羊膜腔输液治疗在产时应用的临床分析

目的 :分析羊膜腔输液 (amnioinfusion,AI)治疗产时羊水过少、胎膜早破和胎粪性羊水的临床意义。方法 :选择产程中发生胎心异常合并羊水过少、胎膜早破和羊水胎粪污染的孕产妇 1 0 1例 ,随机分为治疗组 51例 ,对照组 50例。治疗组在胎心监护下行羊膜腔输液或羊水置换 ;对照组给予吸氧 ,改变体位 ,静滴 5% Na HCO3等治疗。结果 :治疗组经羊膜腔输液 50 0～ 1 0 0 0 ml,胎心可变减速 (variable deceleration,VD)和长时减速 (period long deceleration,PL D)消失或明显改善 44例 ,有效率占 86 .3% ,明显高于对照组 (2 2 % ) ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1 )。治疗组 1 9例胎粪性羊水行羊水置换 ,有 1 7例羊水转为清亮或 度混浊。治疗组产程时间比对照组缩短 ,治疗组和对照组剖宫产率分别为 1 3.7%和 34.0 % ,新生儿窒息率分别为 3.9%和 42 .0 % ;对照组胎粪吸入性肺炎 9例 ,新生儿死亡 3例 ,治疗组仅一例发生胎粪吸入性肺炎 ,无新生儿死亡。产褥病率两组比较 ,差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5)。结论 :羊膜腔输液是治疗产时羊水过少、胎膜早破、胎粪性羊水的有效方法     

产程中持续内监护下行羊膜腔输液及羊水置换治疗胎儿窘迫

目的 探讨产程中持续内监护下行羊膜腔输及羊水置换,对治疗胎儿窘迫的意义。方法 对产程中出现频发可变减速合并羊水胎粪污染者１３６例,随机分为观察组与对照组各６８例,观察组在持续内监护下行羊膜腔输液或羊水置换。对照组给予吸氧、改变体位、静脉输液等治疗。结果观察组经羊膜腔输液５００￣１０００ｍｌ,ＶＤ波消失或明显改善者占９１．２％,同时对观察组中４８例羊水Ⅱ度以上粪染者行羊水置换,其中３９例羊水国 清亮     

肺表面活性物质羊膜腔注射预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效及药物浓度分析

目的:探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)羊膜腔注射预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的药代动力学机制及疗效。方法:(1)药代动力学研究。实验动物为妊娠25天的兔胎。将0.1ml PS注入羊膜腔内,分别于1h、2h、4h(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组)娩出兔胎并处死;气管内给药PS 0.1ml或生理盐水0.1ml(Ⅳ组、对照组)后1h,娩出兔胎并处死。各组留取兔胎末端肺组织检测DPPC浓度。(2)临床研究:妊娠28～32周胎肺不成熟早产病例。随机分为3组:PS羊膜腔给药组,分娩前将固尔苏1支注入羊膜腔内;PS气管内给药组,新生儿娩出后立即将固尔苏1支经气管插管注入支气管内;对照组,出生前后不予PS预防性给药。结果:(1)药代动力学:Ⅰ组与Ⅳ组比较,兔胎肺组织中DPPC含量无明显差异[(1.133±0.402)mg/g肺组织vs(1.170±0.145)mg/g肺组织,P>0.05],两组均明显高于对照组[(0.684±0.158)mg/g肺组织,P均<0.01]。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组兔胎肺组织中DPPC含量较Ⅰ组明显下降,与对照组的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)临床研究:3组新生儿孕龄、出生体重无明显差异。PS羊膜腔给药组及PS气管内给药组新生儿NRDS发生率无明显差异(13.3%vs 14.3%,P>0.05),显著低于对照组(35%)(P均<0.05);两组持续正压通气的频率无明显差异(16.6%vs 22.8%,P>0.05),均显著低于对照组(57.5%)(P均<0.05)。新生儿住院时间PS羊膜腔给药组为(27.8±9.6)天,PS气管内给药组为(26.8±11.7)天,均显著短于对照组[(33.7±11.8)天](P均<0.05)。PS羊膜腔给药组及气管内给药组新生儿均存活,对照组死亡4例。结论:PS羊膜腔给药可显著降低早产儿NRDS发生率并改善预后,可取得和气管内给药一样的效果,临床应用风险小,操作简单,值得临床推广应用。     

