胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的发病机制及危险因素

胃排空延迟(DGE)为胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后常见并发症，其发病原因与机制目前国内外尚未完全阐明，但绝大多数患者可在一般对症治疗后痊愈。笔者对PD术后DGE发生的危险因素及病理生理机制进行综述，旨在为临床有效防治PD术后DGE提供参考。     

老年患者胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟的危险因素

目的探讨老年患者胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后胃排空延迟(DGE)发生的危险因素。方法回顾分析行PD的老年患者156例,通过单因素分析和多因素分析探讨影响DGE发生的危险因素。结果 156例老年患者中,DGE总发生率为30.8%,其中A级11例(7.1%),B级13例(8.3%),C级24例(15.4%)。单因素分析结果显示手术时间(≥420 min)、术中出血量(≥1 000 ml)和术后胰瘘是老年患者PD术后DGE的危险因素(P0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示手术时间(≥420 min)、术中出血量(≥1 000 ml)和术后胰瘘为术后DGE的独立危险因素(P0.05)。其中术中出血量≥1 000 ml(OR=3.937)和术后胰瘘(OR=8.111)是老年患者B、C级DGE的独立危险因素(P0.01)。结论老年患者PD术后具有较高的DGE发生率,明显延长患者住院时间;术中出血较多及术后胰瘘会造成DGE尤其是B、C级DGE的发生率明显增加;术中精细操作,缩短手术时间并尽量减少出血量,有助于减少DGE的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术后的胃排空障碍

胃排空障碍(delayed gastric emptying, DGE),又称胃瘫(gastroparesis),是胰十二指肠切除术后常见的并发症,其发生率各报道不同,在7% ～ 41%之间[1-9](表1).但多数报道DGE位于胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的首位,与其他并发症(胰瘘、出血、腹腔感染)相比,虽不会危及生命,但对于患者来说,却延长了住院时间,增加了医疗费用,加重了痛苦.     

胰十二指肠切除术后的胃排空障碍

胃排空障碍（delayed gastric emptying，DGE），又称胃瘫（gastroparesis），是胰十二指肠切除术后常见的并发症，其发生率各报道不同，在7％～41％之间（表1）。但多数报道DGE位于胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的首位，与其他并发症（胰瘘、出血、腹腔感染）相比，虽不会危及生命，但对于患者来说，却延长了住院时间，增加了医疗费用，加重了痛苦。     

胰十二指肠术后并发DGE的观察及护理

胃排空延迟(DGE)是胰十二指肠术后非机械性梗阻引起的胃排空障碍。此并发症的早期观察及护理,对患者的顺利康复具有重要意义。2000～2005年,我们收治胰十二指肠术后并发DGE患者53例。现报告如下。临床资料:本组男30例,女23例;平均年龄57.1岁。其中胰头癌22例,壶腹癌17例,中下段     

胰肠吻合的改良术式(附45例报告)

胰十二指肠切除术是目前公认的治疗壶腹周围癌的首选方法[1].该术式操作复杂、切除范围广泛、创伤大、术后并发症及死亡率较高.术后胰漏是胰十二指肠切除术最严重的并发症,所以预防胰漏的发生是降低手术病死率的关键所在,而胰漏的发生与术中胰肠吻合处理有直接关系.为预防胰漏的发生,国内外学者近年对各种胰肠吻合方法进行了不断改进[2,3],明显降低了胰漏发生.笔者2005年5月至2009年12月应用改良胰肠吻合术式行胰十二指肠切除术45例,术中运用显微外科技术对胰肠吻合做了全方位的精细处理,术后无1例胰漏发生,效果良好.     

缩小的胰切除术

该胰切除术是胰头十二指肠和胰尾部切除的术式,是为了减少术后机能障碍和不良主诉,确立保存邻近胃和脾的术式。作者在1981～1984年施行28例胰切除术,其中15例(胰岛癌2例、慢性胰腺炎13例)是保存脾的胰尾切除;13例(胰头癌4例、慢性胰腺炎9例)是保存胃幽门的胰头十二指肠切除术。前者从胰把脾动静脉剥离保存脾脏;后者保存右胃大网动静脉。距离幽门3cm肛侧切除十二指肠,再次建立胰空肠端端吻合,     

胰管结扎在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

自1912年德国医生Kausch成功实施了世界上第1例胰十二指肠切除术,1935年Whipple等人对壶腹癌实施胰十二指肠切除术后,这一术式逐渐成为胰头和壶腹周围良、恶性肿瘤的标准术式。由于受患者年龄较大、胰胆汁分泌受阻致营养不良和机体抵抗力下降等因素的影响,此手术并发症及病死率较高,20世纪70年代仍在20％左右,90年代下降到了5%以下。胰十二指肠切除术后患者最常见的死亡原因是胰空肠吻合口瘘。胰液与胆汁及肠液混合后胰酶可被激活。     

肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠套入式吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

在43例胰十二指肠切除术中采用了肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套入式吻合技术。术后无1例发生胰肠吻合口漏，发生胆肠吻合口漏2例，腹腔感染2例，胃应激性溃疡4例。认为在胰十二指肠切除术中采用肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套人式吻合技术能有效预防胰肠吻合口漏的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术中血管损伤的原因及防治措施

随着技术的进步,胰十二指肠切除术已逐渐在基层医院开展,该术式是治疗壶腹周围肿瘤及胰头癌的首选术式.壶腹周围及胰腺肿瘤极易累及周围的重要血管,意外损伤后如果处理不当可造成严重后果.因此,该术式是考验并且反映手术者对上腹部器官解剖、手术技巧以及处理术中突发事件的应变能力.因此,在胰十二指肠切除术发生重要血管意外损伤时,术者应当正确判断并掌握正确的紧急应对措施,尽量避免意外损伤造成术中死亡及术后并发症的发生.     

