精神分裂症患者健康同胞的神经认知功能研究

目的 分析精神分裂症患者健康同胞的神经认知功能. 方法 采用Stroop测验、数字符号编码测验、符号搜索测验、定步调听觉连续加法任务测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验评估30例精神分裂症患者健康同胞(来源于自2010年10月至2012年4月在中山大学附属第三医院精神科住院的精神分裂症患者的健康同胞)及同期体检正常的43名对照者的神经认知功能. 结果 精神分裂症患者健康同胞在Stroop单词(P=0.016)、Stroop色-词(P=0.001)、符号搜索正确数(P=0.005)、符号搜索错误数(P=0.025)、符号搜索总分(符号搜索正确数减去错误数)(P=0.041)、威斯康星卡片分类测验正确数(P=0.015)、威斯康星卡片分类测验随机错误数(P=0.005)及威斯康星卡片分类测验完成分类数(P=0.041)的得分明显差于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 精神分裂症患者健康同胞可能存在执行功能及信息处理速度等神经认知功能缺陷.     

首次发病与复发抑郁症患者执行功能的对照研究

目的:探讨首发和复发抑郁症患者执行功能损害情况。方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop测验、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)对100例抑郁症患者进行评定,其中首次发病(首发组)患者41例,复发(复发组)患者59例;同时以50名正常人作为对照组进行测评并分析比较。结果:在WSCT的总错误数、分类完成数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数、以及Stroop色词测验的彩色文字阅读(Stroop-c)时间和彩色文字的色彩阅读(Stroop-cw)正确数上,首发组、复发组与对照组之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);Stroop-c正确数上首发组和复发组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:无论首发还是复发抑郁症患者均存在明显的执行功能损害,复发者更为显著。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的记忆和执行功能研究

目的：评估注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的记忆和执行功能。方法：采用儿童韦氏智力量表中的数字广度测验和韦氏记忆量表中的逻辑记忆和视觉记忆及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对45例正常儿童和45例ADHD儿童进行检测。结果：ADHD组中的数字广度、逻辑记忆、视觉记忆和威斯康星卡片中的总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数以及分类数与正常组比较具有统计学差异；ADHD组中的三个亚型（多动-冲动型、注意缺陷型及混合型）各项目评分比较，除多动-冲动型的逻辑记忆与其它二型有显著性差异外，其它项目评分比较无显著性差异。结论：ADHD存在短时记忆和执行功能损害。     

童年创伤对健康青年认知功能的影响

目的 评估童年创伤对健康青年成人认知功能的影响。方法 2012 年2 月以来3 次利用 童年创伤问卷筛查出有童年创伤以及不伴任何形式童年创伤的健康青年，分别完成威斯康星卡片分类 测验（WCST）、Stroop 测验及韦氏记忆量表（WMS）连线测验、词语流畅测验等评估。结果 伴童年创伤组 （n=90）在词语流畅性测验、WMS 视觉再生分测验以及WCST中正确应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数及 完成分类数与无童年创伤组（n=104）相比差异有统计学意义，童年创伤总分与视觉再生结果呈负相关， 与连线测验B、WCST 错误应答数呈正相关，不同童年创伤类型的数量与Stroop 测验、WCST正确应答数、 WMS 部分结果呈负相关（均P ＜ 0.05）。结论 伴童年创伤的健康青年的认知功能受损，童年创伤越严 重或不同创伤数量越多，认知功能越差。     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞认知功能比较

目的比较精神分裂症患者、精神分裂症患者健康同胞及健康对照者在认知功能上的差异。方法100例精神分裂症患者（患者组）及其健康同胞100名（同胞组）,以及80名正常对照者（对照组）为研究对象,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、Stroop色词测验（SCWT）和言语流畅性测验（VFTr）来评定认知功能。比较各组在各个认知功能纬度方面差异。结果在WCST中,患者组及其同胞组的持续错误数均高于对照组（F=73．24,P〈0．01）;患者组持续错误数高于同胞组。在V丌中,患者组、同胞组和对照组差异无统计学意义。在SCWT,彩色文字阅读测验（Stroop—C）和彩色文字颜色阅读（Stroop—cw）测验,患者组和同胞组完成时间比对照组长（Stroop—C：F=49．20,P〈0．01;Stroop—CW：F=87．72,P〈0．01）;患者组完成时间比同胞组长。结论精神分裂症患者及其同胞均可能存在执行功能缺陷,精神分裂症患者的执行功能障碍较其同胞更为严重。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患者的短时记忆和执行功能研究

