预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的探讨

目的 评价西咪替丁对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的预防作用。方法 将４１４患者随机分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组,Ａ组（１５８例）分别于术前一日、 当日及术后一日给予西咪替丁（８００ｍｇ／ｄ,静脉滴注）,Ｂ组（１４７例０分别于术前３０ｍｉｎ及术后４ｈ内给予生长抑素类似物奥曲肽０．１ｍｇ皮下注射,Ｃ组（１０９例）给予安慰剂,术前、术后３ｈ及２４ｈ检测血清淀粉酶（正常参考值１０～１     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎预防策略研究进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）已成为诊治胆胰系统疾病的主要手段。在ERCP介入治疗越来越多的趋势下,术后不良事件发生率也呈上升趋势。其中,ERCP术后胰腺炎（post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP）是最常见的术后并发症,严重时甚至会威胁患者生命,并使得ERCP广泛开展受到一定困扰。如何有效预防和降低该并发症发生是目前临床研究的热点和难点。本文对PEP的定义、发病机制、危险因素和预防措施的研究现状进行综述,并对其优化的预防策略进行概括和总结。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后并发胰腺炎的预防措施研究进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是临床常用技术,ERCP后胰腺炎(PEP)是其常见的严重并发症。总体来说,直肠常规剂量使用非甾体类抗炎药、积极水合、胰管支架置入、新型导丝引导插管对预防PEP是有效的。上述预防措施均需要施术者根据临床经验,结合患者病情、经济效益,进行综合分析、判断,同时需积极提高手术技能,尽可能地为患者制定最佳方案。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后中重度胰腺炎的危险因素分析

探索中重度经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎（post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, PEP）的相关危险因素。 方法：回顾性分析2010年6月——2020年6月期间在空军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)的6 731例初始乳头胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。插管操作以及术后并发症相关参数均为前瞻性收集。主要研究终点为中重度PEP,通过Logistic回归分析中重度PEP的相关危险因素。 结果：6 731例初始乳头的ERCP患者总体PEP发生率为5.3%（n=359）,中重度PEP发生率为1.0%（n=68）。单因素分析显示女性、ERCP适应证、插管方式、插管时间、插管次数、误进胰管次数以及有无学员参与插管等因素与中重度PEP发生有关（P均<0.10）。多因素回归分析显示,女性（OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.28~4.21, P=0.006）、非胆总管结石（OR=2.04, 95%CI: 1.16~3.59, P=0.014）、插管时间≥5 min(OR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.20~4.13, P=0.011)、误进胰管次数≥1次(OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.03~3.44, P=0.040)和无学员参与插管（OR=1.81,95%CI: 1.02~3.22, P=0.043）是中重度PEP的独立危险因素。 结论：中重度PEP的独立危险因素包括女性、非胆总管结石、无学员参与的插管以及困难插管等。ERCP围手术期全程管理应重视对上述因素的评估。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）应用于临床30余年,已成为胆胰疾病诊断及治疗的重要手段。ERCP是1项具有一定风险的侵人性操作,与ERCP操作有关的并发症并不罕见,成为ERCP普及推广的瓶颈。最常见的并发症包括ERCP术后胰腺炎（PEP）、胆管炎、消化道出血、消化道穿孔等。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的研究进展

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)是胆胰疾病的主要诊治方法。ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)是ERCP术后最常见和最严重的并发症。充分认识PEP对其防治有重要影响,本文就PEP的诊断、危险因素、重点在预防措施上进行综述。     

NSAIDs预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的研究进展

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)已发展成为肝胆胰疾病的重要诊治手段,ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)是ERCP术后最常见、最严重的并发症之一,常导致住院时间的延长,费用的增加,甚至危及患者的生命.已有多种药物用于预防PEP的发生,但研究结果均不能令人满意.非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.NSAIDs)是一类具有环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase)抑制活性药物的总称.近年来,NSAIDs在预防PEP中的作用已得到多项研究阳性结果支持,显示出了良好的应用前景,本文对这方面的研究进展作一综述.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的药物预防

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscop ic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)已发展成为肝胆胰疾病的重要诊治手段,ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)是ERCP术后最常见、最严重的并发症之一,常导致住院日的延长,费用的增加,甚至危及患者的生命。本文对PEP的的定义、分级及药物预防方面的最新研究进展做一综述。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎与高淀粉酶血症对比观察

