颈椎屈曲牵张性损伤的前路手术复位与固定

目的 利用前路手术复位、固定治疗颈椎屈曲牵张性(DF)损伤，总结其临床疗效并探讨其适应证。方法 回顾总结29例颈椎DF损伤病例，结合术前影像检查按Allen法评定损伤分期，按ASIA标准评定神经损伤程度。所有病例术前均未做牵引复位，采取早期(伤后72h内)颈前路脱位椎间撑开结合撬拨技术复位，再以自体髂骨植骨、前路带锁钢板内固定治疗。观察手术效果，评估神经功能恢复情况。结果 随访6～18个月，效果满意。29例患者中2例DF1期，均无神经损伤；17例DF2期，10例不全性神经损伤，其余均不伴神经损伤；10例DF3期，2例不全性神经损伤，8例完全性神经损伤。术前MRI检查显示6例合并椎间盘损伤(26％)，其中DF2期2例，DF3期4例。所有DF2期与8例DF3期患者术中成功复位，2例DF3期改行后路复位。本组无发生手术及内固定相关并发症，3例术后出现神经损伤短期内加重现象。结论 颈椎DF损伤时采用前路减压复位技术能安全、有效地恢复解剖序列，结合应用前路钢板，能取得良好疗效，尤其适用于DF 1、2期损伤的病例。     

A comparative biomechanical analysis of spinal instability and instrumentation of the cervicothoracic junction: an in vitro human cadaveric model

OBJECTIVE: Stabilization of the cervicothoracic junction is challenging but commonly required in patients with traumatic, neoplastic, congenital, and postlaminectomy conditions. Although extensive research has been performed on stabilization of the cervical spine, there remains a paucity of published data on instrumentation at the cervicothoracic junction. Using 2-column, 3-column, and corpectomy instability models, a biomechanical analysis was performed on the effects of increasing the number of posterior segmental fixation points and/or anterior column reconstruction at the cervicothoracic junction. METHODS: Multidirectional flexibility testing was performed utilizing a 6-degree-of-freedom spine simulator and 7 fresh-frozen human cadaveric spines (occiput-T6). After intact spine analysis, each specimen was destabilized and reconstructed as follows: (1) C7/T1 2-column injury with posterior instrumentation; (2) C7/T1 3-column injury with posterior instrumentation; (3) C7/T1 3-column injury with anterior interbody cage/plate and posterior instrumentation; and (4) C7/T1 3-column injury plus C7 corpectomy with anterior cage/plate and posterior instrumentation. All reconstruction groups were tested with posterior instrumentation (screws connected by dual-diameter rods) from C5-T1, C5-T2, and C5-T3. RESULTS: For 2-column injuries, there were no statistically significant differences in flexibility (P>0.05), although there was a trend toward reduced flexibility with increasing levels of thoracic fixation. For 3-column injuries, posterior fixation alone resulted in excessive flexibility in flexion/extension even with instrumentation to T3 (P<0.05). With the addition of anterior column instrumentation, there were no observed differences in flexion/extension and lateral bending. For axial rotation, instrumentation to T1 alone demonstrated increased motion relative to the intact spine (P<0.05). The 3-column injury with corpectomy model demonstrated similar flexibility properties to the 3-column injury model. CONCLUSIONS: With 3-column instability posterior segmental fixation alone from C5-T3 was inadequate, and the addition of anterior instrumentation restored flexibility to the intact condition. There was a strong trend toward reduced flexibility with increasing levels of thoracic fixation in all instability models.     

