Pain relief caused by millimeter waves in mice: results of cold water tail flick tests

Purpose : To find out if millimeter waves can decrease experimental pain response in mice using cold water tail flick test. Materials and methods : Male Swiss albino mice (15 mice per group) were exposed to continuous millimeter waves at a frequency of 61.22 GHz with incident power densities (IPD) ranging from 0.15 to 5.0 mW/cm 2 for 15 min or sham exposed. Latency of tail withdrawal in a cold water (1 +/- 0.5°C) tail flick test was measured before the exposure (baseline) and then four times after the exposure with 15 min breaks. Results : The mean latency of the tail flick response in mice exposed to millimeter waves was more than twice that of sham-exposed controls (p < 0.05). This effect was proportional to the power of millimeter waves and completely disappeared at an IPD level of 0.5 mW/cm 2. Pretreatment of mice with the opioid antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p.) blocked the effect of millimeter waves. Conclusions : Results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of millimeter waves is mediated through endogenous opioids.     

不同频率及功率密度毫米波辐射对子代学习记忆功能及脑胆碱能-M受体的影响

为阐明毫米波对胚胎产生损伤效应的阈值及导致成年子鼠学习记忆功能降低的机理，验证毫米波有无频率特异性。用３７．４～６０ＧＨｚ，功率密度１ｍＷ／ｃｍ２～８ｍＷ／ｃｍ２毫米波，在小鼠怀孕６ｄ～１５ｄ时进行２ｈ／ｄ辐射，用电迷宫对成年子鼠进行学习记忆功能测试，用受体放射配基结合分析（ＲＢＡ）对子鼠脑胆碱能－Ｍ受体（Ｍ－Ｒ）进行测定。结果显示：３７．４，４２．２ＧＨｚ毫米波，≥５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２辐射可导致成年子鼠学习记忆功能降低，成年子鼠海马区Ｂｍａｘ明显升高；５３，６０ＧＨｚ毫米波，≥３ｍＷ／ｃｍ２辐射可导致成年子鼠学习记忆功能降低，成年子鼠海马区Ｂｍａｘ明显升高。毫米波辐射未使孕鼠肛温及辐射区皮肤温度明显升高。认为：３７．４，４２．２ＧＨｚ和５３，６０ＧＨｚ毫米波导致胚胎损伤阈值分别在３ｍＷ／ｃｍ２～５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２和１ｍＷ／ｃｍ２～３ｍＷ／ｃｍ２，其导致子鼠学习记忆功能降低与使成年子鼠海马区胆碱能神经活性下降相关，此效应由毫米波非热效应所致，未见毫米波的频率特异性。     

微波辐射对大鼠学习记忆与海马组织中神经递质的影响研究

目的探讨微波辐射对大鼠学习记忆能力及大鼠海马组织中神经递质含量的影响。方法采用30 mW/cm2微波辐射40只Wistar雄性大鼠15 min,运用Morris水迷宫方法、高效液相色谱法、碱性羟胺比色法分别检测大鼠平均逃避潜伏期、海马组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量及乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholine esterase,AchE）活性变化。结果 30 mW/cm2微波辐射后14 d,大鼠平均逃避潜伏期增加（P〈0.05）,海马组织中谷氨酸、甘氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和天冬氨酸含量均显著升高（P〈0.01）,AchE活性显著升高（P〈0.01）;辐射后21 d,除谷氨酸含量外上述各项指标与假辐射组相比均未见明显变化。结论一定剂量微波辐射,可影响大鼠学习记忆功能并引起大鼠海马组织中氨基酸类、胆碱类神经递质代谢紊乱。     