目的评估注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的记忆和执行功能。方法采用儿童韦氏智力量表中的数字广度测验和韦氏记忆量表中的逻辑记忆和视觉记忆及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对90例正常儿童和90例ADHD儿童进行检测。结果ADHD组中的数字广度、逻辑记忆、视觉记忆和威斯康星卡片中的总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数以及分类数与正常组比较具有统计学差异;ADHD组中的三个亚型（多功-冲动型、注意缺陷型及混合型）各项目评分比较,除多动-冲动型的逻辑记忆与其他两个亚型有显著性差异外,其他项目评分比较无显著性差异。结论ADHD存在短时记忆和执行功能损害。     

缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能

目的:了解缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A和B、数字广度测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及字色混淆测验(stroop)对62例缓解期双相情感性精神障碍患者(患者组)和62名健康者(对照组)进行有关言语学习和记忆、非言语学习和记忆、注意以及执行功能的神经心理学评定,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果:患者组在即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、连线测验A和B、WCST正确应答数、完成分类数、持续性错误数以及Stroop C-W操作分上均显著低于对照组(P<0.05~0.01)。结论:双相情感性精神障碍患者的认知缺陷有其特点。     

精神分裂症患者的认知功能和血清脑源性神经营养因子的相关性分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能状况,分析其与血清脑源性神经营养因子的相关性。方法选取已确诊的居家精神分裂症患者36例,另选择34例健康对照组,收集一般人口学资料,运用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和Stroop色词测验评估所有受试者的认知功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定受试者的血清BDNF水平,HCY水平采用全自动生化分析仪检测。结果 WCST检测显示:病例组正确应答数、持续性应答数、完成测验用时高于对照组,错误应答数、非持续错误数低于于对照组,两组间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);STROOP测验显示:病例组与对照组正确数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),病例组BDNF水平与对照组差异无统计学意义,病例组HCY水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;病例组血清HCY水平与Stroop正确数呈正相关(P0.05),BDNF水平与威斯康辛正确应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数、完成测验用时和Stroop正确数均无相关性(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者,HCY水平高于对照组,精神分裂者患者的血清HCY浓度与认知功能存在一定的相关性。     

尼莫地平对短暂性脑缺血发作患者选择注意功能影响的对照研究

目的探讨尼莫地平对短暂性脑缺血发作患者选择注意功能的影响情况。方法将71例患者随机分为尼莫地平银杏叶片、阿司匹林治疗组和银杏叶片、阿司匹林治疗组，使用Stroop色词测试评估两组治疗前后的选择注意功能。结果两组分别比较发现：尼莫地平组治疗后的卡片C耗时、错误数及Stroop效应耗时、错误数都较治疗前有改善，差异有显著性或极显著性（P〈0．05或0．01），而对照组仅卡片C耗时与Stroop干扰效应耗时减少（P〈0．05）。结论尼莫地平对短暂性脑缺血发作患者的选择注意功能有一定的改善作用。     

首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能

目的探讨首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法采用韦氏智力测验(Wechsler adult intelligence scale,WAIS)、韦氏记忆测验(Wechsler memorys cale,WMS-R)、Stroop测验、连线测验(trail-making test,TMT)A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)对首次发病的强迫症患者30例和正常对照32名进行认知功能评估。结果患者组WMS-R中图片回忆、再认、联想学习等3项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.05),而Stroop测验中的读字色测验的错误数和用时、TMT-B时间、TMTB-A时间等4项成绩也差于正常对照组(P0.05)。此外,患者组WCST中的完成分类数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数等4项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.01)。结论首次发病的强迫症患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.