成釉细胞受体介导的内吞功能的研究

目的:相对定量地研究成釉细胞的内吞功能,并在细胞水平上动态观察成釉细胞的内吞过程,以期为成釉细胞内吞功能研究提供2种新的可行的方法。方法:用视磺酸和地塞米粉(RA/DEX)诱导分泌期成釉细胞LS8细胞成熟,对照组细胞不经诱导处理。分别用激光共聚焦显微镜和活细胞工作站观察细胞内吞荧光标记的FITC-白蛋白的过程。结果:2种方法均显示RA/DEX诱导组细胞内吞活动较对照组强。结论:激光共聚焦显微镜和活细胞工作站都是研究成釉细胞内吞功能的有效方法。     

过量氟诱导成釉细胞钙超载及细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 研究过量氟对体外培养大鼠成釉细胞内钙超载及细胞凋亡的影响。方法 取大鼠成釉细胞系HAT-7细胞,分别加入不同浓度（0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4 mmol·L^-1）的氟化钠培养液,培养48 h后,采用Cell Counting Kit 8（CCK-8）试剂盒检测各组细胞的活性,流式细胞术分析氟对细胞凋亡的影响,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜、Western blot试验和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应技术检测过量氟诱导大鼠成釉细胞内Ca²⁺浓度和钙网蛋白表达的变化。结果 氟化钠浓度高于1.6 mmol·L^-1时,可抑制成釉细胞的活性,成釉细胞内Ca²⁺浓度升高,钙网蛋白表达上调,细胞早期凋亡数量增加,并且随着浓度的增加,细胞凋亡的数量也随之增加。结论 过量氟可引起成釉细胞内钙超载,诱导成釉细胞凋亡。     

不同时期成釉细胞氟损伤程度差异的动物实验研究

目的：GRP78和BCL-2在氟中毒大鼠不同时期成釉细胞中的表达和分布,探索氟牙症发病机制。方法：选择20只Wistra大鼠,饲喂氟浓度为75mg F-/L的自来水,8周后处死,通过HE染色和免疫组化技术观察大鼠成釉细胞形态和GRP78和BCL-2在氟中毒大鼠不同时期成釉细胞中的表达。结果：GRP78在成釉细胞分泌前期和分泌期表达高于转换期和成熟期,BCL-2在分泌期和转换期表达最高,在分泌前期和成熟期表达下降,各组间具有显著统计学差异（P<0.05）.结论：分泌早期和分泌期成釉细胞对氟诱导的内质网更加敏感,而在分泌期和转换期其抗凋亡能力更强。     

氟对体外培养大鼠成釉细胞活性和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察氟对体外培养的大鼠成釉细胞活性的影响,为探讨氟斑牙的形成机制提供依据。方法 取对数生长期的大鼠成釉细胞,在培养液中加入浓度为0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4 mmol/L的 NaF溶液,培养24、48、72 h后,采用CCK-8检测各组细胞的活性。荧光显微镜下观察成釉细胞核形态的变化,流式细胞术分析氟对细胞凋亡的影响。采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 ①NaF浓度为0.4、0.8 mmol/L时,对成釉细胞有促增殖作用;NaF浓度为1.6、3.2、6.4 mmol/L时,对成釉细胞的活性有抑制作用,随着NaF浓度的增加,对细胞的抑制作用也逐渐增强,并且这种双向调节作用呈时间依赖性。②NaF浓度为0.4、0.8 mmol/L时,鲜见核破碎;NaF浓度为1.6、3.2 mmol/L时,存在核破碎,并且随着浓度的提高,核破碎的数量随之增加,即1.6 mmol/L浓度的NaF可引起成釉细胞凋亡,随着浓度的增加,细胞凋亡的数量随之增加。结论 ①氟对体外培养成釉细胞的增殖具有双向调节作用,即低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。②浓度超过1.6 mmol/L时,NaF诱导成釉细胞凋亡。     

Effects of sodium fluoride on the actin cytoskeleton of murine ameloblasts

Fluoride is associated with a decrease in the incidence of dental caries, but excess fluoride can lead to enamel fluorosis, a defect that occurs during tooth enamel formation. In fibroblasts, the Arhgap gene encodes a RhoGAP, which regulates the small G protein designated RhoA. Fluoride treatment of fibroblasts inactivates RhoGAP, thereby activating RhoA, which leads to elevation of filamentous actin (F-actin). Since RhoA is a molecular switch, our hypothesis is that in ameloblasts, fluoride may alter the cytoskeleton through interference with the Rho signaling pathway. Our objective was to measure the effects of sodium fluoride on F-actin using tooth organ culture and confocal microscopy. The results indicated that cellular responses to fluoride include elevation of F-actin in ameloblasts. It was concluded from immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and confocal approaches that the components of the Rho pathway are present in ameloblasts, and that the response to fluoride involves the Rho/ROCK pathway.     

