负压组合式输尿管镜联合输尿管软镜与经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石的比较

目的 比较负压组合式输尿管镜联合输尿管软镜与经皮肾镜处理复杂性肾结石的优劣性。方法 回顾性收集2020年1月至2022年12月东莞市厚街医院复杂性肾结石患者的资料,根据结石大小1:1倾向性匹配后分为两组,各48例。研究组行负压组合式输尿管镜治疗,对照组行经皮肾镜治疗。比较两组结石大小、术后结石清除率、手术前后肾功能、血清炎症因子水平变化和术后并发症发生率。结果 研究组与对照组比较,结石大小分别为[（23.9±2.9） mm vs (24.4±3.0)mm,P=0.399];结石清除率分别为95.83%vs81.25%,P=0.025;术中出血量[（10.4±3.0）ml vs (61.2±10.1)ml,P<0.001];术后CRP两组分别为[（13.1±1.4）mg/Lvs (16.5±1.5)mg/L,P<0.001];术后PCT为[（0.586±0.145） ng/ml vs (0.855±0.149)ng/ml,P<0.001];围手术期总并发症发生率4.17%vs 22.92%,P=0.025,但研究组有1例发生输尿管损伤,放置输尿管支架管痊愈。术后随访1年...     

输尿管软镜与微通道经皮肾镜治疗2～3cm肾盂结石的疗效分析

目的比较电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术(FURS)和微通道经皮肾镜下钬激光碎石术(MPCNL)治疗单发2~3 cm肾盂结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析南京中医药大学附属张家港市中医医院泌尿外科2015年1月至2016年8月收治的56例单发2~3 cm的肾盂结石患者病例资料,32例采用电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术(软镜组),24例采用微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术(肾镜组),比较两组手术时间、结石清除率、降钙素原和C反应蛋白的上升量、并发症率、住院时间、治疗费用。结果两组患者性别、年龄、结石最大径、结石负荷比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。软镜组结石清除率90.6%(29/32),降钙素原(0.9±0.2)μg/L,C反应蛋白(19.6±0.3)mg/L,并发症1例,肾镜组结石清除率91.7%(22/24),降钙素原(0.8±0.3)μg/L,C反应蛋白(19.3±0.7)mg/L,并发症4例,差异均没有统计学意义(P0.05)。软镜组手术时间(98.3±12.1)min,术后住院时间(5.1±1.6)d,总费用(3.3±0.6)万元;肾镜组手术时间(54.2±7.7)min,术后住院时间(9.3±1.7)d,总费用(2.5±0.8)万元,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与经皮肾镜相比较,电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗单发2~3 cm肾盂结石安全有效。     

微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术治疗肾结石比较性研究

目的 比较微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术两种方式治疗肾结石的疗效和并发症.方法 100例体外冲击波碎石无效的肾结石患者,分为两组,51例患者行微通道经皮肾镜碎石术,49例患者行组合式输尿管软镜碎石术,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后清除率.结果 51例微通道经皮肾镜组手术时间(53.5±19.6)min,术中出血(75.0±18.5) mL,术后住院时间为(8.0±1.5)d;术后总并发症发生率80.4％:47例结石清除,总清石率为92.16％.49例输尿管软镜组手术时间为(49.0±25.6)min,术中出血(15.2±2.9) mL,术后住院时间为(4.5±0.6)d;术后总并发症发生率为30.6％;32例结石清除,总清石率为65.31％.两者比较手术时间无明显差别;术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率、总清石率微通道经皮肾镜组大于组合式输尿管软镜组;但分组分层发现在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜组优于微通道经皮肾镜组.结论 微通道经皮肾镜在治疗结石负荷＜2 cm、下盏结石、单个结石优于组合式输尿管软镜,但在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜优于微通道经皮肾镜.     