A biomechanical comparison of modern anterior and posterior plate fixation of the cervical spine

STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical study was designed to assess relative rigidity provided by anterior, posterior, or combined cervical fixation using cadaveric cervical spine models for flexion-distraction injury and burst fracture. OBJECTIVES: To compare the construct stability provided by anterior plating with locked fixation screws, posterior plating with lateral mass screws, and combined anterior-posterior fixation in clinically simulated 3-column injury or corpectomy models. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Anterior plating with locked fixation screws is the most recent design and is found to provide better stability than the conventional unlocked anterior plating. However, there are few data on the direct comparison of biomechanical stability provided by anterior plating with locked fixation screws versus posterior plating with lateral mass screws. Biomechanical advantages of using combined anterior-posterior fixation compared with that of using either anterior or posterior fixation alone also have not been well investigated yet. METHODS: Biomechanical flexibility tests were performed using cervical spines (C2-T1) obtained from 10 fresh human cadavers. In group I (5 specimens), one-level, 3-column injury was created at C4-C5 by removing the ligamentum flavum and bilateral facet capsules, the posterior longitudinal ligament, and the posterior half of the intervertebral disc. In group II (5 specimens), complete corpectomy of C5 was performed to simulate burst injury. In each specimen, the intact spine underwent flexibility tests, and the following constructs were tested: (1) posterior lateral mass screw fixation (Axis plate) after injury; (2) polymethylmethacrylate anterior fusion block plus posterior fixation; (3) polymethylmethacrylate block plus anterior (Orion plate) and posterior plate fixation; and (4) polymethylmethacrylate block plus anterior fixation. Rotational angles of the C4-C5 (or C4-C6) segment were measured and normalized by the corresponding angles of the intact specimen to study the overall stabilizing effects. RESULTS: Posterior plating with an interbody graft showed effective stabilization of the unstable cervical segments in all loading modes in all cases. There was no significant stability improvement by the use of combined fixation compared with the posterior fixation with interbody grafting, although combined anterior-posterior fixation tended to provide greater stability than both anterior and posterior fixation alone. Anterior fixation alone was found to fail in stabilizing the cervical spine, particularly in the flexion-distraction injury model in which no contribution of posterior ligaments is available. Anterior plating fixation provided much greater fixation in the corpectomy model than in the flexion-distraction injury model. This finding suggests that preservation of the posterior ligaments may be an important factor in anterior plating fixation. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the posterior plating with interbody grafting is biomechanically superior to anterior plating with locked fixation screws for stabilizing the one-level flexion-distraction injury or burst injury. More rigid postoperative external orthoses should be considered if the anterior plating is used alone for the treatment of unstable cervical injuries. It was also found that combined anterior and posterior fixation may not improve the stability significantly as compared with posterior grafting with lateral mass screws and interbody grafting.     

Anterior surgery for unstable lower cervical spine injuries

The authors reviewed the medical records of 53 patients with a lower cervical spine injury who were treated by anterior decompression, bone grafting, and instrumentation using an anterior cervical spine plate and screws. The average age of the patients was 36 years and the mean followup was 58 months. Twenty-six patients predominantly had anterior lesions and 27 patients predominantly had posterior lesions. Thirteen patients were neurologically intact. Fusion was achieved in all patients at an average of 3.4 months postoperatively. Radiographic followup detected 15% of hardware malposition. There were no pseudarthrosis, dysphagia, or neurologic complications. Incomplete spinal cord lesions improved on average one Frankel grade after surgery. Anterior decompression and stabilization is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of acute lower cervical spine injuries and permits immediate postoperative mobilization of the patient.     

颈椎前路减压植骨钛板内固定治疗颈脊髓损伤

目的评价颈椎前路减压植骨内固定治疗颈椎骨折合并颈脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法对215例颈椎骨折合并颈脊髓损伤的患者施行颈椎前路减压、自体髂骨植骨和颈椎带锁钛板内固定术。术后定期复查X线片,判定脊髓功能恢复情况。结果随访184例患者,平均随访时间3．5年。术后3个月植骨块获得骨性愈合,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持满意,无内置物并发症,172例患者神经功能提高1～2级,仅12例A级患者神经功能无恢复。结论颈椎骨折合并颈脊髓损伤应尽早行前路减压、植骨、钛板内固定术,有利于脊髓功能恢复,能使损伤节段获得即刻、坚强的稳定,方便护理和功能锻炼。     

