高频超声对上肢正中神经正常值的研究

目的通过高频超声获取正中神经的横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)正常值并探讨其与周围组织的关系,为临床诊断不同的外周神经疾病提供依据。方法对200例健康志愿者沿正中神经行程进行高频超声观察,依次测量7个位点的CSA[腕横纹、腕管入口(豌豆骨)、腕管出口(钩骨)、腕横纹上6cm、正中神经穿出旋前圆肌处(前臂近端)、肱骨内髁上4cm、肱骨中点],每个位点重复测量3次取其平均值,并进行CSA与身高、体重的相关性分析。结果高频超声下正常人正中神经呈筛网状低回声图像,横截面在不同部位分别表现为圆形、椭圆形或三角形。正中神经在前述7个位点的CSA依次为(8.67±1.24)mm2、(8.68±1.22)mm2、(8.56±1.25)mm2、(7.11±1.33)mm2、(7.08±1.21)mm2、(9.38±1.28)mm2、(9.48±1.28)mm2;左右上肢之间比较CSA差异无统计学意义;正中神经在腕横纹上6cm、肱骨内髁上4cm、肱骨中点处的CSA同年龄组男女之间差异有统计学意义;正中神经在腕横纹处、腕管出入口、肱骨内髁上4cm处中老年人比青年人增粗;CSA与身高、体重有相关性。结论上肢正中神经基本全程可视,在不同部位的正常值及超声声像图略有差异。神经的CSA在上臂段最粗,腕管处次之,前臂段最细,与身高、体重呈正相关性。     

高频超声显示及测量正常臂部尺神经及正中神经

目的 探讨高频超声显示臂部正常尺神经及正中神经的方法 及其图像特点.方法 利用高频探头对50名正常成人的双臂尺神经及正中神经进行全程显示及观察,并测量伸直位肘管处尺神经、屈曲位肘管处尺神经、腕部尺神经、肘部正中神经、腕管处正中神经的前后径、左右径及截面积.采用配对t检验比较双侧上肢神经测值及肘管处尺神经伸直位与屈曲位测值.结果 所有受检者双臂尺神经及正中神经均清晰显示;双侧均值差异无统计学意义,肘管处尺神经在伸直位时测值大于屈曲位,差异有统计学意义.结论 高频超声能清晰显示并准确测量臂部尺神经及正中神经.     

超声在诊断闭合性上肢神经卡压症中的应用

目的 探讨高频超声检查在诊断上肢神经卡压症中的临床意义。 方法 用高频超声检查20例正常上肢神经和10例临床怀疑为上肢外周神经卡压（损伤）患者，并与手术探查结果作比较分析。 结果 超声诊断为6例腕管正中神经卡压（2例腕管内低回声囊性包块，4例腕前屈肌尺腕掌侧韧带增厚），3例肘部尺神经卡压，1例上臂桡神经卡压。术后6例明确诊断为腕管综合征，3例为肘部尺神经卡压，1例为上臂桡神经卡压。 结论 高频超声对诊断上肢外周神经卡压症、神经受压程度及定位均有较大价值，为临床提供了一种简单、可靠的无创检查新方法。     

高频超声对上肢尺神经正常值的研究

目的:通过高频超声获取尺神经的横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)正常值并探讨其与周围组织的关系,为进一步诊断不同的外周神经疾病提供依据。方法:对临床检查正常的200例健康志愿者沿尺神经预定的测量点上依次获取超声声像图及测量各点神经的CSA,每个测量点重复测量三次取其平均值,并做神经CSA与身高、体重的相关性分析。结果:超声下正常人上肢神经呈筛网状低回声图像,横截面呈圆形、卵圆形或三角形。测量尺神经各测量点处的神经CSA,尺神经在肘管、肘管出口(肱骨内髁下2cm)、肘管入口(肱骨内髁上2cm)、肱骨内髁上6cm、肱骨中点、肱骨内髁下8cm、腕横纹上6cm、Guyon管等8点处面积依次是(6.35±1.48)mm2、(6.20±1.33)mm2、(6.30±1.40)mm2、(5.78±1.34)mm2、(5.68±1.31)mm2、(5.71±1.26)mm2、(5.06±1.30)mm2、(4.71±1.16)mm2;左右上肢之间同一测量点比较神经CSA没有统计学意义,尺神经在肘管出入口、腕横纹上6cm、Guyon管处等四点处的神经CSAs同年龄组男女之间比较有统计学意义;尺神经在肱骨内髁上6cm、肱骨中点、腕横纹上6cm、Guyon管等4点处中老年组神经比青年组神经增粗。尺神经CSA与身高、体重呈正相关性。尺神经CSA与体重的最大相关系数分别是0.47(P<0.01),与身高的最大相关性系数依次是0.45(P<0.01)。结论:尺神经在上肢全程是可视,在不同测量点各有特点正常值不同,在性别、年龄阶段之间存在差异,身高、体重与神经的大小呈正相关性。     