Leptin and cellular and innate immunity in abstinent alcoholics and controls

BACKGROUND: Basic studies indicate that in vitro and in vivo doses of leptin modulate cellular immune responses. Given evidence that concentrations of leptin are altered in alcoholics who also show immune abnormalities, this study examined the relationships between circulating levels of leptin and markers of cellular and innate immunity. METHODS: Circulating levels of leptin, natural killer cell (NK) activity, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-stimulated NK activity, and concanavalin A-stimulated production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were compared between abstinent DSM-IV alcohol-dependent men (n = 27) and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 34). RESULTS: As compared with controls, alcoholics showed lower NK activity (p < 0.01) and a trend for lower levels of leptin (p = 0.055). In the total sample, leptin predicted NK activity (beta = 0.33; p < 0.05) after controlling for the confounding influence of body mass index, alcohol intake, and smoking. Leptin was not correlated with any of the cytokine measures. To examine whether the effects of leptin were mediated by its direct action on NK, additional studies examined in vitro effects of leptin on NK activity in healthy volunteers (n = 10); leptin doses (0.1, 1, and 10 nM) yielded levels of NK activity comparable to those with media alone. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that circulating levels of leptin are associated with NK activity in humans and suggest that abnormal in vivo concentrations of leptin may contribute to the declines of NK activity in alcoholics who are at risk for infectious diseases.     

Medical and Psychology Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Aging and Sexuality

The current study surveys medical and doctoral psychology students (N = 100) from an urban northeastern university regarding knowledge and attitudes toward elderly sexuality and aging using the Facts on Aging Quiz, the Aging Sexuality Knowledge and Attitudes Scale, and measures of interest in gerontology, academic/clinical exposure to aging and sexuality, and contact with elders. The current study found that psychology students demonstrated greater aging knowledge than medical students; however, both groups showed gaps in knowledge about sexuality. Married students had greater academic/clinical exposure and greater knowledge about aging but less permissive attitudes toward elderly sexuality. Generally, knowledge about aging was the strongest correlate of knowledge about sexuality. Level of knowledge about sexuality was not associated with attitudes. Attitudes toward sexuality and aging may be more strongly tied to demographic variables reflective of religious beliefs or adherence to sociocultural norms.     

Cement and Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Concrete science is a multidisciplinary area of research where nanotechnology potentially offers the opportunity to enhance the understanding of concrete behavior, to engineer its properties and to lower production and ecological cost of construction materials. Recent work at the National Research Council Canada in the area of concrete materials research has shown the potential of improving concrete properties by modifying the structure of cement hydrates, addition of nanoparticles and nanotubes and controlling the delivery of admixtures. This article will focus on a review of these innovative achievements.     

中青年超重和肥胖与高血压及高同型半胱氨酸血症的相关性研究

目的探讨中青年超重和肥胖与高血压及高同型半胱氨酸血症的相关性。方法选取2012年1月—2013年10月在我院进行常规健康体检者750例,测量受试者血压、身高、体质量及血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平。结果男性超重、肥胖检出率分别为36.87%(198/537)和13.97%(75/537),均高于女性的16.43%(35/213)和7.50%(16/213)(P0.05)。超重者和肥胖者高血压和高同型半胱氨酸血症检出率分别为21.03%(49/233)和11.16%(26/233)、46.12%(42/91)和41.76%(38/91),均高于正常者的9.16%(37/404)和2.23%(9/404),肥胖者高于超重者(P0.01)。收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及血清Hcy与BMI呈正相关(r值分别为0.639、0.515、0.497,P0.01)。结论中青年尤其是男性超半数存在超重或肥胖,高血压及高同型半胱氨酸血症与BMI呈正相关,超重和肥胖者高血压及高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率高,应积极防治。     