组合式输尿管软镜与电子输尿管软镜治疗10～20mm肾下盏结石的临床疗效比较

目的比较组合式输尿管软镜与电子输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗10～20mm肾下盏结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性纳入2017年8月至2018年7月符合标准的87例经输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗10～20mm肾下盏结石患者。其中经组合式输尿管软镜治疗的患者41例(组合式输尿管软镜组,本文称为PolyScope组),经电子输尿管软镜治疗的患者46例(电子输尿管软镜组,称为URF-V组)。比较2组患者在寻石成功率、结石清除率、手术时间、并发症及住院费用等方面的差异性。结果术后3月时,本组患者总的结石清除率为88.5%(77/87),PolyScope组结石清除率为85.4%(35/41),URF-V组为91.3%(42/46,P0.05);PolyScope组和URF-V组的平均手术时间分别为(71.8±11.8)min、(57.8±12.5)min;住院费用分别为(35 489.9±2 394.7)元、(28 190.1±5 677.8)元,组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);2组的寻石成功率、住院天数及并发症等比较,其差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后Ⅱ级并发症4例(4.6%),Ⅰ级16例(18.4%)。结论组合式输尿管软镜治疗10～20mm肾下盏结石能取得与电子输尿管软镜相当的治疗效果,值得临床推广。     

超细肾镜治疗1～2cm肾下盏结石的临床疗效

目的:评价超细肾镜治疗1～2 cm肾下盏结石的有效性和安全性。方法:纳入2018年3月—2021年6月于河南中医药大学第一附属医院住院治疗的67例1～2 cm肾下盏结石患者，根据不同手术方式分成超细肾镜组37例和输尿管软镜组30例。比较两组术后3 d结石清除率、术后并发症发生率、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后1 h血红蛋白下降量和术后12 h不同疼痛程度例数。结果:超细肾镜组和输尿管软镜组术后3 d结石清除率分别为91.9%和70.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);超细肾镜组和输尿管软镜组术后并发症发生率分别为16.2%和26.7%,手术时间分别为(54.43±12.02) min和(59.23±12.00) min,术后住院时间分别为(6.51±1.26) d和(6.30±1.53) d,术后1 h血红蛋白下降量分别为(10.95±3.64) mL和(11.40±3.31) mL,术后不同程度疼痛例数比较，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超细肾镜治疗1～2 cm肾下盏结石是安全、高效的。     

组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜与经皮肾镜治疗肾盂结石的比较

目的探讨组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜在治疗2～3 cm肾盂结石中的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性分析云浮市中医院2014年4月至2016年4月收治的87例2～3 cm肾盂结石患者的临床资料,分为组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组（40例）和经皮肾镜组（47例）,对两组手术时间、结石清除率、平均住院时间及并发症发生率进行观察对比。 结果纳入研究的两组患者术前一般资料比较差别无统计学意义。组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组和经皮肾镜组在结石清除率方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;但组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组在手术时间,平均住院时间明显优于经皮肾镜组（P<0.05）;而且组合式输尿管硬镜联合软镜组术中出血量及术后发热率少于经皮肾镜组（P<0.05）。 结论组合式输尿管硬镜结合软镜治疗2～3 cm肾盂结石是安全有效的,具有手术时间短、创伤小,康复快,严重并发症少等优点,值得临床上推广和应用。     

微创经皮肾镜联合顺行组合式输尿管软镜治疗鹿角形肾结石16例报告

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜联合顺行组合式输尿管软镜处理鹿角形肾结石的有效性及安全性。方法:自2012年3月~2013年6月采用微创经皮肾镜联合组合式输尿管软镜处理鹿角形肾结石患者16例,其中完全性鹿角形结石3例,不完全性鹿角结石13例。结果:所有患者均采用单通道碎石,1例因术中出血,输尿管软镜无法有效碎石,改行二期顺行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,余15例患者一期联合组合式输尿管软镜成功处理残留结石。平均手术时间(117.5±15)min,一期结石清除率为97.6%(15/16)。术中未出现大出血、尿源性脓毒血症、肠道损伤、胸膜损伤等严重并发症。结论:微创经皮肾镜联合组合式输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石安全有效,在熟练掌握手术操作的前提下可以明显减少并发症,值得临床推广。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗孤立肾肾结石的临床疗效观察