The surgical treatment of injuries of the cervical spine

The authors' ideas on the management of acute and chronic cervical spine injuries are presented. Unstable fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine should be reduced as soon as possible. Most frequently, the authors use the anterior approach and the Smith-Robinson technique with the addition of a H-shaped plate. Posterior fusion is mainly indicated for the release of irreducibly locked facets. Unstable odontoid fractures, especially those in group II according to Anderson and d'Alonzo, are stabilized by internal fixation with a screw. Between 1971 and 1987, 263 patients with lesions of the cervical spine were treated operatively: of these, 169 had acute and 32 chronic injuries; 47 patients had primary tumors or metastases; 15 suffered from arthritis, spondylodiscitis or congenital deformity. The findings in 92 patients (group I) with acute and 24 (group II) with chronic injuries at follow-up are reported. Among the 53 patients in group I with neurologic failure, an improvement was noted in 45 (85%); in 30 cases there was complete restoration of function and 72% of the injured patients became symptom-free. In 71% of those with acute and 58% of those with chronic injuries normal mobility was observed. Regardless of neurologic failure, 89% of patients in group I were able to work after 5 months. The rate of pseudarthrosis was 2%. The risks involved in anterior interbody fusion in the cervical spine are small when a careful and standardized operation technique is used. This allows early functional treatment and shortens the rehabilitation time.     

Distraction extension injuries of the cervical spine

Twenty-four consecutive patients with cervical distraction extension injuries were retrospectively reviewed to study the safety and efficacy of various treatment protocols in this type of cervical spine injury. Sixteen of 24 patients with cervical distraction extension injuries underwent surgical stabilization. All patients undergoing surgical stabilization were noted to have a stable fusion at their latest follow-up. There were three instances of surgically related neurologic deterioration as a result of over-distraction of the anterior column interspace at the time of graft placement. The overall mortality rate was 42% in this aged patient population. Anterior reconstruction of the cervical spine with an anterior cervical graft and plate acting as a tension band is the ideal treatment method for stabilization of acute distraction extension injuries involving primarily the soft tissue structures (anterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc). Type 2 injuries, depending on the degree of displacement and the adequacy of closed reduction, may need to be approached initially posteriorly to obtain adequate alignment, followed by an anterior reconstructive procedure. Great care should be taken during anterior graft placement to avoid over-distraction of the spine. If nonsurgical intervention is selected, close regular radiographic follow-up is necessary to detect early vertebral malalignment, which may predispose to spinal cord dysfunction. Older patients sustaining this injury have a high mortality rate.     

Internal fixation of cervical trauma following corpectomy and reconstruction. The effects of posterior element injury

Although biomechanical data indicates that anterior fixation alone in unstable cervical injuries may not provide adequate stability, reports of clinical series indicate general success with this method of treatment. The specific contribution of posterior column injury to overall stability following reconstruction has not been evaluated. This study examined the biomechanical stability of anterior and/or posterior plate fixation following anterior corpectomy and reconstruction for unstable cervical injuries with varying degrees of posterior element injury. The C4-C6 motion segments of ten fresh frozen bovine cervical spines were used. After mounting, nondestructive mechanical testing in axial compression, torsion, flexion, extension, and lateral bending was done as an intact control. A C5 corpectomy with reconstruction using a synthetic bone graft was performed and the posterior ligaments sectioned at the C5-C6 level. Each specimen was sequentially instrumented with anterior and posterior plating alone and in combination and each construct was mechanically retested. The specimens were then further destabilized by bilateral facetectomies at C5-C6 and again tested with the same instrumentation combinations. In comparison to the controls, the spines with a C5 corpectomy/bone graft and posterior ligament rupture with anterior plating demonstrated significantly increased stiffness in flexion, extension, and lateral bending; posterior plating increased stiffness in only flexion and lateral bending. In axial compression and torsion, anterior or posterior plating demonstrated stiffness similar to the controls. Further destabilization by facetectomy significantly decreased stiffness of the instrumented construct (less than control) in torsion with anterior or posterior plate fixation alone. Combined plating showed increased stability compared to controls in all loading conditions for both patterns of instability. Anterior plating alone was able to restore the stability of the cervical spines with posterior ligamentous injury after corpectomy, but it failed to do so with the addition of bilateral facetectomies. For the unstable cervical spine with significant bilateral loss of posterior bony contact, anterior or posterior plating alone may not provide sufficient stabilization in the absence of any additional external immobilization. Combined plating should be considered, which may obviate the need for external immobilization.     

Tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation

BACKGROUND: Patients with cervical spine injury may require both anterior cervical spine fusion and tracheostomy, particularly in the setting of associated cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite the close proximity of the two surgical incisions, we postulated that tracheostomy could be safely performed after anterior spine fixation. In addition, we postulated that the severity of motor deficits in patients with cervical spine injury would correlate with the need for tracheostomy. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all adult trauma patients diagnosed with cervical spine fractures or cervical SCI admitted between June 1996 and June 2001 at our university Level I trauma center. Demographic data, severity of neurologic injury based on the classification of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), complications, and use and type of tracheostomy were collected. In the subgroup of patients with unstable cervical spine injury that underwent anterior stabilization and tracheostomy, data regarding timing and technique of these procedures and wound outcomes were also collected. Categorical data were analyzed using chi analysis using Yates correction when appropriate, with p <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: During this time period, 275 adult survivors were diagnosed with cervical spinal cord or bony injury. Forty-five percent of patients with SCI (27 of 60) and 14% of patients without SCI (30 of 215) underwent tracheostomy (p <0.001). Moreover, on the basis of the ASIA classification system, 76% of ASIA A and B patients, 38% of ASIA C patients, 23% of ASIA D patients, and 14% of ASIA E patients were treated with tracheostomy (p <0.001). In the subgroup that underwent both anterior spine fixation and tracheostomy (n=17), the median time interval from spine fixation to airway placement was 7 days (interquartile range, 6-10 days), with 71% of these tracheostomies performed percutaneously. No patient developed a wound infection or nonunion as a consequence of tracheostomy placement, and there were no deaths because of complications of either procedure. CONCLUSION: These data support the safety of tracheostomy insertion 6 to 10 days after anterior cervical spine fixation, particularly in the presence of cervical SCI. The presence of severe motor neurologic deficits was strongly associated with the use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury. Percutaneous tracheostomy, which is our technique of choice, may be advantageous in this setting by virtue of creating only a small wound. The optimal timing and use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury requires further study.     

Complications during and after surgery of the lower cervical spine by isolated anterior approach with CSLP implant

Background  The merits of different operative approaches in the management of spinal injury is debated. The aim of this study was to assess, retrospectively, the outcome of treatment of injuries of the lower cervical spine by an anterior approach, in terms of fusion rate and complications. Materials and methods  Between 1995 and 2004, 270 patients with an injury of the lower cervical spine were operated on by an anterior approach in our hospital. There were 67 females and 203 males. Using the Aebi and Nazarian classification, 22% of patients had a type A injury, 23% of patients had a type B injury and 55% of patients had a type C injury. All had an anterior approach with monocortical stabilisation using a cervical spine locking plate [Synthes]. Results  Radiological evidence of fusion was found in all but one patient at 6 months. Complications occurred in a small proportion of the series. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was noted in seven patients, an abscess in the wound in one patient, a haematoma requiring re-operation for evacuation in two patients. The cervical locking plate broke in one patient and this patient went on to develop a pseudoarthrosis from failure to fuse. In another patient there was release of the plate osteosynthesis. Conclusions  Treatment of the injured lower cervical spine by an anterior operation and plate fixation was successful in achieving bone fusion in almost every patient and was followed by a complication in only a small proportion of our series. Similar results in other reports indicate that this approach is a safe and effective procedure.     