Neutropenia and agranulocytosis in England and Wales: incidence and risk factors

The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of idiosyncratic neutropenia and agranulocytosis in England and Wales and to evaluate their risk factors and outcomes. The study was conducted using data from the General Practice Research Database. All cases of idiosyncratic neutropenia or agranulocytosis were identified and the incidence was estimated. This was followed by a nested case-control study, estimating odds ratios with drug exposure from conditional logistic regression. From 1987 to 1999, 3,224 patients with idiosyncratic neutropenia (50 with agranulocytosis) were identified. The incidences of neutropenia and agranulocytosis were estimated to be 120 and 7 cases per million people per year, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for neutropenia were 34.7 (95% confidence interval 12.0-99.7) for current users of thyroid inhibitors, 9.5 (4.4-20.8) for users of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and 7.6 (4.9-11.9) for users of aminosalicylates. Other drugs with statistically significantly increased risks of neutropenia included antibacterial drugs, non-opioid analgesics, NSAIDs, antidepressants, ulcer-healing drugs, and anti-epileptics. The increase in risk of neutropenia predominantly occurred during the first months of treatment. For most drugs investigated in this study, there was no relationship to daily dose. The excess 1-year mortality was low among neutropenia and agranulocytosis cases and mostly explained by the underlying disease state. In conclusion, the highest risks of neutropenia were generally found in patients starting treatment. The excess 1-year mortality was low among neutropenia and agranulocytosis cases and can be mostly explained by the underlying disease state.     

COPD and erythropoiesis: interactions and consequences

Erythropoiesis is modified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Tobacco smoke, hypoxaemia, systemic inflammation, and infectious exacerbations are the main factors involved. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the regulation of erythropoiesis probably explain the individual susceptibility and variability in the response. The roles of comorbidities related to COPD and the impact of treatment on erythropoiesis are important confounding factors. While polycythaemia is often related to tobacco smoke and hypoxaemia, it has become less common due to the improvement of COPD follow-up and especially the initiation of long-term oxygen therapy. The control of the main causes is often sufficient, but in cases of severe polycythaemia an erythrapheresis is indicated. Anaemia has recently been reported as a more common and serious complication. It increases dyspnoea and reduces physical activity and quality of life. Its impact on survival and the requirements for healthcare has recently been confirmed. The main approach to the management of anaemia remains exclusion of any curable causes, reducing exacerbations and systemic inflammation, and controlling the comorbidities. Though erythropoietin has some benefits in the so-called "anaemia of chronic disease", this still remains to be confirmed in patients with COPD.     

Stress and Depression Among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Gay and Bisexual AIDS Caregivers

From a survey of 416 gay and bisexual male AIDS caregivers, we examined differences in the stress process and predictors of depressive symptomatology by caregivers' HIV serostatus (n = 164 HIV-positive and n = 252 HIV-negative). Results indicate that HIV-positive caregivers reported higher levels of depressive symptomatology than those who were HIV-negative. Parallel regression analyses revealed that a younger age, role-related stress, and low self-esteem were common predictors of depressive symptomatology for both groups. Group-specific predictors of depression for the HIV-positive caregivers were poorer health and financial concerns. In contrast, the group-specific predictor for the HIV-negative caregivers was higher stress associated with direct acts of caregiving. These results suggest that in order to stem depressive symptomatology, gay and bisexual male caregivers need support directed at reducing stress stemming from their role as caregivers as well as services designed to address low self-esteem. In addition, serostatus should be taken into account when designing service plans because seropositive and seronegative caregivers may require different supportive services.     

Stress and reproduction: controversies and challenges

Inhibition of reproductive function by the activation of the stress-response has been observed since times of antiquity, however delineating a molecular mechanism by which this occurs in vertebrates continues to present a major challenge. Because recent genome sequencing programs have identified the presence of numerous paralogous peptides and receptors, our understanding of the complexity of the interaction between the reproductive and stress axes has expanded. At the neuroendocrine level, numerous studies have focused on the interaction between the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) systems in vertebrates. Moreover, most of these studies have been performed using rodent models and may not be completely relevant for non-mammalian vertebrates. A further problem lies in the variation of the functional expression of paralogous genes in the different taxa. In particular, the urocortin 2 and GnRH-II systems have been lost in some lineages, where its function has been taken over by urocortin 3 and GnRH-I, respectively. Establishing an integrated model that incorporates all paralogous systems for both the stress and reproductive system remains to be achieved.     

Hepatopoietins A and B and hepatocyte growth

Serum from control or partially hepatectomized rats contains only two substances associated with stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes in serum free conditions. Hepatopoietin A is a large (105,000 kDa in monomeric form) heparin binding growth factor that is a heterodimer of two polypeptide chains (70,000 and 35,000 kDa). Another heparin binding growth factor, acidic FGF, also stimulates hepatocyte DNA synthesis but at a level comparable to half that of HPTA. These findings, along with recent observations of stimulation of liver growth and hepatoma formation in mice transgenic for the tat gene of the AIDS virus and overproducers of the heparin binding factor hst/KS3, raise the issue of the overall importance of different heparin binding growth factors in the control of hepatic growth regulation. Hepatopoietin B is a glycolipid that also acts as a complete hepatocytic mitogen. The role of the above substances as well as the role of norepinephrine, acting as a mitogenic trigger for stimulation of the rapid early phenomena associated with liver regeneration, is discussed.Presented at the Proceedings of the International Meeting on Normal and Neoplastic Growth in Hepatology, Bari, Italy, June 1989.Supported by NIH grants CA43632, CA35373, and CA30241 and EPA grant CR 814344. The work on HPTA was also supported generously by Genetic Therapy, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland).