阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 将56例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组(n=30)、氯丙嗪组(n=26),分别给予阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪治疗,疗程6周.在治疗前及治疗6周末进行阳性与阴性量表(PANSS)评分、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)﹑连线测验(A和B)﹑韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)中的数字符号和数字广度(顺﹑逆)测验等神经心理测验.结果 2组治疗6周后PANSS评分均有明显下降,差异无统计学意义.阿立哌唑组各项认知功能指标均有不同程度的改善,而氯丙嗪组只有两项(WCST中持续反应数和数字广度测验)较治疗前显著好转.阿立哌唑组除WCST中持续反应数、完成分类数和数字广度测验外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组.结论 阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善明显,显著优于氯丙嗪.     

3种抗精神病药对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的:探讨阿立哌唑、利培酮和氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法:56例首发精神分裂症患者分为阿立哌唑组(n=18)、利培酮组(n=24)和氯丙嗪组(n=14),在治疗前和治疗6周进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分,威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、连线测验(A和B)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)中的数字符号和数字广度(顺、逆)测验等神经心理测验。结果:治疗6周后,3组PANSS评分均明显下降,3组之间差异无显著性。阿立哌唑组和利培酮组各项认知功能指标均有不同程度的改善,而氯丙嗪组只有2项(WCST中持续反应数和数字广度测验)较治疗前显著好转。连线测验B阿立哌唑组显著优于利培酮组,其余各指标两组间差异无显著性。阿立哌唑组除WCST中持续反应数、完成分类数和数字广度测验外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组;利培酮组除WCST中持续反应数外,其余各指标均显著优于氯丙嗪组。结论:阿立哌唑和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善作用相当,均显著优于氯丙嗪。     

阿立哌唑联合认知行为干预对首发精神分裂症不同未治期患者认知功能的效果评价

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合认知行为干预对首发精神分裂症不同未治疗期患者认知功能改善的影响。方法选取符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的96例首发精神分裂症患者为研究对象。将未治疗期1年的48例患者设为观察组,未治疗期≥1年的48例患者设为对照组。两组均应用新型抗精神病药物阿立哌唑联合认知行为干预,疗程8周。治疗干预前后分别采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)及河内塔实验(TOH)评定认知行为改善效果。结果治疗前两组WCST各项评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组完成分类数、正确应答数、概念化水平百分数及持续性应答数和WMS评分均较治疗前高(P0.01),观察组高于对照组(P0.01);两组持续性错误数和TOH的完成时间和移动次数均较治疗前低(P0.01),观察组低于对照组(P0.01)。结论阿立哌唑联合认知行为干预,对改善未治期1年的患者的认知行为损害的效果优于未治期≥1年的患者。     

阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的疗效

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的临床效果。方法将140例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各70例,对照组给予阿立哌唑治疗,观察组给予艾司西酞普兰联合阿立哌唑治疗。治疗前及治疗6个月后,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评估患者临床症状、认知功能、社会功能。结果治疗前两组患者上述量表评分组间无明显差异(P0.05);治疗6个月后观察组PANSS各项评分明显低于对照组,WCST量表中的完成分类数、正确应答数、概念化水平百分比评分明显高于对照组,持续性错误数明显低于对照组,SDSS量表中的社会性退缩、家庭外活动、家庭内活动、家庭职能、个人生活自理、对外界兴趣评分均明显低于对照组,上述差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合艾司西酞普兰能更有效地缓解首发精神分裂症患者精神病性症状,改善其认知功能与社会功能。     

阿立哌唑、利培酮及氯丙嗪对精神分裂症疗效及认知功能的影响

目的探讨非经典抗精神病药阿立哌唑、利培酮及传统抗精神病药氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对认知功能的影响。方法将148例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症病人随机分为阿立哌唑组（48例）、利培酮组（52例）和氯丙嗪组（48例），观察12周，分别于治疗前及治疗后4、8、12周采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应；治疗前及治疗后12周采用韦氏成人记忆测检（WMS）及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）测定。结果与治疗前比较，三组治疗后12周PANSS总分及各因子分显著下降（P〈0．01），但三组之间无显著差异；利培酮、氯丙嗪组的不良反应发生率高于阿立哌唑组（P〈0．05），主要表现为肌强直、震颤等锥体外系等不良反应；阿立哌唑、利培酮组WMS和WCST评分均有显著改善，而氯丙嗪组治疗前后则无差异。结论阿立哌唑、利培酮及氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症均有效，且疗效相当，阿立哌唑所致锥体外系不良反应较少，阿立哌唑、利培酮对认知功能有改善作用，而氯丙嗪则对认知功能无影响。     

阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪维持治疗对女性精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪维持治疗对女性精神分裂症认知功能的影响。方法入组82例维持期女性精神分裂症患者,其中阿立哌唑组39例,氯丙嗪组43例。观察疗程为52周,于入组时、入组后3月、6月、9月和12月采用阳性与阴性症状量表（Positive And Negative Symptoms Scale,PANSS）评定患者的临床疗效,入组时、入组后6月、12月以威斯康星卡片分类测验（Wisconsion Card Sorting Test,WCST）和连续作业测验（Continuous Performance Test,CPT）评定患者的认知功能。结果PANSS总评分（入组时、入组后3,6、9、12月）两组之间无统计学差异。阿立哌唑组各项认知功能指标均较氯丙嗪组有不同程度的改善。结论阿立哌唑是一种安全有效的新型抗精神病药物,尤其适用于女性精神分裂症患者的维持期治疗,能在一定程度上改善患者的认知功能。     

阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将92例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑联合认知干预组(研究组,n=46)和阿立哌唑组(对照组,n=46),疗程12周,采用PANSS评估患者的精神症状,WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评估患者的认知功能,TESS评估患者的不良反应。结果治疗12周末两组PANSS各项评分较治疗前均显著降低(P0.01),而研究组阴性症状分、一般症状分及总分较对照组显著降低(P0.05或0.01),阳性症状分较对照组则无明显变化(P0.05)。两组WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评分较治疗前均明显改善(P0.01),且研究组较对照组改善更加明显(P0.05或0.01)。两组患者TESS量表总分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合认知干预对改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能可能优于单用阿立哌唑治疗。     

稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能及临床疗效的评估

目的通过门诊随访,比较四种常用的第二代抗精神病药对于稳定精神分裂症患者的认知功能和临床症状的影响,并比较其安全性。方法用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST),在筛选期和随访六个月末对137名稳定期精神分裂症患者进行临床症状和认知功能评定。结果1)四种药物组的PANSS各项分值在筛选期无显著性差异,六个月末PANSS减分率也无显著性差异。2)筛选期利培酮组的WCST的各项成绩较差,六个月末阿立哌唑组的WCST总错误数(F=4.114,P<0.01)和持续错误数(F=3.767,P<0.05)高于其它各组。3)筛选期阿立哌唑组的SDSS(F=4.012,P<0.01)和ADL(F=4.690,P<0.01)均显著高于其它各组,至六个月末各药物组的SDSS和ADL总分无显著性差异。4)喹硫平组较常见嗜睡(χ2=8.687,P<0.05),利培酮组较常见肌强直(χ2=7.809,P<0.05),奥氮平组较常见体重增加(χ2=12.370,P<0.01)。结论对稳定期门诊随访患者,四种第二代抗精神病药对阳性和阴性症状的改善作用相当。阿立哌唑对认知功能的改善作用较弱,但能较明显地改善社会功能和日常生活能力。     

阿立哌唑联合奥拉西坦对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的观察阿立哌唑与奥拉西坦联合治疗对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响,为精神分裂症认知损伤的治疗提供临床证据。方法采用随机数字表法将98例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者分为研究组(阿立哌唑10~30 mg/d联合奥拉西坦1 600~2 400 mg/d)和对照组(阿立哌唑10~30 mg/d)各49例,进行为期8周的随机对照研究。在治疗开始前与治疗结束时(第8周末)采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行临床疗效评定,采用MATRICS共识认知成套测验(MCCB)评定认知功能。结果治疗8周末,两组MCCB和PANSS评分较治疗前均有改善,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);研究组在语义流畅性、连线测验、符号编码、持续操作、情绪管理五项指标的评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合奥拉西坦与单用阿立哌唑对精神分裂症疗效相当,但前者对精神分裂症认知功能损害的疗效优于单用阿立哌唑。     

小剂量阿立哌唑联合氨磺必利对男性精神分裂症患者临床症状及性功能、催乳素的影响

目的探讨小剂量阿立哌唑联合氨磺必利用于男性首发精神分裂症患者中疗效。方法将本院2015年5月~2016年3月收治的62例诊断为首发精神分裂症的男性患者随机分为对照组与治疗组,各31例。分别于治疗前、治疗8周后评价患者其临床症状及认知功能改善情况;检测两组患者治疗前、后血清催乳素水平及性功能情况。结果治疗8周后,两组患者阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)各项评分均明显低于治疗前,且治疗组各项评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评分、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)评分较治疗前明显改善,且治疗组各项评分改善程度优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组治疗总有效率90.32%,明显高于对照组64.52%,(P0.05);对照组治疗后亚利桑那性体验男性量表(ASEX)各项评分及催乳素水平明显高于治疗前,且高于治疗组,(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率无差异。结论小剂量阿立哌唑联合氨磺必利治疗男性首发精神分裂症可有效改善其临床症状及认知功能,且较氨磺必利单药治疗对性功能及催乳素的影响更小。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.