前路椎弓根螺钉重建术在下颈椎骨折脱位中的临床应用

目的：探讨前路椎弓根螺钉治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法：自2009年1月至2011年12月,运用前路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗下颈骨折脱位18例,其中男12例,女6例;年龄17-47岁,平均38．2岁。下颈椎损伤严重程度SLIC评分6—9分,平均7．5分。ASIA脊髓损伤分级：A级2例,B级8例,C级6例,D级2例。18例患者术后均摄颈椎x线片及行CT检查,在CT横断位和矢状位上对螺钉进行安全性评级。定期随访,复查颈椎X线片及CT片了解损伤节段的稳定性和融合情况,术后3个月、末次随访时以ASIA脊髓损伤分级判定脊髓功能改善情况。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间为6～15个月,平均9．5个月。术后3个月ASIA脊髓损伤分级改善1级8例,2级2例;末次随访改善1级7例,2级4例。所有患者获得骨性融合,融合时间6-8个月,平均6．5个月。术后1例出现一过性声音嘶哑,术后2个月恢复;2例出现吞咽不适,经雾化吸入后,3周左右症状消失。未出现内固定断裂及松动脱出、神经血管及食道损伤等并发症。结论：下颈椎骨折脱位导致的“三柱”损伤采用前路椎弓根螺钉重建术,可以达到彻底减压的效果,能恢复颈椎高度及生理曲度,并且具有较好的稳定性,为脊髓功能恢复创造有利条件。     

Delayed diagnosis of cervical spine injuries.

Over a 32-month period, the cases of all patients with multiple injuries on whom cervical spine roentgenograms (CSRs) were obtained during blunt trauma evaluation in a trauma center were reviewed to determine the incidence, outcome, and clinical consequence of delayed diagnosis of cervical spine injuries. A total of 1,331 patients had CSRs following blunt injury. Sixty-one (4.6%) of the patients had documented cervical fractures or dislocations. The patients were seriously injured (mean Trauma Score, 12; mean Glasgow Coma Scale score, 11; and mean Injury Severity Score, 30.3). Eleven of the patients died in the trauma room; 9 with fatal atlantoaxial dislocation. Of the 50 survivors (81.9%), neurologic deficits were present in 15 (30%), and 8 of those had complete spinal cord injuries. The diagnosis of the cervical spine injury was made during the initial evaluation in 56 of the 61 patients (91.8%). Five patients had delayed recognition of their cervical spine injury (2-21 days). The reason for the delay was incomplete CSRs in all patients, despite multiple views (up to 13). The missed injuries occurred in patients in whom complete visualization of the spine was most difficult (i.e., severe degenerative arthritis of the cervical spine in two patients; previous cervical fractures in one patient; instability during resuscitation in one patient). Radiologic misinterpretation occurred in one patient. The diagnosis of cervical spine injury was pursued because of persistent neck pain in two patients, and the development of subtle neurologic findings in three. The neurologic deficits in the three patients resolved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Halo vest versus spinal fusion for cervical injury: evidence from an outcome study

The indications for surgical fusion, as opposed to halo fixation, in the management of cervical spine injury are still unclear. At St. Louis University Medical Center a conservative protocol has been adopted to treat almost all cervical spine fractures with halo fixation. To determine what factors have contributed to failure of halo fixation, the records and radiographs of all patients with cervical spine injuries who were treated at that institution between 1984 and 1986 were reviewed. During this interval, 124 patients were treated, consisting of 93 men and 31 women between 6 and 94 years old. Of these, 15 (12%) had cervical fusion without preoperative halo device application. This group included eight patients with old injuries and delayed diagnosis, three with nonreducible locked facets, and four with miscellaneous indications. The remaining 109 patients were treated with halo vests. Four died before completing the 3-month standard treatment. Of those completing the treatment, 48 had C1-2 level injuries and 57 had C3-T1 level injuries. Sixteen patients (15%) failed their halo treatments and required surgical fusion: eight while still in halo fixation and eight after they had completed treatment with a halo device. Failure of halo treatment was indicated by recurrent dislocation in 13 patients and increased neurological deficit in three. Thirteen of the patients who failed treatment had C3-T1 injuries and three had C1-2 injuries. Of 27 patients with odontoid fractures, only two (7.4%) failed halo fixation. There were no failures in 11 patients with hangman's fractures. Of the 57 patients with C3-T1 injuries, 13 (23%) failed treatment, nine of whom had locked or "perched" facets. The factors causing failure of halo fixation were analyzed. The overall success rate was 85%, suggesting that the halo vest can be used to treat most patients with cervical spine injuries. Under certain circumstances (in the presence of old injuries, difficult reduction, or locked or "perched" facets), surgery may be indicated to avoid unnecessary delay in definitive management.     

陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位的手术治疗（附42例报告）

目的探讨陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位的发生原因、手术方法及临床疗效。方法2005年6月～2008年12月,借助椎体间撑开器经颈前路整复脱位椎体、椎体间植骨融合钢板内固定术以及颈后路整复脱位椎体联合应用前路椎体间植骨融合钢板内固定术治疗陈旧性下颈椎骨折伴脱位42例患者。其中,18例患者单纯经颈前路完成脱位颈椎椎体复位,24例前路整复失败病例联合颈后路整复脱位椎体并前路椎体间植骨融合钢板内固定术。观察术后颈椎的稳定性、植骨融合率及神经功能恢复情况。结果全部病例均获得解剖复位,颈椎生理弧度及椎间隙高度恢复正常,术中无神经损害加重及血管损伤等并发症发生,术后颈椎获得即刻稳定性。经6～48个月随访,椎间植骨均获得骨性愈合,螺钉无松动、退出或断裂,颈椎脱位矫正度无丢失,神经功能均有不同程度恢复。结论陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位应先行前路整复,如失败再行后路手术整复脱位椎体并前路椎体间植骨融合内固定术,对于颈椎陈旧性骨折脱位仍强调恢复颈椎解剖对位的重要性。     

Anterior cervical plate fixation with the titanium hollow screw plate system. A preliminary report

Morscher, of Switzerland, has developed an anterior cervical spine plate system (THSP) that does not require screw purchase of the posterior cortex. This design eliminates potential neurologic complications usually associated with the anterior plate system, but maintains the mechanical advantages of internal fixation. The authors reviewed 13 consecutive patients in whom the THSP system was applied. Indications for the use of this device included acute trauma in three patients, trauma of more than 6 weeks' duration in five patients, and spondylosis in five patients. Fifteen plates and 58 screws were placed, with no screws purchasing the posterior cortex. Postoperative immobilization varied from no immobilization to four-poster brace. With a mean follow-up of 13 months, all 13 patients went on to fusion. One patient had screws placed in the disc rather than in bone and went on to malunion. In all other patients, radiographs did not demonstrate screw migration, screw-bone lucency, graft dislodgement, or malunion. No patient suffered neurologic injury as a result of this device. The THSP system facilitates reliable fusion with minimal complications. Its use should be considered in multilevel anterior spine defects, posttraumatic cervical kyphosis, and cervical fractures with posterior disruption requiring anterior fusion.     

颈椎脊髓损伤并呼吸功能不全的诊治

目的研究在基层医院对颈髓损伤并呼吸功能不全的诊断和治疗。方法15例患者采用颈前路椎体次全切除、植骨融合及钛钢板内固定术治疗，手术前后辅以机械通气。结果不完全损伤者6例，ASIA分级平均提高2级，5例生活可自理，其中2例恢复工作。完全损伤者9例，其中3例死亡，其余呼吸功能恢复正常，但ASIA分级无变化。结论早期诊断、早期手术减压并辅以机械通气法是治疗颈髓损伤并呼吸功能不全的关键。     