Short exposure to high levels of fluoride induces stage-dependent structural changes in ameloblasts and enamel mineralization

We tested the hypothesis that the sensitivity of forming dental enamel to fluoride (F^–) is ameloblast developmental stage-dependent and that enamel mineralization disturbances at the surface of fluorotic enamel are caused by damage to late-secretory- and transitional-stage ameloblasts. Four-day-old hamsters received a single intraperitoneal dose of 2.5–20 mg NaF/kg body weight and were examined, 24 h later, by histology and histochemistry. A single dose of ≥ 5 mg of NaF/kg induced the formation of a hyper- followed by a hypomineralized band in the secretory enamel, without changing the ameloblast structure. At 10 mg of NaF/kg, cystic lesions became apparent under isolated populations of distorted late-secretory- and transitional-stage ameloblasts. Staining with von Kossa stain showed that the enamel under these lesions was hypermineralized. At 20 mg of NaF/kg, cystic lesions containing necrotic cells were also found in the early stages of secretory amelogenesis and were also accompanied with hypermineralization of the enamel surface. We concluded that the sensitivity to F^– is ameloblast developmental stage-dependent. Groups of transitional ameloblasts are most sensitive, followed by those at early secretory stages. These data suggest that a F-induced increase in cell death in the transitional-stage ameloblasts accompanies the formation of cystic lesions, which may explain the formation of enamel pits seen clinically in erupted teeth.     

高氟对成釉细胞内氯离子浓度及pH值影响的研究

目的：检测高氟对成釉细胞内氯离子浓度以及pH值的影响。方法：2mmol／LNaF处理成釉细胞样细胞系LS8 30min,采用新型氯离子荧光探针MQAE以及LysoSensorTMDND-167分别显示细胞内氯离子浓度和pH值的变化;利用活细胞工作站实时监测加氟30min后细胞内氯离子浓度和pH值的变化。结果：MQAE呈现绿色荧光,其辉度值与细胞内的氯离子呈反比;加氟细胞30min后,实验组细胞平均绿色荧光强度较对照组增高;活细胞检测显示,对照组蓝色荧光和绿色荧光均少许下降,而实验组细胞双染后两种荧光均有所增强。结论：氟离子能影响细胞内氯离子浓度从而引起细胞内DH佰的降低而导致细胞的酸化。     

Utilization of ( 3 H)-serine by ameloblasts of rats receiving sub-mottling doses of fluoride

Five-day-old Wistar rats were given three intraperitoneal injections at 2-hourly intervals of a solution of sodium fluoride in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride. Three fluoride levels were used: a mottling dose of 3 mgF/kg body weight; and two sub-mottling doses, 0.05 mg and 0.01 mgF/kg body weight. Thirty minutes after the last injection, each rat received 5 μCi/g body weight of [³H]-serine. The design allowed for within-litter comparisons of treatments to be made. Rats were killed 1 hr and 20 hr after the injection of the label, and the tissues were processed for light microscope autoradiography.     

c-Jun调控成釉细胞Amelotin基因表达的研究

目的:通过过表达及knockdown c-Jun基因,观察小鼠成釉细胞中釉成熟蛋白(amelotin)的表达变化,以初步确定c-Jun对amelotin的调控作用。方法:①应用免疫组化和细胞免疫荧光方法观察体内外成釉细胞中的c-Jun及amelotin的表达情况;②RT-PCR获得c-Jun基因,克隆至pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA,瞬时转染成釉细胞,real time RT-PCR观察其对amelotin表达的影响;③化学合成c-Jun siRNA,瞬时转染成釉细胞,re-al time RT-PCR观察其对amelotin表达的影响。结果:①体内外成釉细胞中c-Jun和amelotin均有表达,c-Jun主要在成釉细胞胞核中表达,amelotin在成釉细胞和釉质全层均有表达;②成功构建c-Jun真核重组表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA-c-Jun,转染成釉细胞后amelotin mRNA表达水平显著上升;③成功沉默c-Jun,amelotin在转染c-Jun siRNA组表达水平显著下降。结论:在成釉细胞中,c-Jun在转录水平调控amelotin基因的表达。     

短期高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙成釉细胞形态及骨形成蛋白-4表达的影响

目的:通过研究短期高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙成釉细胞形态及骨形成蛋白-4(bone morphogenetic protein-4,BMP-4)表达的影响,探讨氟牙症形成的可能机制。方法:选择4d龄的ICR小鼠共32只,随机分为2组,每组16只,再分实验动物和对照动物各半。实验动物单次腹腔注射剂量分别为10mg/kg和20mg/kg的NaF,对照动物单次腹腔注射等剂量的NaCl,注射量均为10μl/g。24h后处死动物。采用HE染色、免疫组化染色观察高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙不同分化阶段成釉细胞形态及BMP-4的表达,采用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行分析。结果:分泌早、晚期和过渡期的成釉细胞对短期暴露高浓度F-敏感,实验动物分泌晚期和过渡期的成釉细胞中BMP-4的表达明显弱于对照动物,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而成熟期成釉细胞未见明显变化。结论:短期高浓度氟可抑制BMP-4在分泌晚期和过渡期成釉细胞中的表达,影响釉质发育。     

Salivary fluoride concentrations in children with various systemic fluoride exposures

Parotid ductal saliva fluoride concentrations were determined as an indication of baseline plasma fluoride levels in three groups of children. Group I had been exposed to drinking water containing less than 0.1 ppm F and had not received fluoride supplements. Group II had consumed optimally fluoridated water (1 ppm) since infancy. Group III had consumed water with less than 0.1 ppm F but had received a daily fluoride supplement for at least two years. The mean salivary fluoride concentrations in Groups II and III were significantly higher than Group I, but were not significantly different from each other. The findings suggest that peak plasma fluoride concentrations achieved following a daily fluoride supplement dose are higher than previously thought.     

Enamel fluoride in nursing rats with mothers drinking water with high fluoride concentrations

The purpose of this study was to determine the F levels in plasma and molar enamel from rat pups whose mothers had received various levels of F during pregnancy and/or lactation. Rats were started on water containing 0 (Group I), 50 (Group II), or 100 (Group III) ppm F at the beginning of pregnancy or on the day of delivery. The mothers and pups were killed 13 days after delivery, and plasma F levels, milk F levels, and pup molar enamel F levels were determined. The mean maternal plasma F concentrations were 0.02 +/- 0.005 ppm in Group I, 0.10 +/- 0.031 ppm in Group II, and 0.21 +/- 0.057 ppm in Group III. The milk F values were about twice as high as the respective plasma concentrations. The plasma F concentration in control pups was 0.003 +/- 0.0002 ppm, and there was a rise to 0.006 +/- 0.0002 ppm in Group III. Enamel F concentrations were 0.62 +/- 0.13 ppm, 4.72 +/- 0.79 ppm, and 8.80 +/- 1.74 ppm, respectively. The plasma and enamel F values obtained from pups were not significantly different between the pre-natal/post-natal, and the post-natal-only groups. It was concluded that: fluoride levels in the plasma and enamel of control rat pups were much lower than those found in adult rats, such values could be increased only slightly when high doses of F were given to the mother, and unlike values reported for other species, rat milk fluoride concentrations were higher than the respective plasma values.     

Streptococcus cristatus ArcA interferes with Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity in mice

Xie H, Hong J, Sharma A, Wang B‐Y. Streptococcus cristatus ArcA interferes with Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity in mice. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 578–583. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as one of the major pathogens in chronic periodontitis, an infectious disease affecting the majority of the adult population. We have previously demonstrated that a surface protein, arginine deiminase (ArcA), of Streptococcus cristatus represses production of P. gingivalis long fimbriae and interrupts the formation of P. gingivalis biofilms in vitro. Our in vivo studies have also shown that the distribution of P. gingivalis and S. cristatus in human subgingival plaque is negatively correlated. The objective of this study was to determine if S. cristatus ArcA inhibits P. gingivalis colonization and attenuates its subsequent pathogenesis in alveolar bone loss in the murine oral cavity. Material and Methods: A wild‐type strain of S. cristatus (CC5A) and its arcA knockout mutant (ArcAE) were used as initial colonizers in the oral cavity of BALB/cByJ mice. Colonization of P. gingivalis on the existing S. cristatus biofilms was assessed by quantitative PCR, and P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone loss was measured 6 wk after P. gingivalis infection. Results: The presence of S. cristatus CC5A, but not its arcA mutant, attenuated P. gingivalis colonization in the murine oral cavity. In addition, P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone loss was significantly lower in mice initially infected with S. cristatus CC5A than in those infected with the arcA mutant. Conclusion: This study provides direct evidence that S. cristatus ArcA has an inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis colonization, which may in turn attenuate the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis.     

Enamel mineralization in the absence of maturation stage ameloblasts

The role of maturation stage ameloblasts is not clear yet. The aim of this study was to verify to which extent enamel mineralizes in the absence of these cells. Maturation stage ameloblasts and adjacent dental follicle cells from rat lower incisors were surgically removed and the limits of this removal were marked by notches made in the enamel. Histological analysis confirmed that the ameloblasts had been removed within the limits of the notches. The teeth erupted and when the notches appeared in the mouth, the enamel in the experimental teeth was hard but whitish compared to the yellowish colour of the contralateral incisors used as control. SEM images revealed similar enamel rod arrangement in both groups. Decreased mineral content was observed in some specimens by polarized light microscopy, and microhardness values were much lower in the experimental teeth. FTIR analysis showed that higher amounts of protein were found in most experimental teeth, compared with the control teeth. Enamel proteins could not be resolved on 15% SDS-PAGE gels, suggesting that most of them were below 5 kDa. These results suggest that the enamel matured in the absence of ameloblasts has increased protein content and a much lower mineral content, suggesting that maturation stage ameloblasts are essential for proper enamel mineralization.