目的 比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后急性胰腺炎(PEP)与高淀粉酶血症(PEHA)患者的临床特点及影响因素,为预防病情进展提供依据。 方法 选取武汉大学人民医院2017年1月-2019年8月住院行ERCP的患者117例,所有患者术前均预防性使用双氯芬酸钠栓塞肛。术后发生PEHA组77例,PEP组40例,比较2组患者临床特点及影响因素。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验;采用多因素logistic回归分析PEP的独立影响因素。结果 术前ALP(Z=-2.518,P=0.012)、GGT(Z=-2.313,P=0.021)、TBil(Z=-2.978,P=0.003)、DBil(Z=-3.069,P=0.002)水平及术中是否行导丝进入胰管检查(χ2=4.176,P=0.041)在两组之间差异显著。进一步logistic回归分析结果显示,导丝进入胰管次数≥3次[优势比(OR)=2.469,95%可信区间(95%CI): 1.199~5.188,P=0.047]、ALP<125 U/L(OR=5.499,95%CI: 1.452~18.830,P=0.012)、TBil<22 μmol/L(OR=4.249,95%CI: 1.023~17.648,P=0.046)是影响PEP发生的独立危险因素。结论 即使预防性使用双氯芬酸钠栓剂,术前ALP、TBil水平正常及术中导丝多次进入胰管的患者更易发生PEP,需引起手术医师警惕。根据病情,术前及术后采取早期干预措施可能减少PEHA向PEP进展,减少中重度PEP的发生,改善预后。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的高危因素研究进展

目前,随着内镜相关治疗技术的成熟,ERCP在国内开展也日趋广泛,但ERCP术后胰腺炎（post—ERCP pancreatitis,PEP）发生率也有不同程度增加。尽管多数文献报道其发生率在1％～40％,但值得注意的是仍有5％PEP患者可发展为重症胰腺炎,     

治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影在慢性胰腺炎患者中的应用

目的：探讨治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在慢性胰腺炎（CP）治疗中的价值。方法对2008年1月－2012年12月间在南京医科大学附属苏州市立医院应用 ERCP 治疗的30例 CP 患者进行回顾性分析。观察术前及术后24h 血淀粉酶变化,动态观察患者治疗前后腹痛缓解情况,随访脂肪泻、焦虑患者病情,定期复查腹部影像学或 ERCP 明确胰腺病变及胰管支架情况。结果所有患者均顺利完成 ERCP 并放置胰管支架,术后72 h 腹痛缓解率83．3％,1例因症状改善不明显至外科手术,术后病死率为0。结论ERCP 是治疗 CP 的有效手段,具有安全、有效、创伤小等优点。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎药物预防专家共识意见(2015年,上海)

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是胰腺和胆道疾病的重要诊治手段,随着内镜技术的发展,ERCP的临床应用范围日趋广泛,已经成为胆胰疾病内镜微创诊治的标准方法.ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)是ERCP最常见的并发症,发生率为5％左右,多为轻中度,少数为重度,严重时甚至可导致死亡,因此如何预防PEP是临床研究的热点课题,其中针对PEP的预防药物研究繁多,但结论不甚一致,临床上亦无统一的PEP药物预防规范,为此中华医学会消化内镜学分会与中国医师协会胰腺病专业委员会于2015年10月在上海组织召开了“ERCP术后胰腺炎药物预防专家共识研讨会”,经与会专家充分讨论后共同制订了本共识意见,供广大医师在临床实践中参考借鉴,并提出进一步的修改意见.     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎高危因素分析

[目的]探索治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后急性胰腺炎(PEP)的高危因素与防治策略。[方法]运用单因素分析方法分析592例治疗性ERCP术后患者并发PEP的原因及防治措施。[结果]592例患者中,35例(5.9%)并发PEP,其中33例均为轻型胰腺炎,均经内科综合治疗后痊愈;2例为重症胰腺炎,1例治愈出院,1例死亡。与诱发PEP相关的高危因素有:女性,插管困难,既往有胰腺炎或胰腺癌,胰腺管显影或导丝插入胰管。[结论]治疗性ERCP发生PEP的因素不仅与患者自身临床因素有关,且与医师的操作技术有很大关系,改善患者身体条件、提高医师操作水平可减少PEP的发生。     

Risk of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic biliary drainage

Background:

Pancreatitis is the most common and serious complication to occur after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is often associated with additional diagnostic modalities and/or treatment of obstructive jaundice. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis associated with pancreaticobiliary examination and endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD).