高频超声检测腕管段正中血管神经束解剖变异及其临床意义

目的探讨高频超声对腕管段正中血管神经束解剖变异的检测价值及其在腕管综合征诊治中的临床意义。方法对500例健康志愿者的1000只手腕部腕管结构及前臂行高频超声检查,记录腕管段正中神经分叉、永存正中动、静脉的位置及分布,测量腕管段永存正中动、静脉的直径,于豌豆骨水平测量正中神经的横截面积。结果①共检出正中神经分叉者34例(41处),检出率4.1%,且均分为两支,其桡侧支横截面积均大于尺侧支[(0.075±0.015)cm2vs.(0.023±0.005)cm2],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);27例单侧正中神经分叉者分叉侧两分支横截面积之和与健侧同一位置横截面积比较,差异无统计学意义;②共检出永存正中动脉者15例(20处),检出率2.0%;永存正中动脉直径0.04～0.19 cm,平均(0.11±0.04)cm,其中13例伴有永存正中静脉,检出率1.3%;③在34例正中神经分叉和15例永存正中动脉阳性者中,正中神经分叉合并永存正中动脉者均为16处,占比为39%、80%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.050,P=0.003)。结论高频超声可以清晰显示正常成人腕管段正中血管神经束的解剖变异,有助于临床医师准确诊断腕管综合征,具有较好应用价值。     

腕管综合征和肘管综合征的超声影像学研究

目的探讨超声在腕管综合征和肘管综合征中的诊断价值。方法80例健康者为对照组,临床疑诊27例腕管综合征和32例肘管综合征患者,超声测量其正中神经、尺神经的前后径、左右径及横截面积,同时测定神经传导速度。结果腕管综合征和肘管综合征组正中神经、尺神经的前后径、左右径及横截面积均大于对照组（P〈0．01）,腕管综合征和肘管综合征组的病变神经横截面积均与运动传导速度呈负相关（r分别为-0．76、-0．80）。结论超声可为腕管综合征和肘管综合征的诊断提供影像学依据,并对其治疗及疗效评价有重要价值。     

小切口治疗腕管综合征27例报告

目的:设计及应用小切口作腕管切开术，并分析其治疗腕管综合征的疗效。方法:在距腕横纹远侧1cm，大鱼肌纹尺侧0．5cm作2．5～3cm切口，直视下切开腕横韧带，切除增生水肿的屈肌肌腱、滑膜，显微松解正中神经。结果:术后随访3个月～2年，25例症状完全消失，2例大部分症状缓解。拇、示、中指指腹两点辨别觉恢复正常，术后11例大鱼肌萎缩者，肌萎缩明显改善，拇指对掌功能恢复正常。无一例产生腕掌部瘢痕痛及尺神经、掌浅弓损伤等并发症。结论:小切口直视下微创显微神经松解术是治疗腕管综合征的一种疗效确切的新方法。     

超声对腕管综合征和肘管综合征的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对腕管综合征、肘管综合征的诊断价值。方法 25例体检健康者为对照组,临床疑诊35例腕管综合征和22例尺神经卡压患者为病变组,超声探查正中神经豌豆骨水平横断面积及其前后径(D1)、钩骨勾水平前后径(D2)、钩骨勾水平远端前后径(D3),肘部尺神经横断面积,计算D1与D2差值(D),D3与D2差值(d),将病变组超声检查结果与术中所见进行比较。结果超声可显示正中神经、尺神经卡压后的形态变化,病变组正中神经横断面积、D、d及尺神经横断面积均大于对照组(P0.03)。与术中所见比较,超声诊断腕管综合征、肘管综合征准确率分别为97.9%、95.4%。结论超声能有效诊断腕管综合征和肘管综合征。     

掌部尺神经刺激在尺神经末梢压迫诊断中的价值

上肢有数个潜在部位可发生尺神经卡压,这些部位包括腋窝、上臂、肘、前臂、腕和手,其中尤以肘部最为常见.在腕部和手部,尺神经的单神经病变也偶有发生.但是由于感觉和运动临床表现的多样化,它们可被混淆,造成诊断困难.这些患者往往需要借助电诊断来进一步研究和诊断.     