不同强度微波辐射对小鼠脑组织钙、镁ATP酶活性的影响

目的　探讨微波对机体中枢神经系统作用的机理。　方法　用 2 45 0 MHz连续波微波理疗机为辐射源 ,以昆明小鼠为对象 ,观察在 1m W/ cm2、5 m W/ cm2和 10 m W/ cm2三种照射强度下 ,小鼠脑皮层、海马及丘脑细胞膜 Ca2 、Mg2 - ATP酶活性的变化情况 ,用组织化学方法测定其活性。　结果　 1m W/ cm2时 ,皮层、海马及丘脑 Ca2 、Mg2 - ATP酶活性均比对照组高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,5 m W/ cm2 时 ,酶活性与对照组差别均无显著性的意义 ,10 m W/ cm2 时 ,皮层、海马酶活性比对照组显著降低 ,而丘脑则无明显变化。　结论　 2 45 0 MHz微波照射小鼠时 ,脑组织细胞膜上 Ca2 、Mg2 -ATP酶活性随照射强度不同而有不同变化。受高强度照射时 ,参与学习记忆功能的皮层、海马先于参与体温调节功能的丘脑受到影响     

Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwaves modulated at different frequencies on human electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to microwaves (450 MHz) pulse-modulated at frequencies of 7, 14 and 21 Hz. The field power density at the scalp was 0.16 mW/cm2. Our experimental protocol consisted of two five-cycle (1 min on and 1 min off) series of exposures at fixed modulation frequencies. A relative change in the EEG power with and without exposure was used as a quantitative measure. EEG frequencies recorded in the theta (4-6.8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), betal (15-20 Hz), and beta2 (22-38 Hz) bands were analyzed. RESULTS: Modulated microwaves caused an increase in the average EEG alpha (17%) and beta (7%) power but the theta rhythm remained unaffected. Increases in the EEG alpha and beta power were statistically significant during the first half-period of the exposure interval (30 s) at the modulation frequencies of 14 and 21 Hz. Differences were found in individual sensitivity to exposure. Increases in the EEG beta power appeared statistically significant in the case of four subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the effect of the 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at 7, 14 and 21 Hz varies depending on the modulation frequency. The microwave exposure modulated at 14 and 21 Hz enhanced the EEG power in the alpha and beta frequency bands, whereas no enhancement occurred during exposure to the modulation frequency of 7 Hz.     

光动力学疗法治疗乳癌术后内乳区淋巴结转移

目的探讨光动力学疗法治疗乳癌根治术后内乳区淋巴结转移的作用和方法。方法2005年6月至2005年12月，选择经内乳区淋巴结显像证实有内乳区淋巴结转移的12例乳癌患者，于胸骨旁肋间隙经穿刺针导入柱状激光光纤，进行光动力学照射。术后3个月再行内乳区淋巴结显像复查。激光仪波长630nm，光敏剂血卟啉剂量5mg／kg；柱状激光光纤，末端输出功率密度300mW／cm^2，照射时间15min。结果9枚直径0．5～1．0cm内乳区淋巴结完全消失，4枚直径1．1～1．3cm明显缩小。结论光动力学照射内乳区淋巴结是治疗乳癌内乳区淋巴结转移的有效方法。     

毫米波频率特异性的研究

目的　确定毫米波是否具有频率特异性。方法　用 37.4,42 .2 ,5 3,6 0GHz ;1,3,5 ,8mW /cm2 毫米波在小鼠怀孕 6～ 15d时进行 2h/d辐射 ,分别用HPLC ECD ,RIA及RBA对仔鼠脑单胺递质、AVP和M R进行测定 ,用Y 型电迷宫对成年子鼠进行学习记忆功能测试。结果　较高频率毫米波辐射对胚胎的损伤效应较低频率毫米波辐射为重。结论　未见毫米波的频率特异性。     