目的探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法邵逸夫医院在2011年5月至2014年12月期间使用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术共治疗14例孤立肾肾结石患者,男8例,女6例;年龄29~75岁,平均54岁。其中,2例为对侧肾切除术后,12例为对侧肾萎缩。术前常规留置F6 D-J管2周。分析手术时间、清石率、出血量、术后住院天数、并发症以及血清肌酐的变化。结果本组14例患者均成功将输尿管鞘放置输尿管上段,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率100%,进镜成功率100%,术中寻找结石成功率100%。14例患者结石大小为1.1~2.5cm,平均(1.7±0.4)cm;术前肌酐78~407μmol/L,平均(166±103)μmol/L;手术时间60~140分钟,平均(87±34)分钟;术中出血量5~50ml,平均(13±12)ml;一期结石清除率达82.6%(12/14),2例行二次输尿管软镜手术,总结石清除率达92.8%(13/14),2例术后出现发热。14例患者术后肌酐为85~340μmol/L,平均(124±62)μmol/L,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后住院天数2~4天,平均(2.5±0.7)天。结论输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石是安全有效的。     

经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾盂结石的临床疗效及对肾功能影响的比较

目的 比较经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜对孤立肾肾盂结石的治疗效果及对肾功能的影响。方法 选取2011年7月～2013年6月我院泌尿外科收治的58例孤立肾肾盂结石,其中30例行经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术（经皮肾镜组）,28例行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术（输尿管软镜组）,对手术时间、出血量、结石清除率进行比较,同时测定2组患者术前24h和术后3、24、48h血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）。结果 经皮肾镜组结石清除率76.7％（23／30）,输尿管软镜组结石清除率75.0％（21／28）,2组比较无统计学差异（X^2=0.022,P=0.882）。输尿管软镜组出血量（50.3±21.5）ml,显著少于经皮肾镜组（80.2±20.5）ml（t=5.422,P=0.000）;手术时间（60.5±25.1）min,显著长于经皮肾镜组（45.34-10.5）rain（t=-3.045,P=0.004）。术后3h2组血NGAL浓度均明显升高,其中输尿管软镜组从术前（3.6±0.6）μg／L上升到（7.9±0.8）μg／L（g：33.457,P〈0.05）,经皮肾镜组从术前（3.8±0.7）μg／L上升到（6.3±0.5）μg／L（q=22.068,P〈0.05）,输尿管软镜组高于经皮肾镜组,有显著性差异（t=-9.200,P=0.000）,术后24h开始下降,但48h仍未降低至术前水平（q=4.414,P〈0.05;g=8.559,P〈0.05）。2组血BUN、Cr术前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论 经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜均是治疗孤立肾盂结石的有效方法,且2种方法对肾功能均有不同程度影响,但其影响都是可恢复的。     

软镜与微创经皮肾镜治疗 1~2 cm肾结石的疗效观察

目的:比较输尿管软镜碎石术与微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗1~2 cm肾结石的疗效及术后疼痛程度,评估两者的安全性。方法:回顾性分析在我院接受手术治疗的120例肾结石(1~2 cm)患者,其中输尿管软镜碎石术(软镜组)57例,微创经皮肾镜碎石术(MPCNL组)63例,比较两者的手术时间、术中出血量(按术后血红蛋白下降情况计算)、结石清除率、住院时间、术后疼痛程度、并发症及满意度的差异。结果:两组在年龄、性别、结石大小、手术时间、结石清除率、并发症上没有明显的差异。但MPCNL组的术中出血量和住院时间高于软镜组,术后疼痛程度强于软镜组,患者满意度低于软镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:输尿管软镜碎石术治疗1~2 cm肾结石在手术时间、结石清除率、并发症发生率上与微创经皮肾镜碎石术相当,但在术中出血量、平均住院时间、术后疼痛程度、满意度上明显优于微创经皮肾镜碎石术,可以考虑作为1~2 cm肾结石治疗的首选。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.