未足月胎膜早破孕妇剩余羊水量与母儿结局

目的 探讨未足月胎膜早破(PPROM)发生后剩余羊水量与母儿结局的关系.方法 选择2002年1月-2009年2月重庆医科大学附属第一医院产科住院分娩的PPROM孕妇78例,2005年1月-2009年2月重庆市妇幼保健院产科住院分娩的PPROM孕妇67例,共计145例.根据胎膜破裂后羊水指数(AFI)结果将孕妇分为3组:羊水量正常组(80 mm≤AFI＜180 mm)78例;羊水量偏少组(50 mm≤AFI＜80 mm)31例;羊水量过少组(AFI＜50 mm)36例.观察各组AFI、孕妇发热情况、白细胞计数、发生PPROM的孕周、潜伏期时限、分娩方式、围产期感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息情况及出生体重、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、新牛儿呼吸衰竭、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)、缺血缺氧性心肌损害等,并对各组的母儿围产期发病情况进行分析.结果 (1)3组孕妇破膜时间、新生儿出生体重、胎盘早剥、白细胞计数、发热等指标分别比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).羊水量过少组孕妇潜伏期时间明显短于羊水量偏少组及羊水量正常组,分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).羊水量过少组孕妇剖官产率(69%)明显高于羊水量正常组(39%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)羊水量过少组羊膜腔感染13例(36%,13/36),羊水量偏少组8例(26%,8/31),羊水量正常组7例(9%,7/78),3组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)羊水量过少组新生儿败血症10例(28%,10/36),羊水量偏少组8例(26%,8/31),羊水量正常组7例(9%,7/78),3组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)羊水量过少组的胎儿窘迫(19%)、新生儿窜息(28%)、缺血缺氧性心肌损伤发生率(56%)明显高于羊水量正常组(分别为3%、8%、13%),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);3组的NRDS、呼吸衰竭、新生儿HIE、新生儿黄疸、新生儿低血糖、新生儿脑室出血发生率分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(5)以羊膜腔感染为应变量,logistic回归分析显示,PPROM剩余羊水量过少为羊膜腔感染的惟一有效自变量(r=0.863±0.374,P＜0.05);以新生儿病率为应变量,logistic回归分析显示,PPROM剩余羊水量过少是新生儿败血症的惟一有效白变量(γ=0.874±0.462,P＜0.05).结论 PPROM后的剩余羊水量过少与潜伏期缩短,剖官产率升高、羊膜腔感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、新生儿败血症、新生儿缺氧缺血性心肌损害的增加有关;PPROM后剩余羊水量的多少可作为期待治疗时有效预测母儿结局的指标.     

经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗单胎初产妇临产后羊水过少的母儿结局分析

目的:分析经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗临产后羊水过少的单胎初产妇分娩结局和新生儿结局。方法:回顾性分析中国人民武装警察部队特色医学中心2015年4月—2018年3月临产后诊断为羊水过少的358例单胎初孕妇,分为行经阴道羊膜腔灌注的治疗组(166例)和未行羊膜腔灌注的对照组(192例),比较2组的分娩结局(顺产率、产钳助产率、剖宫产率、产后出血率和产褥感染率)和新生儿结局[新生儿脐动脉血pH值、脐动脉血乳酸值、出生后1 min Apgar评分、胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)发生率、入住新生儿科率]。结果:治疗组的顺产率高于对照组,产钳助产率和剖宫产率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组的产后出血率和产褥感染率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组的新生儿脐动脉血p H值、新生儿1 min Apgar评分高于对照组,而治疗组新生儿脐动脉血乳酸值、MAS发生率和入住新生儿科率低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗单胎初产妇临产后羊水过少是安全有效的,可以显著改善分娩结局和新生儿结局。     

经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗单胎初产妇临产后羊水过少的母儿结局分析

目的:分析经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗临产后羊水过少的单胎初产妇分娩结局和新生儿结局。方法:回顾性分析中国人民武装警察部队特色医学中心2015年4月—2018年3月临产后诊断为羊水过少的358例单胎初孕妇,分为行经阴道羊膜腔灌注的治疗组(166例)和未行羊膜腔灌注的对照组(192例),比较2组的分娩结局(顺产率、产钳助产率、剖宫产率、产后出血率和产褥感染率)和新生儿结局[新生儿脐动脉血pH值、脐动脉血乳酸值、出生后1 min Apgar评分、胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)发生率、入住新生儿科率]。结果:治疗组的顺产率高于对照组,产钳助产率和剖宫产率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组的产后出血率和产褥感染率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组的新生儿脐动脉血p H值、新生儿1 min Apgar评分高于对照组,而治疗组新生儿脐动脉血乳酸值、MAS发生率和入住新生儿科率低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经阴道羊膜腔灌注治疗单胎初产妇临产后羊水过少是安全有效的,可以显著改善分娩结局和新生儿结局。     