高功率微波辐射对大鼠血脑屏障的影响

目的：研究高功率微波辐射对大鼠血脑屏障结构和功能的影响。方法：以10、30和100mW／cm^2高功率微波源辐射66只二级雄性Wistar大鼠。于辐射后6h、1d、3d和7d灌注2％亚铁氰化钾和4．2％硫酸铁后取材，通过HE染色、组织化学、免疫组化和图像分析等技术，研究毛细血管形态、血脑屏障通透性及GFAP改变。结果：10mW／cm^2组大鼠血脑屏障无明显改变。30和100mW／cm^2组辐射后1～3d血管间隙增宽，组织水肿，指示剂通透性增加。上述改变于辐射后3d达高峰，7d基本恢复。皮质血管较海马血管改变明显，100mW／cm^2组重于30mW／cm^2组。30和100mW／cm^2组大鼠皮质和海马组织中GFAP表达增强，3d达高峰，7d仍高于假辐射组。结论：一定剂量高功率微波辐射可损伤大鼠血脑屏障结构和功能。     

高功率微波辐照对大鼠卵巢显微和亚显微结构的影响

目的：研究高功率微波(high power microwave，HPM)对大鼠卵巢组织显微和亚显微结构的影响。方法：健康成年雄性SD大鼠65只，随机分为实验组和对照组(5只)。以S波段平均功率密度分别为20，40和80mW／cm^2的HPM辐照实验组大鼠，辐照时间分别为1，5，10和20min。于辐照后6h取材，应用光镜和透射电镜观察其病理形态变化。结果：光镜下，与对照组相比，从40mW／cm^2 5min亚组开始出现组织水肿、充血和炎细胞浸润，10min亚组开始见卵泡细胞分离明显，20min亚组及80mW／cm^2 1min亚组，5min亚组和10min亚组出现卵泡内层细胞变性，发育不同阶段的卵泡发生卵泡闭锁。黄体细胞发生凋亡。20min亚组则出现组织出血和部分内层细胞坏死崩解。随照射功率密度增加照射时间延长上述病理变化更明显。透射电镜下超微结构发生轻度线粒体水肿、内质网扩张，间质内炎细胞浸润是从40mW／cm^2 5min亚组开始，随照射时间延长，功率密度增加，各组均可见生殖细胞发生变性、凋亡改变；80mW／cm^2 20min亚组可见卵母细胞内次级溶酶体增多，微绒毛发生肿胀。间质细胞凋亡、裂解。20mW／cm^2各亚组，40mW／cm^2 1min亚组及对照组无改变。结论：HPM可导致大鼠卵巢发生明显的病理性改变，当达到80mW／cm^2辐照20min对大鼠卵巢组织有致死效应。     

Proliferation and cytogenetic studies in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation

Abstract. Aliquots of human peripheral blood collected from two healthy human volunteers were exposed in vitro to continuous wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR), either continuously for a period of 90 min or intermittently for a total exposure period of 90 min (30 min on and 30 min off, repeated three times). Blood aliquots which were sham-exposed or exposed in vitro to 150 cGy gamma radiation served as controls. The continuous wave 2450 MHz RFR was generated with a net forward power of 34.5 W and transmitted from a standard gain rectangular antenna horn in a vertically downward direction. The mean power density at the position of the cells was 5.0 mW/cm 2. The mean specific absorption rate calculated by Finite Difference Time Domain analysis was 12.46 W/kg. Immediately after exposure, lymphocytes were cultured for 48 and 72 h to determine the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei, respectively. Proliferation indices were also recorded. There were no significant differences between RFR-exposed and shamexposed lymphocytes with respect to; (a) mitotic indices; (b) incidence of cells showing chromosome damage; (c) exchange aberrations; (d) acentric fragments; (e) binucleate lymphocytes, and (f) micronuclei, for either the continuous or intermittent RFR exposures. In contrast, the response of positive control cells exposed to 150 cGy gamma radiation was significantly different from RFR-exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes. Thus, there is no evidence for an effect on mitogen-stimulated proliferation kinetics or for excess genotoxicity within 72 h in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 2450 MHz RFR.     