Anterior plate fixation of traumatic lesions of the lower cervical spine

Anterior fixation of traumatic lesions of the cervical spine with a plate and bone grafts has been proved to be a safe procedure. Patients without neurologic lesions can be out of hospital 7 to 10 days after the accident. Even in cases of serious neurologic lesions, rehabilitation and nursing of the patient can be improved. Although the method can be used in any case of traumatic instability of the cervical spine, the main indications are teardrop fractures not reduced by skull traction, severe wedging fractures, severe extension injuries, and any lesion with compression in the anterior part of the canal. Old kyphotic blocks or unreduced fracture-dislocations, with anterior bone and fibrous callus, can be treated with this method better than with any other technique. Forty patients were successfully operated on without major complications. Stability and alignment of the spine was achieved in all cases.     

颈椎前路手术早期并发症原因分析及对策

目的总结颈椎前路手术的术中、术后早期并发症,分析原因并提出对策。方法回顾1992年1月至2003年12月颈椎前路手术412例,男308例,女104例;年龄18～76岁,平均45.6±12.9岁。颈椎病258例,颈椎外伤138例,颈椎肿瘤8例,颈椎结核8例。412例患者,病史最短4小时,最长达20年,平均548d。全瘫58例(14.1%),不全瘫192例(46.6%),无瘫痪症状162例(39.3%)。麻醉包括三大类(5种)局麻(局部浸润35例、颈丛阻滞52例、局部浸润 颈丛阻滞6例、全麻318例、全麻 颈丛1例。前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合33例,前路减压、椎间融合器椎间融合术32例,前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合、前路钢板内固定术347例。结果共42例51例次出现早期并发症,并发症的例次发生率为12.37%。28例次(6.80%)同手术直接相关,喉上神经损伤5例次,喉返神经损伤4例次,颈部切口感染及血肿4例次,脊髓损害症状加重5例次,神经根损伤2例次,植骨块移位2例次,取骨区感染及血肿各1例次,钢板、螺钉松动2例次,螺钉位置不当1例次,食管瘘1例次;23例次(5.08%)同手术间接相关。结论降低颈椎前路手术并发症的发生率,不仅要熟悉颈椎前路临床解剖,提高手术技巧,还要做好颈椎前路手术围手术期的处理。     

脊柱结核外科治疗的探讨

目的总结采用彻底清除病灶和植骨消灭死腔，通过坚强内固定矫正畸形和重建脊柱稳定性治疗脊柱结核的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2002年7月共手术治疗脊柱结核152例，结核病灶位于颈椎15例、胸椎67例、胸腰段17例、腰椎53例，病灶范围1～3个椎体，无跳跃病灶。手术方法：(1)前路一期病灶清除植骨、钢板内固定；(2)经肋横突切除入路行病灶清除植骨、经椎弓根内固定；(3)后方入路行病灶清除、植骨融合和椎弓根内固定；(4)前路病灶清除植骨、后路椎弓根固定。术后配戴支具3～5个月，抗结核药物治疗6～9个月。定期进行实验室检查和影像学观察。结果(1)手术时间和出血量：前后路联合手术平均术时4．5h，术中平均出血650ml；前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定，平均术时3．5h，术中平均出血450ml；其余两种手术平均术时3．0h，术中平均出血350ml。(2)手术创伤和并发症：前后路联合手术创伤较大，前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定术次之。手术并发症有大血管破裂1例，暂时性窦道形成5例，内固定器松动和断裂3例。(3)临床疗效：患者术后1～2周症状基本缓解并下床行走，术后6～8周日常生活基本自理，术后6个月X线片显示植骨融合。患者结核病灶全部治愈。结论有效应用抗结核药物是脊柱结核手术成功的前提，坚强内固定有利于矫正后凸畸形、重建脊柱稳定性、促进植骨融合。抗结核药物和病灶彻底清除是内固定安全植人的前提。脊柱结核的外科治疗应该是病灶清除、减压矫形、植骨融合和坚强固定。