高频超声在腕管综合征病因学评价中的应用

目的探讨高频超声在评价腕管综合征病因中的作用。 方法选取2015年3月至2019年12月在解放军总医院经电生理检查诊断或手术证实腕管综合征的患者,首先对腕管进行灰阶超声检查,观察腕管内正中神经的位置、走向,神经受压情况、神经束结构、神经外膜回声以及神经周围结构的异常,横切面扫查腕管及正中神经时观察正中神经横截面情况、测量豌豆骨平面正中神经的横截面积以及观察神经周围结构的异常;应用能量多普勒超声以观察正中神经及腕管内其他结构的血流情况。采用独立样本t检验比较患侧腕和无症状侧腕豌豆骨平面正中神经横截面面积的差异。利用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析豌豆骨平面正中神经的横截面面积的诊断价值并找出最佳的诊断界值。 结果腕管综合征患者63例,共95侧腕。腕管综合征患者高频超声表现为腕管内正中神经的卡压近端肿胀、增粗,神经束结构模糊,神经外膜增厚。能量多普勒超声显示正中神经内血流信号增加。患侧腕与无症状侧腕的豌豆骨平面正中神经横截面面积比较［（15.91±5.95）mm² vs（8.71±1.62）mm²］,差异具有统计学意义（t=-2.51,P＜0.001）,ROC曲线下面积为0.946,截断值为10.5 mm2时,敏感度为89.5%,特异度为83.9%。高频超声诊断为特发性腕管综合征者73侧腕（76.8%,73/95）,可明确诊断病因的共22侧腕（23.2%,22/95）,其中13侧腕（13.7%,13/95）为腕管内屈肌腱腱鞘炎,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为腕管内屈肌腱腱鞘积液,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为腕管内腱鞘囊肿,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为腕管内实性肿块,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为腕管内指浅屈肌肌腹过低,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为正中神经高位分叉伴永存正中动脉,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为桡骨远端术后瘢痕压迫正中神经。 结论高频超声可作为评估腕管综合征病因的一种手段。     

The Cubital Tunnel syndrome: a case report and discussion

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is the second most common peripheral neuropathy of the upper extremity. It presents as elbow, forearm, or hand pain in the ulnar nerve sensory distribution and it is the result of overuse, trauma, or entrapment of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Proper physical diagnosis can localize the site of ulnar nerve entrapment to the elbow or wrist. Both conservative and operative modalities exist to treat the Cubital Tunnel Syndrome; optimal management is still unclear.     

Myositis ossificans causing ulnar neuropathy: a case report

Myositis ossificans (MO) can compress peripheral nerves and cause neuropathy. We herein describe a patient with ulnar neuropathy caused by MO at the medial elbow. A 28-year-old man with a drowsy mentality and multiple organ damage following a traffic accident was admitted to our hospital. After 3 weeks of postoperative care, the patient’s mental status recovered. However, he complained of severe sharp pain in his left medial forearm and fourth and fifth fingers. He exhibited weak fifth finger abduction and wrist adduction. Severe elbow joint pain was elicited during range-of-motion testing of his left elbow. Ultrasound also showed an edematous, enlarged, hypoechoic ulnar nerve lying above the MO, and the MO outwardly displaced the ulnar nerve. Elbow radiographic examination, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed MO development and compression of the left ulnar nerve. The patient underwent surgery; the following day, his left medial forearm pain completely disappeared with slight improvement in the motor weakness of fifth finger abduction. Ultrasound is a useful tool to easily evaluate the presence of MO and compression of peripheral nerves caused by MO.     