Finger and toe temperatures on exposure to cold water and cold air

INTRODUCTION: Subjects with a weak cold-induced vasodilatation response (CIVD) to experimental cold-water immersion of the fingers in a laboratory setting have been shown to have a higher risk for local cold injuries when exposed to cold in real life. Most of the cold injuries in real life, however, occur in the foot in cold air rather than in the hand in cold water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the within-subject relation between CIVD in the fingers and toes exposed to cold water and cold air. METHODS: In 4 experimental sessions, 11 healthy male subjects immersed their toes and fingers in 5 degrees C water and exposed the fingers and toes to -18 degrees C cold air for 30 min. The pad temperature of the middle three digits was measured. RESULTS: CIVD in water was more pronounced in the fingers (onset time 5.1 +/- 1.8 min; amplitude 5.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C) than in the toes (onset time 10.6 +/- 6.0 min; amplitude 3.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C). Out of 22 skin temperature responses to cold air, 13 were not identifiable as CIVD. The mean skin temperatures for fingers and toes during the last 20 min of cold exposure were 25.6 +/- 7.1 degrees C and 20.9 +/- 6.8 degrees C, respectively, for air and 9.3 +/- 1.9 degrees C and 7.1 +/- 1.3 degrees C for water immersion. There was a strong relation between the mean temperature of the fingers during cold-water immersion and toes during cold air exposure (r = 0.83, P < 0.01), showing that a weak CIVD response in the hand is related to a weak response in the foot. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the cold-water finger immersion test is related to the temperature response in the toes and may thus continue to serve as a valid indicator for the risk of local cold injuries.     

Field orientation effects during 5.6-GHz radiofrequency irradiation of rats

Ketamine-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in E and H orientations (long axis parallel to electric and magnetic fields, respectively) to far-field 5.6-GHz continuous-wave radio-frequency radiation (RFR). Power densities were used that resulted in equivalent whole-body average specific absorption rates of 14 W/kg in both orientations (90 mW/cm2 for E and 66 mW/cm2 for H). Irradiation was conducted to increase colonic temperature by 1 degree C (from 38.5 to 39.5 degrees C). During experimentation, arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate and colonic, tympanic, left and right subcutaneous (sides toward and away from RFR source), and tail temperatures were continuously recorded. Results showed no significant difference in the times required to cause a 1 degree C increase or to recover to the initial temperature when irradiation was stopped. Significant differences between E- and H-orientation exposure were seen in the patterns of localized heating. The tail and left subcutaneous temperature increases were significantly greater during E-orientation exposure, the tympanic site showed no difference, and the right subcutaneous temperature increase was significantly greater during H-orientation exposure. Under both exposure conditions, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure significantly increased during irradiation; however, there were no significant differences between E and H orientation responses. These findings at 5.6 GHz are in contrast to the significant cardiovascular response differences between E- and H-orientation exposure noted during a previous study of irradiation at 2.45 GHz.     

基于神经细胞活性评价高功率微波照射安全性研究

目的研究平均功率密度5mW／cm^2的高功率微波（HPM）对神经细胞活性的影响，为制定微波照射的安全标准提供参考数据。方法出生后12h内Wistar大鼠乳鼠皮层神经细胞常规培养7d后，进行HPM照射。采用细胞内ATP酶活性测定法，检测HPM对原代培养神经细胞总ATP酶、钙镁ATP酶和钠钾ATP酶活性的影响，并用MTT法检测照射后细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性的变化，观察时间点分别为HPM照射后1和6h，1、3和7d。结果原代培养神经细胞经平均功率密度5mW／cm^2的HPM连续照射6min后，同一时间点内HPM照射组和对照组之间细胞SDH活性和各ATP酶活性均无显著差异。结论平均功率密度为5mW／cm^2的HPM照射对原代神经细胞的活性无显著影响，提示就神经细胞活性而言，该功率密度的HPM照射是安全的。     

Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the impact of microwave exposure on learning and memory and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods: 100 Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave field at average power densities of 0 mW/cm², 5 mW/cm², 10 mW/cm² and 50 mW/cm² for 6 min. The spatial memory was assessed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. An in vivo study was conducted soon after microwave exposure to evaluate the changes of population spike (PS) amplitudes of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the medial perforant path (MPP)-dentate gyrus (DG) pathway. The structure of the hippocampus was observed by the light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 7 d after microwave exposure.

