal safety devices. The limited resources at the municipal health care centres form the main obstacle in the provision of occupational health services for all farmers who would like to have them. 25-35% of the farmers in Finland (total 45,000 farmers) are willing to participate in the occupational health care system. Participation is voluntary for self-employed farmers.     

Georgia's Harvesting Healthy Habits: A Formative Evaluation

Abstract: Occupational safety and health researchers seek to conduct effective cancer awareness campaigns to increase agricultural workers' skin cancer prevention and detection behaviors. Georgia undertook such a project using a social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) conceptual model, with its objectives focusing on personal determinants of and environmental influences on farmers' behavior. One underused strategy to increase the success of health campaigns, formative evaluation, was undertaken during year one of the demonstration project, with four goals. These included an assessment of (1) the availability of societal resources to support farmers' practices, (2) the affordability for farmers to follow through with behaviors being promoted, (3) the social support for behaving in ways that reduce farmers' skin cancer risk, and (4) farmers' current knowledge, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy in this regard. Formative evaluation revealed an absence of information, products, services, and social support for farmers' skin cancer prevention and detection. As a result, the Georgia project's plan was refined to include specific activities aimed at increasing the environmental support for health promotion activities relating to farmers' skin cancer prevention and detection. These include a seminar for rural primary care physicians and public health nurses to increase knowledge and skills relating to conducting clinical skin exams; programs for agricultural extension agents, cotton scouts, and 4-H groups to provide opportunities to learn more about and practice sun safety; and a feed and seed store campaign.     

坚持科学发展观,统筹城乡医疗卫生事业协调发展

当前我国城乡医疗卫生在服务提供、资源利用、人员素质、保障待遇等方面差距悬殊，深刻分析农村卫生发展滞后的根源。统筹城乡医疗卫生事业协调发展，逐步缩小城乡卫生差距，以满足农民不同层次的医疗卫生需求。从整体上提高农民的健康水平和生活质量。是全面建设小康社会的需要，也是确保国民经济持续快速健康发展和国家长治久安的需要。     

台湾地区农民健康保险的制度框架与运行风险：兼论新型农村合作医疗的改革方向

台湾地区在由发展社会向发达社会转变过程中,实行了各项保障民生的社会保障制度,农民健康保险就是其中重要的一项。文章研究分析了台湾农民健康保险不同于一般社会保险的制度框架和运行模式的福利性特征及其风险链条,并结合当前新型农村合作医疗制度与农民健康保险的目标共性,讨论其改革方向。     

加强农村卫生事业建设的思考与对策

该文针对当前我国农村卫生工作存在的六方面不足，相应提出了六方面对策措施建议，从而促进农村医疗卫生水平的提高，以农民健康促农村小康。     

Review of the Nutritional Implications of Farmers' Markets and Community Gardens: A Call for Evaluation and Research Efforts

The development and promotion of farmers' markets and community gardens is growing in popularity as a strategy to increase community-wide fruit and vegetable consumption. Despite large numbers of farmers' markets and community gardens in the United States, as well as widespread enthusiasm for their use as a health promotion tool, little is known about their influcence on dietary intake. This review examines the current scientific literature on the implications of farmers' market programs and community gardens on nutrition-related outcomes in adults. Studies published between January 1980 and January 2009 were identified via PubMed and Agricola database searches and by examining reference lists from relevant studies. Studies were included in this review if they took place in the United States and qualitatively or quantitatively examined nutrition-related outcomes, including dietary intake; attitudes and beliefs regarding buying, preparing, or eating fruits and vegetables; and behaviors and perceptions related to obtaining produce from a farmers' market or community garden. Studies focusing on garden-based youth programs were excluded. In total, 16 studies were identified for inclusion in this review. Seven studies focused on the impact of farmers' market nutrition programs for Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participants, five focused on the influence of farmers' market programs for seniors, and four focused on community gardens. Findings from this review reveal that few well-designed research studies (eg, those incorporating control groups) utilizing valid and reliable dietary assessment methods to evaluate the influence of farmers' markets and community gardens on nutrition-related outcomes have been completed. Recommendations for future research on the dietary influences of farmers' markets and community gardens are provided.