Methods:

A total of 740 consecutive ERCP procedures performed in 477 patients were analysed for the occurrence of pancreatitis. These included 470 EBD procedures and 167 procedures to further evaluate the pancreaticobiliary tract using brush cytology and/or biopsy, intraductal ultrasound and/or peroral cholangioscopy or peroral pancreatoscopy. The occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was analysed retrospectively.

Results:

The overall incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis was 3.9% (29 of 740 procedures). The risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis were: being female (6.5%; odds ratio [OR] 2.5, P= 0.02); first EBD procedure without endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) (6.9%; OR 3.0, P= 0.003), and performing additional diagnostic procedures on the pancreatobiliary duct (9.6%; OR 4.6, P < 0.0001). Pancreatitis after subsequent draining procedures was rare (0.4%; OR for first-time drainage 16.6, P= 0.0003). Furthermore, pancreatitis was not recognized in 59 patients who underwent ES. Seven patients with post-EBD pancreatitis were treated with additional ES.

Conclusions:

Invasive diagnostic examinations of the pancreaticobiliary duct and first-time perampullary biliary drainage without ES were high-risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy may be of use to prevent post-EBD pancreatitis.     

Risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis associated with diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the risk factors for postoperative pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic biliary stenting. METHODS : Four hundred and twelve patients referred to the endoscopy unit were divided into seven groups: (i) double ducts (pancreatic duct and biliary duct) contrast media filling group (ERCP group); (ii) biliary duct contrast media filling group (ERC group); (iii) pancreatic duct contrast media filling group (ERP group); (iv) ERCP plus biliary stenting group (ERCP + stent group); (v) ERC plus stenting group (ERC + stent group); (vi) ERCP plus EST and stone extraction (SE) group (ERCP + EST + SE group); and (vii) ERC plus EST and SE group (ERC + EST + SE group). Differences in postoperative serum amylase at 4 and 24 h, as well as clinical symptoms, were compared among the different groups. RESULTS : The incidence of postoperative hyperamylasemia at 4 and 24 h was 17.7 and 4.4%, respectively. The overall incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis was 3.9% and the ERP group had the highest incidence of postoperative acute pancreatitis among the seven groups. CONCLUSIONS : Repeated pancreatic duct contrast filling during ERCP manipulation is the main risk factor for postoperative pancreatitis and therapeutic ERCP, such as EST, stenting and SE, does not increase the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis.     

Pharmacologic prevention of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Present and future

Despite extensive research over the past 2 decades, effective prevention of post–endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) using pharmacologic agents has been elusive. Recently, research that is focused on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has provided renewed hope by demonstrating that a medication can indeed prevent PEP. Today, based on high-quality clinical trial data, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be recommended for preventing PEP in high-risk cases,and given the highly favorable risk and cost-benefit ratios, they should be considered for all patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ongoing research will define the optimal dose of rectal indomethacin and whether this medication can eliminate the need for prophylactic pancreatic stent placement in high-risk cases. Additional research is necessary to define the role of other promising pharmacologic agents in clinical practice.     

Prediction of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the 4-h post procedure amylase level

BACKGROUND: Pancreatitis is the commonest and most significant complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Early detection of post-ERCP pancreatitis would allow the safe discharge of day-case patients and targeted use of preventive therapies. Clinical diagnosis is inaccurate, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the 4-h post-ERCP hyperamylasemia as a predictor of pancreatitis. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-three consecutive ERCPs performed at one center were prospectively analyzed, examining patient and procedure characteristics, as well as the amylase level as predictors of pancreatitis. RESULTS: Younger age (< 25 years), Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, pancreatogram and failed cannulation were risk factors for pancreatitis; sphincterotomy conferred an increased risk, which was not statistically significant. Hyperamylasemia was a highly sensitive and moderately specific predictor of pancreatitis. A cut-off level of 1.5-fold higher than normal was useful for the exclusion of pancreatitis, while a cut-off level of threefold higher than normal was more specific, so as to target potential preventive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: The 4-h post-ERCP amylase level is a useful test to base management decisions on. It needs to be interpreted in conjunction with clinical assessment as well as identifiable risk factors related to the patient or the procedure.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后迟发性胆道出血的原因和应对措施

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后迟发性胆道出血的原因和应对措施。方法回顾性分析1007例行ERCP的术后并发症，7例为迟发性胆道出血，对出血时间、疾病谱、出血量和治疗过程进行分析。结果出血患者均存在胆管炎症，出血时间在术后24 h至2周，出血量为少量至中等量（≤1000 ml），内科保守治疗效果良好。结论ERCP术后迟发性胆道出血临床罕见，内科保守治疗预后良好。