Results: Our results showed that the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm² and 50 mW/cm² microwave displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure. Decreased PS amplitudes were also found after 10 mW/cm² and 50 mW/cm² microwave exposure. In addition, varying degrees of degeneration of hippocampal neurons, decreased synaptic vesicles and blurred synaptic clefts were observed in the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm² and 50 mW/cm² microwave. Compared with the sham group, the rats exposed in 5 mW/cm² microwave showed no difference in the above experiments.

Conclusions: This study suggested that impairment of LTP induction and the damages of hippocampal structure, especially changes of synapses, might contribute to cognitive impairment after microwave exposure.     

高功率微波辐射对小鼠心肌氧化应激及ATPase的影响

目的观察高功率微波辐射(high power microwave radiation,HPM)对小鼠心肌氧化应激及ATPase活性的影响。方法雄性ICR小鼠32只,随机分为4组(n=8):假照组、微波辐射10 min组、微波辐射20 min组、微波辐射30 min组。采用S波段,平均表面功率为10 mW/cm2微波;照射时间分别为0,10,20,30 min/次,每周2次,共2周。末次辐射完毕,立即处死小鼠,取心脏、冰冷生理盐水冲洗后,加入匀浆液制作匀浆。采用试剂盒测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及Na+K+-ATPase和Ca2+Mg2+-AT-Pase活性。结果微波辐射后,与假照组比,微波辐射20 min组和微波辐射30 min组SOD活性降低(P<0.05)、GSH-px活性增加(P<0.05);而微波辐射20 min组GSH含量明显增加(P<0.01);微波辐射30 min组Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性明显降低(P<0.01),其他指标变化无明显统计学差异。结论微波辐射可能引起小鼠心脏氧化应激平衡状态以及Ca2+转运的改变。     

高功率毫米波急性照射致小鼠肺损伤研究

目的 探讨高功率毫米波持续急性照射导致小鼠死亡情况下肺组织的变化情况,旨在为揭示毫米波损伤机制提供参考资料.方法 将小鼠缚于木质平板,置于工作频率为34.1 GHz、平均输出功率分别为5、10和12 W,照射距离分别为10和20 mm的高功率毫米波照射源正下方,持续照射至小鼠死亡.取肺,0.9%的生理盐水快速漂洗后,放入10%的甲醛溶液中固定,石蜡包埋、组织切片、HE染色、CCD照相后,采用IPP图像分析软件,利用整合平均光密度和面积比的显微图像定量分析方法分析肺部的病理变化特征.结果 在HA23.16和HA9.92型号角锥喇叭天线照射下,较高平均功率12W连续照射可导致动物最快于110 s左右死亡;而较低功率(平均5 W)连续照射,则可在30 min内导致动物死亡.受照后死亡的动物肺部均见明显出血现象;但不同毫米波照射参数条件下,肺部出血程度不同.其中,当平均功率为10和12 w时,小鼠肺部出血程度最严重,且肺部支气管和血管有明显的破裂现象,支气管可见巨噬细胞.而当平均功率为5 W时,肺部出血程度明显减轻,且支气管和血管无严重的破裂现象.结论 高功率毫米波急性照射可导致小鼠肺部出血等损伤,肺组织损伤程度与毫米波照射功率呈显著正相关.由于高功率毫米波可导致明显热效应,推测急性、快速热效应所致小鼠肺损伤可能是动物致死的重要原因.     

高功率毫米波急性照射致小鼠肺损伤研究

目的 探讨高功率毫米波持续急性照射导致小鼠死亡情况下肺组织的变化情况,旨在为揭示毫米波损伤机制提供参考资料.方法 将小鼠缚于木质平板,置于工作频率为34.1 GHz、平均输出功率分别为5、10和12 W,照射距离分别为10和20 mm的高功率毫米波照射源正下方,持续照射至小鼠死亡.取肺,0.9%的生理盐水快速漂洗后,放入10%的甲醛溶液中固定,石蜡包埋、组织切片、HE染色、CCD照相后,采用IPP图像分析软件,利用整合平均光密度和面积比的显微图像定量分析方法分析肺部的病理变化特征.结果 在HA23.16和HA9.92型号角锥喇叭天线照射下,较高平均功率12W连续照射可导致动物最快于110 s左右死亡;而较低功率(平均5 W)连续照射,则可在30 min内导致动物死亡.受照后死亡的动物肺部均见明显出血现象;但不同毫米波照射参数条件下,肺部出血程度不同.其中,当平均功率为10和12 w时,小鼠肺部出血程度最严重,且肺部支气管和血管有明显的破裂现象,支气管可见巨噬细胞.而当平均功率为5 W时,肺部出血程度明显减轻,且支气管和血管无严重的破裂现象.结论 高功率毫米波急性照射可导致小鼠肺部出血等损伤,肺组织损伤程度与毫米波照射功率呈显著正相关.由于高功率毫米波可导致明显热效应,推测急性、快速热效应所致小鼠肺损伤可能是动物致死的重要原因.     

毫米波疗法治疗耳鼻喉科疾病36例分析

目的　观察毫米波疗法治疗耳鼻喉科疾病的临床疗效。方法　采用HBL ⅡA型毫米波治疗仪 ,工作频率 (4 2 .19± 0 .2 )GHz ,波长 7mm ,功率密度 5 .7mW /cm2 ,治疗 3 6例耳鼻喉科疾病患者。结果　治愈 2 7例 (75 .0 % ) ,显效 5例 (13 .9% ) ,好转 3例 (8.3 % ) ,无效 1例 (2 .8% ) ,总有效率为 97.2 %。结论　毫米波疗法治疗耳鼻喉科疾病具有良好的疗效。     

微波辐射对大鼠造血组织形态和功能的影响研究

目的探讨微波辐射对大鼠造血组织形态及功能的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠144只,随机均分为4组:假辐射组(不接受辐射),2.5、5和10mW/cm2辐射组(分别接受2.55、、10mW/cm2的微波辐射,6min/次,每周5次,持续辐射30d)。分别在最后1次辐射结束后的6h及7、14、30、601、80d取6只大鼠,取下腔静脉血检测外周血白细胞、红细胞、血小板数及血红蛋白浓度。另取大鼠处死后取胸骨,经光镜和电镜观察骨髓组织学和超微结构改变。结果 5mW/cm2微波长期辐射结束后6h,大鼠外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞及红细胞数均较假辐射组有不同程度的下降,辐射后60d外周血红细胞、血小板数与假辐射组比较显著增加(P<0.05)。5、10mW/cm2组辐射后180d大鼠外周血白细胞、淋巴细胞及血小板数显著下降(P<0.01)。光镜下可见,骨髓造血细胞在辐射后14d变化并不明显,辐射后30d骨髓间质可见明显充血、水肿,辐射后180d可见造血细胞减少,脂肪细胞明显增多,并呈现一定的量效关系。5mW/cm2微波辐射后7d,电镜下可见骨髓中各系造血细胞呈凋亡和坏死改变。结论 5～10mW/cm2微波长期(30～180d)辐射可导致大鼠造血系统形态和功能改变,且与辐射剂量有关。     

A comparison of ultrasound exposure in therapy and pulsed Doppler fields.

A detailed comparison of the ultrasound exposure in water from a therapeutic beam and a pulsed Doppler beam was carried out. A significant overlap in acoustic power was found between therapy intensity levels used clinically and the upper end of the diagnostic range, between approximately 100 mW and 200 mW. In addition, pulse pressure amplitudes in the range 0.5-1.0 MPa were measured close to the transducer on both units. It is common to use physiotherapy equipment at pulse average intensities of 0.5 W/cm2 or less, and at these levels exposures of similar magnitude may be obtained with beams currently defined as therapeutic and those available from pulsed Doppler equipment.