宜昌市夷陵区农村居民脂肪肝流行现状及其危险因素调查

目的了解宜昌市夷陵区农村居民脂肪肝流行现状及其危险因素。方法采用多级整群抽样的方法,对宜昌市夷陵区农村社区35～74岁常住居民9 871人进行问卷调查、体检、实验室和腹部B超检查。结果共检出脂肪肝700人,总患病率为7.09%,标化患病率为7.22%。其中男性患病率为7.88%,女性为6.54%,男性患病率明显高于女性(χ2=6.36,P<0.05)。移民与非移民人群脂肪肝的患病率分别为7.49%和6.99%。单因素分析显示,年龄、性别、超重、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、腰臀比、体力活动及甘油三酯与脂肪肝的发生有关。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析表明,性别、超重、肥胖、腰臀比、高血压、糖尿病以及甘油三酯升高是脂肪肝的危险因素。结论宜昌市夷陵区农村人群脂肪肝患病率为7.09%,与肥胖及其相关的代谢紊乱有关。     

职员非酒精性脂肪肝患病及影响因素分析

目的 调查福建省福州市职员非酒精性脂肪肝患病情况及其相关影响因素.方法 对参加健康体检的既往无饮酒史或折合乙醇摄入量<40 g/周的3 884名职员进行调查.内容包括问卷咨询,体格检查、75 g葡萄糖耐量试验、血脂检测、以及肝脏实时超声检查.结果 调整年龄性别后,非酒精性脂肪肝总患病率为27.45%,并随年龄增长而增加;男性年龄标化患病率为35.70%,高于女性的17.47%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);非酒精性脂肪肝者中肥胖、血脂异常、血压增高、高尿酸血症、低HDL-C血症、高LDL-C血症及血糖异常的患病率均高于非脂肪肝组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果 显示,性别、年龄、高甘油三酯血症、肥胖(≥25 kg/m2)、低HDL-C血症、高尿酸血症、高血糖等7项指标与非酒精性脂肪肝密切相关.结论 福州市职员中非酒精性脂肪肝患病率较高,肥胖及其相关的多元代谢紊乱与脂肪肝的关系密切,应对相关危险因素进行干预.     

舟山地区男性渔民群体脂肪肝患病率及其危险因素流行病学调查

目的:明确舟山地区渔民群体脂肪肝的患病情况及主要危险因素。方法:通过随机多级分层整群抽样方法对舟山男性渔民进行调查。结果:3246名渔民脂肪肝检出率为24.37%。酒精性、可疑酒精性、非酒精性脂肪肝占脂肪肝的比例分别为38.05%、14.54%、47.41%。青年组、中年组、老年组的脂肪肝患病率分别为14.87%、32.73%、25.30%,两两之间均存在统计学意义(P<0.01)。脂肪肝组的高血压等患病率及空腹血糖等生化指标均高于非脂肪肝组(P<0.01)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血脂症、2型糖尿病、高血压、饮酒均为脂肪肝发病的危险因素(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:中老年渔民脂肪肝的患病率较高,渔民群体中年龄、饮酒、糖脂代谢紊乱与脂肪肝的关系更为密切。     

成都市健康体检成人非酒精性脂肪肝流行病学研究

目的探讨成都市成人健康体检非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）流行病学及危险因素分析,并为NAFLD防治提供可靠依据。方法收集2007年6月至2008年2月成都市成人健康体检资料共计12152例,分别统计年龄、性别、体重指数、血糖、胆固醇、三酰甘油（TG）、B超结果。通过问卷方式对参检者进行生活、工作方式问卷调查。结果成都市成人健康体检NAFLD患病率12．3％,男性和女性分别为15．5％和7．0％。无论是男性或是女性,均随年龄增长而增加,患病高峰年龄段为51—60岁,而女性61～80岁之间为高发年龄段;在60岁之前男性患病率显著高于女性,两者比较差异有统计学意义,而60岁之后两者患病率差异无统计学意义。男性患者从事脑力劳动、习惯咸食、吸烟及不运动者脂肪肝患病率明显增高;而女性患者主要与工作压力不大、习惯咸食有关。NAFLD常见的伴随疾病为超重或肥胖、其次分别为高TG血症、高胆固醇血症、高血糖。结论成都市健康体检人群NAFLD患病率男性明显高于女性,低于国内发达城市,高于农村社区居民,与陕甘两省患病率相似;NAFLD的患病率与年龄有非常明显的关系;NAFLD主要危险因素为不良的生活和工作方式,不同性别其危险因素不尽相同。     

北京市某区卫生防疫人群非酒精性脂肪肝危险因素分析

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪肝与性别、年龄、体重指数（BMI）等的关系,为脂肪肝的防治提供依据。方法对2011年417名北京市某区卫生防疫系统职工参加健康体检的腹部B超检查、血脂、身高、体重、BMI、血压等结果进行统计分析。结果共检出非酒精性脂肪肝110例,男性脂肪肝患病率（36.94%）比女性（20.00%）高（P〈0.01）。随着年龄的增加,脂肪肝的患病率有增加的趋势（P〈0.01）。结论男性、年龄大、血压高、超重、肥胖、血脂异常是该人群的脂肪肝发病危险因素。控制体重、血脂是降低该人群脂肪肝患病率的重要措施。     

２０１５－２０１６年梅州市体检人群脂肪肝患病率 及流行病学特点分析

摘要：分析２０１５－２０１６年梅州市体检人群脂肪肝的检出情况,对该疾病的早期预防提供参考依据,本研究 收集２０１５年１月至２０１６年１２月１６６２例在梅州市人民医院进行体检的人员健康体检报告,体检项目包括 体格、肝脏Ｂ超和代谢指标检查,综合统计分析结果。结果显示,１６６２ 例体检报告中脂肪肝患病率为 ２５．５１％ （４２４／１６６２）,男性３０．８３％ （３６２／１１７４）,女性１２．７０％ （６２／４８８）,男性患病率高于女性（χ ２＝ ２．６５３,犘＜０．０５）。脂肪肝患病率随年龄增长而升高,男性４０～ 岁患病率高达３７．６１％ （１２３／３２７）,６０ 岁 以上有所降低;女性５０～岁患病率最高,６０岁以上男女差异无统计学意义（χ ２＝１．１８５,犘＞０．０５）。脂肪 肝组的年龄、腰围、空腹血糖、体质量指数（ＢＭＩ）、舒张压、胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、低密度脂 蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ Ｃ）都明显高于非脂肪肝组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ Ｃ）明显低于非脂肪肝组,差 异均有统计学意义（犘＜０．０５）;采用ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析,可见脂肪肝危险因素依次为ＴＧ、腰围、空腹血 糖、ＢＭＩ、舒张压、ＬＤＬ Ｃ、年龄、ＴＣ、性别（男性）和ＨＤＬ Ｃ。健康体检人群脂肪肝患病率较高,男性 高于女性,高血脂、肥胖、高血压、年龄、性别（男性）、糖代谢异常都是脂肪肝的危险因素,在防治脂肪 肝疾病时应重点宣传影响因素的危害性,从而降低患病率。 关键词：患病率;脂肪肝;危险因素;胆固醇;甘油三酯 中图分类号：Ｒ１８１．２＋４　　文献标识码：Ｂ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１８）０５ ０３９５ ０３     

容桂成人脂肪肝流行病学调查和综合干预

目的明确容桂地区成人脂肪肝的患病率及其主要危险因素并加以干预。方法通过随机多级分层整群抽样对10个居委会进行编号,逐户调查居民小组所有16岁以上的市民,内容涉及问卷咨询、体格检查、葡萄糖耐量试验、血脂检测以及肝脏实时超声检查。通过流行病学调查,确定容桂地区脂肪肝的患病率;将调查数据进行统计分析,寻找出该病的危险因素;对高危人群及现患者进行综合干预。结果14069名成人完成调查,B超共检出脂肪肝2324例,占16.52%。经年龄和性别调整后,容桂地区成人脂肪肝患病率为17.80%,Kappa分析显示流行病学抽样调查超声诊断脂肪肝的可信度良好(Kappa值=0.817)。总体男性脂肪肝患病率始终显著高于女性(2=16.327,p<0.01)。结论容桂地区成人脂肪肝患病率(17.80%)比上海(20.82%)成人脂肪肝患病率低,比江苏省成人脂肪肝患病率(16.11%)高。主要为非酒精性脂肪肝、肥胖及其相关的多元代谢紊乱较过量饮酒与脂肪肝的关系更为密切。     

北京海淀区成人高血压防控现状及影响因素分析

目的了解海淀区成年人高血压的防控现状及其相关影响因素。方法采用多阶段等比例分层整群抽样方法,于2012年随机抽取海淀区6 716名18~79岁常住居民进行问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检查。结果调查对象高血压患病率为39.18%,高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为58.94%、49.78%、23.53%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、≥30岁、饮酒、饮食很咸或偏咸、腰围超标、超重和肥胖是影响高血压患病率的危险因素,大专及以上学历是高血压患病的保护因素。结论北京海淀区高血压防控措施已经初显成效,但患病率水平依然处于较高水平。性别、年龄、文化程度、饮酒、饮食、腰围、超重及肥胖是高血压患病的主要影响因素。当前应继续加强对高血压重点人群的三级预防,加强社区高血压综合防治工作。     

长沙铁路职工非酒精性脂肪肝的流行现状及危险因素分析

目的了解铁路职工非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患病率及其相关因素,为防治脂肪肝提供依据。方法B超检查诊断脂肪肝,检测体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR),空腹静脉血测血糖(FBS)、胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等生化指标。按设计表格对参检人员进行个人因素调查。结果3872名铁路职工中1005人被诊为脂肪肝(25.96%),其中非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)872例(22.52%)。NAFLD发生随年龄上升而上升,无论男女,均以40～59岁高发。NAFLD患病率在不同性别、不同年龄组之间存在显著差异。超重、高脂血症患病率高于其对照组,而NAFLD组高甘油三酯、高血糖、高血压、肝功能异常的检出率明显高于非脂肪肝组。Logistic回归分析显示有统计学意义的指标依次为BMI、ALT、WHR、TG、DBP、FBS、UA、性别和年龄,与非酒精脂肪肝关系最密切的指标前3位是BMI、WHR和TG。结论长沙铁路职工NAFLD患病率高。男性、肥胖、高脂血症、ALT活性升高为非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素。     

包头市非酒精性脂肪肝及代谢综合征现状调查分析

目的通过体检人群研究包头市非酒精性脂肪肝的患病率及代谢综合征的现状,为防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病提供依据。方法来自包头市第四医院体检的企业、事业单位在职及退休职工和个人体检的人群进行研究分析,数据应用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果 (1)体检人群中NAFLD患病率占31.05%;(2)整体非酒精性脂肪肝50~70岁年龄段为高发,占47.06%,男性在18~49岁患病率高于女性,女性年龄在≥70岁患病率高于男性(P﹤0.05);(3)非酒精性脂肪肝病组临床检测指标体重指数、腰围、TG、TC、L-DLC、ALT、空腹血糖、血尿酸、舒张压及MS组分疾病均高于对照组(P﹤0.05﹚;(4)非酒精性脂肪肝病组1 189例中合并代谢综合征有513例,伴有率为43.15%;对照组1 698例中合并代谢综合征有198例,伴有率为11.66%,两组比较(P﹤0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论 (1)包头市非酒精性脂肪肝病患病率高,肥胖、血脂异常、高血压、糖尿病、高尿酸血症是脂肪肝患病的危险因素。(2)合理饮食、减轻体重及维持正常血压、血糖、血脂、血尿酸水平是防治非酒精性脂肪肝的重要措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.