High resolution ultrasound in subclinical diabetic neuropathy: A potential screening tool

IntroductionDetection of subclinical neuropathy can aid in triage, timely intervention and dedicated care to reduce disease progression and morbidity. High resolution sonography has emerged as a promising technique for evaluation of peripheral nerves. The aim of the present study was to assess the utility of high resolution sonography in screening diabetic patients for subclinical neuropathy.MethodsA total of 70 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 controls were enrolled; those with clinical features of neuropathy constituted the diabetic polyneuropathy group and those without symptoms/normal nerve conduction the non-diabetic polyneuropathy group. After institutional ethical committee approval and informed consent, high resolution sonography was performed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Nerves studied were median (elbow and wrist), ulnar (cubital tunnel and Guyon’s canal), common peroneal (fibular head) and posterior tibial nerve (medial malleolus).The size (cross sectional area), shape, echogenicity and morphology of nerve were assessed and compared between the groups.ResultsThe mean cross sectional area of all nerves was significantly higher both in diabetic polyneuropathy and non-diabetic polyneuropathy group compared to controls (p value < .001). Common peroneal nerve cross sectional area of 4.5 mm² had the highest sensitivity (93%) and specificity (86%) for detecting nerve changes in the non-diabetic polyneuropathy group. The nerves were more rounded, hypoechoic and had an altered morphology in both study groups.ConclusionPresence of sonographic nerve changes in asymptomatic diabetics depicted that morphological alterations in nerves precede clinical symptoms. High resolution sonography detected nerve changes with a good accuracy, and thus, can be a potential screening tool for detection of subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy.     

Sonographic Evaluation of the Peripheral Nerve in Diabetic Patients

Objective. Early detection of nerve dysfunction is important to provide appropriate care for patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. The aim of this study was to assess the echo intensity of the peripheral nerve and to evaluate the relationship between nerve conduction study results and sonographic findings in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SD, 59.8 ± 10.2 years) and 32 healthy volunteers (mean, 53.7 ± 13.9 years) were enrolled in this study. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity of the peripheral nerve were evaluated at the carpal tunnel and proximal to the wrist (wrist) of the median nerve and in the tibial nerve at the ankle. Results. There was a significant increase in the CSA and hypoechoic area of the nerve in diabetic patients compared with controls (wrist, 7.1 ± 2.0 mm², 62.3% ± 3.0%; ankle, 8.9 ± 2.8 mm², 57.6% ± 3.9%; and wrist, 9.8 ± 3.7 mm², 72.3% ± 6.6%; ankle, 15.0 ± 6.1 mm², 61.4% ± 5.3% in controls and diabetic patients, respectively; P < .05). Cross‐sectional areas were negatively correlated with reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and delayed latency. Conclusions. These results suggest that sonographic examinations are useful for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.     

Ulnar nerve and cubital tunnel ultrasound in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

Yoon JS, Hong S-J, Kim B-J, Kim SJ, Kim JM, Walker FO, Cartwright MS. Ulnar nerve and cubital tunnel ultrasound in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Objective

To determine the accuracy of the ultrasonographic measurement of ulnar nerve to cubital tunnel area for diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Design

Patients with confirmed ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and normative, healthy volunteers were evaluated with high-resolution ultrasound. The cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the ulnar nerve and cubital tunnel were measured with the elbow extended and flexed, and results from the 2 groups were compared.

Setting

Electromyography laboratory and radiology department of a tertiary care center.

Participants

Twenty-seven patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and 20 controls.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure

The ratio of ulnar nerve to cubital tunnel CSA with the elbow flexed.

Results

The ulnar nerve, with the elbow flexed, was larger in those with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, and this group also had larger cubital tunnels than did controls. In those with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, the ratio of the ulnar nerve to cubital tunnel was .31, and in the controls it was .32, which was not significantly different (P=.89).

Conclusions

The ratio of ulnar nerve to cubital tunnel did not differentiate those with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow from controls.     

多灶性运动神经病周围神经超声特征

目的 观察多灶性运动神经病（MMN）患者周围神经的超声特征。方法 纳入8例MMN患者（MMN组）及18名健康志愿者（对照组）,观察MMN超声特征,并与肌电图诊断结果对比,比较组间周围神经横截面积（CSA）的差异。结果 超声与肌电图共检查8例MMN患者的96条周围神经,诊断周围神经异常率分别为32.29%（31/96）及31.25%（30/96）,均以正中神经（68.75% vs 56.25%）及尺神经（50.00% vs 56.25%）异常为主。超声及肌电图对其中73条（73/96,76.04%）的诊断结果一致,超声表现包括神经增粗、回声减低、束状结构消失及外膜回声增强。MMN组双侧正中神经、双侧尺神经及左侧腓总神经CSA明显大于对照组（P均<0.05）,其余神经CSA组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 MMN超声异常多见于上肢正中神经及尺神经,与肌电图检查结果结合可为临床诊断MMN提供更多信息。