羊水胎粪污染的产科处理方法探讨

目的 探讨羊水胎粪污染的产科处理时机与方法。方法 对1998年1月至1998年12月在我院分娩的、产程中羊水为Ⅱ～Ⅲ度污染的220例初产妇的母婴结局进行回顾性分析,其中破膜时羊水粪染(Ⅰ组)有120例,产程中羊水由清亮变为污染(Ⅱ组)有100例;另随机选择同期产程中羊水清亮的210例产妇为对照组。结果 1254例产妇中,羊水胎粪污染的发生率为17.5％;粪染组在母体合并症、胎心监护异常发生率、剖宫产率及新生儿窒息率上均高于对照组(P<0.01);Ⅱ组在胎心监护异常及新生儿窒息的发生率上高于羊水粪染Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。结论 重视羊水粪染的临床处理。在伴发母体合并症、胎心监护异常及产程中羊水由清亮变为粪染时处理需积极,以及早剖宫产及缩短第二产程为宜。在无上述情况下,可在严密监护下阴道分娩。     

应用羊水置换术治疗产时羊水Ⅱ、Ⅲ度胎粪污染

目的 :研究产时应用羊水置换技术对治疗羊水Ⅱ、Ⅲ度胎粪污染的疗效。方法 :选择产时羊水Ⅱ、Ⅲ度胎粪污染的足月单胎头位分娩孕妇 88例 ,其中的 4 4例进行羊水置换术的作为研究组 (A组 ) ;未进行羊水置换操作的另外 4 4例作为对照组 (B组 ) ;另选羊水无胎粪污染的 4 4例孕妇作为实验研究的空白对照组 (C组 )。观察其VD波缓解率、剖宫产率、新生儿血气分析及Apgar评分。结果 :A组变异减速 (VD)波的缓解率高于B组 (6 4.0 0 % ,2 9.17% ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;A组新生儿出生后 1分钟的脐血血气的pH值较B组高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;A组的剖宫产率 (45 .4 5 % )低于B组(6 8.18% )。结论 :羊水置换对产时羊水Ⅱ、Ⅲ度胎粪污染有显著的疗效 ,可以明显改善新生儿的酸中毒与预后 ,且可以降低剖宫产率。     

羊膜腔内注射肺表面活性物质预防新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究

目的　探讨羊膜腔内注射肺表面活性物质 (pulmonarysurfactant ,PS)预防新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (neonatalrespiratorydistresssyndrome ,NRDS)的临床效果及其安全性。　 方法　将 45例产前证实胎肺不成熟的早产孕妇分为两组 ,研究组 15例 (其中 1例双胎 )将PS制剂注入羊膜腔内 ,并于数小时内结束分娩。对照组 3 0例产前不予PS注射。比较两组新生儿Apgar评分、NRDS的发生率、新生儿死亡率及住院时间的差别。　结果　研究组分娩新生儿 16例 ,对照组 3 0例 ,两组新生儿Ap gar评分差异无显著性。胃液泡沫试验显示胎肺成熟的比率研究组为 56.3 % (9/ 16) ,对照组 13 .3 %(4/ 3 0 ) ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。研究组新生儿需持续气道正压通气 (CPAP)的比率为18.8% (3 / 16) ,NRDS的发生率为 6.3 % (1/ 16) ,均显著低于对照组 ,分别为 60 % (18/ 3 0 )和 3 6.7%(11/ 3 0 ) ,P <0 .0 5。研究组新生儿的住院时间均值为 (3 2 .4± 7.6)d ,比对照组 (42 .0± 15.7)d短约10d ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。两组新生儿的死亡率无明显差异。研究组孕妇和新生儿均未发现由PS所导致的并发症及不良后果。　结论　羊膜腔内注射PS可显著地降低早产儿NRDS的发生率和CPAP的使用率 ,缩短住院时间 ,为临床上提供     

妊娠期糖尿病患者羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇羊水葡萄糖水平变化与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系。方法对255例足月、单胎孕妇,于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查试验(50gGCT),口服葡萄糖后1h血糖≥7·8mmol/L,且<10·6mmol/L者为葡萄糖筛查阳性,阳性者进一步行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75gOGTT)。根据两项试验结果分为GDM组、妊娠期糖耐量低减(GIGT)组和正常妊娠组,每组85例。分别测定3组孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数、新生儿出生体重、孕妇空腹血糖、脐静脉血糖,并进行各指标间相关与回归的统计学分析。结果(1)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平为(1·30±0·71)mmol/L,明显高于GIGT组的(1·02±0·57)mmol/L和正常妊娠组的(0·90±0·58)mmol/L,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0·01)。(2)GDM组羊水指数为(16·1±4·6)cm,稍高于GIGT组的(14·8±4·3)cm,差异无统计学意义(P>0·05);明显高于正常妊娠组的(12·7±3·2)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。(3)GDM组新生儿出生体重为(3612±510)g,低于GIGT组的(3694±490)g,高于正常妊娠组的(3487±458)g,但分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0·05)。(4)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平分别与羊水指数(r=0·330,P=0·002)、新生儿出生体重(r=0·347,P=0·001)、孕妇空腹血糖(r=0·589,P<0·01)、脐静脉血糖(r=0·218,P=0·045)呈正相关关系。GIGT组和正常妊娠组羊水葡萄糖水平仅与羊水指数呈正相关关系。(5)GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数及新生儿出生体重分别为(1·02±0·50)mmol/L、(13·9±4·2)cm及(3497±475)g,血糖控制不理想孕妇分别为(1·92±0·76)mmol/L、(16·4±4·4)cm及(3869±481)g,两者分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0·01、P<0·05、P<0·01)。GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的以上3项指标接近正常妊娠组(P>0·05)。结论GDM患者的羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量、新生儿出生体重有密切关系。血糖控制理想与否对GDM合并羊水过多、巨大儿等并发症起决定因素,而积极管理可极大地改善GDM患者的母儿预后。     

Changes in fetal acid-base chemistries following tromethamine (THAM) or bicarbonate infusions into fetal circulation of amniotic fluid

Direct infusions of equimolar quantities of bicarbonate and tromethamine into rhesus monkey fetal circulation near term resulted in roughly equivalent increases in fetal pH. However, intra-amniotic infusion of tromethamine was not followed by alkaline changes in the fetus and in most instances was followed by a progressive fetal acidosis. This sharply contrasts with previous experimental success in elevating fetal pH via amniotic fluid bicarbonate infusions.     

Amniotic fluid index in low-risk pregnancy as an admission test to the labor ward

BACKGROUND: Oligohydramnios has been shown to be a predictor of intrapartal fetal distress. In a selected group of low-risk pregnancies, however, it has not yet been established that oligohydramnios contributes to intrapartal fetal distress. METHODS: Ultrasonically estimated four-quadrant amniotic fluid index as a test for admission to the labor ward was evaluated as a predictive factor for fetal distress during labor in a prospective "blind" study comprising 600 low-risk pregnancies. Oligohydramnios was defined as an amniotic fluid index < or = 50 mm. The parturients were divided into two groups according to the status of the fetal membranes. The amniotic fluid index results were correlated to fetal outcome: Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, pH of blood in umbilical artery and vein, operative delivery because of fetal distress, cesarean delivery because of fetal distress, and number of babies referred to the neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: Two-hundred and sixty-seven women had ruptured membranes. Among these a significant increase in operative delivery because of fetal distress was seen in cases of oligohydramnios compared with the normal amount of amniotic fluid (odds ratio 3.86, confidence interval = 1.25-11.9). No significant differences were seen regarding other variables of perinatal outcome. The group with intact membranes comprised 333 parturients. Among these, no significant differences in perinatal outcome could be seen in relationship to the amniotic fluid index, although a 50% increase in emergency operations for fetal distress was seen in women with oligohydramnios. A significant correlation might have been evident even in that group if a larger sample had been studied. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that measurement of the amniotic fluid index in low-risk pregnant women admitted for labor might identify parturients with an increased risk of intrapartal fetal distress.     

Induction of labor and perinatal outcome: the impact of the amniotic fluid index

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine the impact of the amniotic fluid index on the perinatal outcome of patients admitted for induction of labor at term. STUDY DESIGN: Patients (n=180) included in the study were those admitted for induction of labor at 37-42 weeks' gestation, with unfavorable cervix and intact membranes. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was determined in all patients using the four-quadrant technique within 24 h of the induction of labor. Patients were divided into two groups based on their AFI: the oligohydramnios group with AFI < or = 5 cm (n = 66) and a normal group with AFI > 5 cm (n = 114). The perinatal outcomes of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The two groups were similar with regard to maternal age, gestational age, and birth weight. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid was significantly higher in the group with AFI < or = 5 cm (p = 0.040). The number of cesarean deliveries due to fetal distress was significantly higher even after adjusting for other confounding factors in the group with AFI < or = 5 cm (adjusted OR 6.52 [95% CI 1.82, 23.2]; p < or = 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to Apgar scores or neonatal admission. CONCLUSION: Induction of labor at term in patients with oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery due to fetal distress.     

Misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction in pregnancies with oligohydramnios

The efficacy and safety of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction in patients with oligohydramnios was investigated. 57 pregnancies with oligohydramnios and 58 cases with a normal amniotic fluid volume (controls) were enrolled in this prospective trial. All patients received 50 microg of intravaginal misoprostol every 5 h. Primary outcomes were: cesarean section rate; induction to delivery time; oxytocin augmentation; uterine hyperstimulation; meconium passage; fetal heart rate (FHR) changes; fetal distress requiring delivery, and Apgar scores. There were no differences in the mean time to delivery, cesarean section rate, oxytocin augmentation or Apgar scores. The mean induction to delivery time in oligohydramnios and control groups were, 11 h 43 min and 11 h 18 min, respectively (p > 0.05). FHR changes were observed in 26.3% of oligohydramnios group and 32.7% of control group (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the cesarean section rate and the uterine hyperstimulation between the 2 groups. These data suggest that misoprostol can be used as an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction in pregnancies with oligohydramnios without increasing the risk for perinatal outcome, compared to those with normal amniotic fluid volumes.     

Abnormal fetal heart rate tracing patterns during the first stage of labor: effect on perinatal outcome

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate perinatal outcomes of infants who had pathologic fetal heart rate tracings during the first stage of labor, in comparison with pregnancies with normal tracings. STUDY DESIGN: The perinatal outcomes of 301 infants born at 37 to 42 weeks of gestation with pathologic fetal heart rate patterns during the first stage of labor were compared with 300 infants with normal fetal heart rate tracing patterns. The data were collected prospectively. Tracings were interpreted with the use of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development fetal heart rate monitor guidelines. RESULTS: Hydramnios (odds ratio, 7.68; 95% CI, 1.75%-33.63%), oligohydramnios (odds ratio, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.01%-7.39%), and the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.03%-3.3%) were independent factors that were associated with pathologic fetal heart rate monitoring during the first stage of labor in a multivariable analysis. The occurrences of umbilical arterial pH of <7.20, a 1-minute Apgar score of <7, a base deficit of 12 mmol/L or higher, and operative deliveries were significantly higher in the study group as compared with subjects with normal fetal heart rate monitoring. Late decelerations and severe variable decelerations (<70 bpm) during the first stage of labor were independent risk factors (odds ratio, 17.5; 95% CI, 1.61%-185.7% and odds ratio, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.36%-11.7%, respectively) that were associated with fetal acidosis (determined by both pH of <7.2 and a base deficit of 12 mmol/L or higher) in a multiple logistic model, controlled for hydramnios, oligohydramnios, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, augmentation by oxytocin, nulliparity, duration of first stage of labor, and birth weight. CONCLUSION: The operative delivery rate was higher among patients with abnormal first-stage fetal heart rate patterns. Late decelerations and severe variable decelerations were significant factors associated with fetal acidosis.     

Intrapartum amniotic fluid volume at term. Association of ruptured membranes, oligohydramnios and increased fetal risk

The amniotic fluid index (AFI), a semiquantitative technique for assessing amniotic fluid volume, has been shown to be a useful adjunct in antepartum surveillance. We evaluated the usefulness of the AFI in the early intrapartum period as it relates to subsequent fetal morbidity and fetal heart rate patterns. Two hundred term gravidas presenting in the latent phase of labor with vertex-presenting fetuses were studied. An intrapartum AFI less than or equal to 5.0 cm was associated with a significant increase in the risk of cesarean section for fetal distress and of an Apgar score of less than 7 at one minute as well as abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in late labor. The majority (71.4%) of the patients with an intrapartum AFI less than or equal to 5.0 cm had ruptured membranes on entry; however, there was no significant difference in outcome when they were compared to patients with intact membranes and oligohydramnios. Variable decelerations on entry were associated with oligohydramnios in 43.8% of the patients. An AFI less than or equal to 5.0 cm in the early intrapartum period is a risk factor for perinatal morbidity and abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in subsequent labor, and ruptured membranes in early labor are a risk factor for oligohydramnios.     

The fetal maturational and inflammatory responses to different routes of endotoxin infusion in sheep

OBJECTIVES: In clinical practice, chorioamnionitis has been observed to enhance fetal lung maturation in the short term but may predispose to chronic lung disease thereafter. Using the sheep model, we have previously shown that injection of endotoxin into the amniotic cavity results in inflammatory responses and profoundly enhances newborn lung function after preterm birth. The fetus tolerates intra-amniotic doses of endotoxin considerably greater than those that are lethal if given intramuscularly. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which endotoxin matures the lungs by determining whether the route of administration influenced the maturational responses of the fetus. STUDY DESIGN: Date-mated ewes at 118 days of pregnancy were allocated at random to receive endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 055;B5) directly into the trachea (n = 7), stomach (n = 6), amniotic cavity (n = 7), or peritoneal cavity (n = 4) of the fetal lamb by surgical implantation of an osmotic pump delivering 1 mg of endotoxin over a 24-hour period. Results were compared with those obtained in saline solution-infused controls (n = 9). The lambs were delivered by cesarean section at 125 days' gestation (term is 150 days). RESULTS: Endotoxin infusion into the trachea, stomach, and amniotic cavity each resulted in inflammatory responses in lung fluid and improved postnatal lung function, and effects were similar for each route of administration. These effects occurred with minimal features of systemic inflammation. Intraperitoneal infusion resulted in severe fetal acidosis or death. CONCLUSION: These findings provide further evidence that the lung-maturing effects of intra-amniotic endotoxin are mediated by local factors in the respiratory system rather than by systemic inflammatory responses. Chorioamnionitis may alter lung function and possibly lead to chronic injury without clinical features of systemic inflammation or compromise.     

B超诊断羊水偏少孕妇阴道试产120例临床分析

目的　分析足月妊娠妇女 B超检查示羊水偏少时 ,阴道试产对妊娠结局的影响。　方法　应用羊水池垂直深度 (AFD)法估测羊水量 ,并测定脐动脉收缩期最大血流速度 (S)和舒张末期血流速度 (D)的比值 (S/ D)及 2 4h尿雌三醇与肌酐的比值 ,比较分析 12 0例 B超诊断羊水偏少者 (观察组 )和 12 0例羊水量正常的足月妊娠妇女 (对照组 )阴道试产后的分娩结局。　结果　两组新生儿重度窒息发生率和新生儿死亡率差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,观察组急诊剖宫产率明显升高 (P<0 .0 1)。　结论　 B超诊断羊水偏少的足月妊娠妇女 ,在严密监护下可行阴道试产     

Perinatal outcome and amniotic fluid index in the antepartum and intrapartum periods: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis of studies on the risks of cesarean delivery for fetal distress, 5-minute Apgar score <7, and umbilical arterial pH <7.00 in patients with antepartum or intrapartum amniotic fluid index >5.0 or <5.0 cm. STUDY DESIGN: Using a MEDLINE search, we reviewed all studies published between 1987 and 1997 that correlated antepartum or intrapartum amniotic fluid index with adverse peripartum outcomes. The inclusion criteria were studies in English that associated at least one of the selected adverse outcomes with an amniotic fluid index of 5.0 cm. Contingency tables were constructed for each study, and relative risks and standard errors of their logs were calculated. Fixed-effects pooled relative risks were calculated for groups of studies that were homogeneous, whereas random-effects pooled relative risks were calculated for significantly heterogeneous groups of studies. RESULTS: Eighteen reports describing 10,551 patients met our inclusion criteria. An antepartum amniotic fluid index of 5.0 cm, is associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery for fetal distress (pooled relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.4) and an Apgar score of <7 at 5 minutes (pooled relative risk, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-11.3). An intrapartum amniotic fluid index of 相似文献